The Importance of Poukry Farming in Sewgal 83...
The Importance of Poukry Farming in Sewgal
83
ANIMAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT . Vohmx 45 .1997
Poultry farming in Senegal cari be divickd into two different types of pro-
Institute for Scicntific CO-opcration, Tübiigen, Federal Repubiic of Germany
duction: modern semi-intensive poultry farming, which is found mainly in sud
around the towns and traditional smallholder poultry farming in the country.
Semi-intensive ponltry farming
The semi-intensive production sector imports European hybrid lines
(Lissot, 1965). It is based on relatively modern production methods. The
THE IMPORTANCE OF POULTRY FARMING IN SENEGAL
uptum in this sector is mainly due to the setting up of cooperatives.
Rapid
development is facilitated by importing feed supplements and veterinary
bY
products by direct flight from Europe. Semi-intensive poultry farming also
benefits from the fact that various raw materials are available for the
EL HADJI FALLOU GU&E and WERNER BESSEI
production of high quality poultry rations and the proximity to thriving
Department of hall Animal Science, Instit~te for Animal Husbandry and
commercial markets provides good outlets.
Breeding, University of Hohenheim
Hybrid lines which are imported mainly from France and Belgium include
the commercial broilers, such as Atlas, Jupiter, Arbor Acres, Derco 109, Hybro,
Shaver, Hubbard and Vedette as well as layers, such as Ross, Leghom, Derco
and Shaver Starcross 288. Al1 the imported broiler lines have white plumage
which distinguishes them from the local breeds. Total chick production has
more than doubled in the last five years. In 1992 local chick production, which
amounted to 86 % of total production, overtook imports for the fmt time. This
Poultry farming in Senegal has developed dramatically since independence
is due to the fact that local production increased much faster than chick imports.
in 1960. Average growth reached 18.9 % in the period from 1960 to 1993. A
Only 10 % of semi-intensive poultry farming is in the hands of full-time
period of extremely high growth rate of over 23 % from 1960 to 1985 was
poultry farmers (Steyaert et al., 1988). The lion’s share is owned by senior
followed by a slower growth rate of 3.3 % in the period from 1980 to 1985.
officiais and financially well-off people who are engaged in poultry farming
Since 1985, a higher positive trend of about 17.2 % has again been recorded.
as a sideline. The situation is the same in the neighbouring countries of Mali,
However, poultry meat consumption
in Senegal is very low. According to the
Burkina Faso and Niger (Desselas, 1984; Kounta, 1992).
estimates of the Animal Breeding Department of the Ministry of Agriculture,
Studies have shown that there seems to be a positive correlation between
it was 1.12 and 1.24 kilograms per head for 1986 and 1988 respectively. The
farm size and broiler performance (Table 1). Evidently management
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN (FAO) quoted an average per
techniques are generally better on the larger farms than on the smaller ones.
caput consumption of about 3.09 kilograms of poultry meat and 34.46 eggs
Unsuitable poultry housing, lack of knowledge on the part of poultry fat-mers,
for Senegal in 1992 (Qureshi, 1994). It is therefore well behind other meat
an absence of technical support, high commercial feed prices, poor synchroni-
consumption (8.6 kg).
sation of the production cycle with market requirements and periodic
While fishing helps to provide the population with animal protein on the
competition from other meats are obstacles which threaten the upturn in semi-
toast (here fish consumption
is around 30 kg per head), it is hoped that
intensive poultry farming (Legrand, 1988; Steyaert et al., 1988).
poultry farming cari be developed in inland areas to provide a reliable source
of protein. However, it is not just technical problems which stand in the way
Smallholder poultry farming
of this development. “Food bans” or “taboos” exist amongst the rural popu-
lation (Guèye and Bessei, 1995). Ch iId ren under the age of three and girls in
In rural areas poultry meat is the main source of animal protein. 70 % of a11
general are traditionally forbidden to eat eggs. However, these traditions
Senegalese poultry meat is produced on smallholdings.
This accounts for
appear to be gradually disappearing.
12 % of total meat consumption (Kébé, 1989). Poultry are kept mainly by the
8 4
El Hadji Fallou Guèye and Werner Bessei
The Importance of Pouluy Farming in Senegal
8 5
Table 1 - Produaionparameters on broiler units of vmying size (Steyeatt et a& 1988)
breeds to that of imported breeds and regards it as a delicacy. It is often ser-
ved to guests on special occasions. The laying rate of local breeds is extremely
PuUnera
NO. of birds pczbaah
low. The annual yield per hen is 50 to 60 eggs weighing around 35 grams. Egg
<SO0
5 0 0 - m
>5wo
production per hen cari be increased to a maximum of 90-100 by improving
feeding and management techniques. The hen goes broody frequently and has
Chick mortality,
%
good mothering ability (Doutressoule, 1947). There is an 80 % hatching rate
O-l
1 0 0
0
0
1-2
0
100
100
and the chicks are taken from the hen at three to four weeks (Buldgen et al.,
Brr&r deatbs, %
1992). After this, the ben moulus and starts to lay again.
2-7
7 3
7 0
100
In a research programme 100 local hem were taken to a testing station,
7-10
27
3 0
0
where their rearing and growth parameters were compared with those of
Marketing age, days
40-50
3 3
6 0
5 0
birds living in rural conditions (Buldgen et al., 1992). The results are
51-70
67
4 0
5 0
summarised in Table 2. It cari be seen that the local breeds at &e station lagged
Markctingw+t,kg
behind in growth rate in the period up to ten weeks (335 compared with
12-1.7
3 3
7 0
5 0
1 S-2.0
67
3 0
5 0
631 g). This cari be put down to difficulties in adapting to being kept in a
Feed u>nvemion~
confined space or to the highly concentrated feed (13.4 MJ of metabolizable
2-3
4 3
7 8
100
energy). The wide weight range for both management systems is evidently
>3
5 7
2 2
0
due to the high genetic variability of the stock.
Kilogram of feed per kilognm of liveweight gain
Table 3 compares the performance results of locai laying hens kept in rural
conditions with those at the test station. The birds at the test station were
poorer sections of the rural population. It is regarded as an unimportant side-
again divided into two groups, those with supplementary lighting and those
line involving low costs and little work.
A local breed, which is generally known as the “African hen”, “Bush hen”
or “Sahel hen”, is predominantly found on poultry smallholdings. The
Table 2 - Performance parameters of Senegalese hem in rural conditions and at a test station in
intensive management conditions (Baddgen
et al., 1992)
“African hen” is a very hardy breed which has adapted very well to the
particular environmental conditions (heat, cold, min and periodic feed
Perfo-ce paramcter
Rural conditions
Test station
shortages). The local breed shows a great variety of feathering. They cari be
plain white, black, yellow, grey and red as well as a11 kinds of colour combi-
LiVcwcighQg/bi
nations, such as goldy-yellow, silvery-white, pale red, and yellowy-brown. In
1 to 5 day old chicks
341 5
37i 5
3 week old chicks
58* 1 0
62+ 1 0
many cases, the wings and tail feathers are black tinged with brown. Rare
10 WC& old chicks
631 i211
335 f 110
cases of naked neck occur, which are caused by a recessive single gene (na)
20 week old chicks
d
1034* 3 9
1282 f 169
(Buldgen et al., 1982). These birds are called “n’daaré” in the local dialect.
0
841 f 169
847 f 184
Their hatchability is good. Another remarkable genetic variant are hens with
25-26 week old chicks u’
1380 i 150
1423 f 198
3
1229+165
899*179
the “frizzle” gene. The loose feathering enables them to dissipate body heat
Adult birds (2 1 year)
d
1803zt 4
more easily than normally feathered hens. This, as well as the naked neck
i!
1350 * 223
gene, helps to increase heat tolerance.
Feed conversion
&3 weeks
2 . 5 - 3 . 6
As is the case on practically the whole of the African continent, local breeds
4-25 weeks
7 . 2 - 8 . 1
are the result of years of haphazard crossbreeding between various lines of
C-25 weeks
6 . 3 - 7 . 7
native and foreign origin. The term “breed” is therefore not correct in the
Carcase yield” at 25 weeks, %
breeding sense (Dar-é, 1977). Local breeds as a rule have a lower bodyweight.
7 9
6 7
Fully grown hens seldom weigh more than 1 kilogram and cockerels more
than 1.5 kilograms. However, the population prefers the meat from local
Carcase weight (without giblets) in relation to liveweight
86
El Hadji Fallou Guèye and Werner Bessei
The Importance of Poultry Farming in Senegal
87
Table 3 - Rqmdwaion pmmcrm of local Smcg.dese hem kcpt in rural Lrmdirions and at rl test
station witb and witboait an antj-ii ligbting pmgramme (LP) (Bwldgen et ai!, 1992)
20
20
24*13"
26klf'
C(*l
40*4
BO-90
90-100
102*14
78i17
13
21
81
77
‘) in a 30-week laying period
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32364044
l’ in a 42-week laying pericd
‘) during the 3O- and 42-weck laying period
Laying week
‘1 as a % of the eggs fcrtilised
without lighting. The superior feeding and management conditions at the
.
. _
c;
station meant that the hens were ready to lay at 20 weeks instead ot 25
. .g. 1 - The laying cwve of Senegakse hem witb and witborrt a ligbtingprognzmme (according to
and
Buldgen et d, 1992).
there was a rise in egg numbers. The lighting programme not only increased
the egg weight but abo laying persistence. The importance of the lighting
programme cari also be seen from the laying curve (Fig. 1). Hens without
lighting have a very irregular laying pattem. Laying peaks occur every four
REFERENCES
weeks, which could be due to variations in the light from the moon (Sa& 1990;
Buldgen et al., 1992).
BULDGEN, A. - F. DETIMMERMAN - B. SALL and R. COMPÈRE (1992): Étude
Besides the lighting programme, egg collection also plays an important part
des paramètres démographiques et zootechniques de la poule locale du
bassm arachidier séné alais.
in improving the egg production of local breeds. Daily egg collection post-
Bull-Rech. Agron. G e %
m loux 23 (4): 345-356.
pones broodiness and therefore leads to higher rates of lay. Feed consumption
Courrier Avicole 845,44-46.
could only be recorded at the station. It was 102 grams per hen per day for the
DAR& L. (1977): Contribution à l’étude de l’aviculture au Niger.
birds with a lighting programme and 78 grams per hen per day for those
DESSELAS, L. (1984): L’aviculture au Niger: un avenir plein de promesse, mais
without. The variation is due to the difference in laying activity. Because of
un essor difficile.
the low rate of lay, the feed conversion rate of the birds is very poor and
DIOP, A. (1982): Le oulet de chair au Sénégal: production, commercialisa-
tion, perspectives e développement.
B
cannot be compared with that of hybrid layers on intensive units. However,
Direction de 1’Élevage: Jahresberichte von 1960 bis 1993. Landwirtschaftsmi-
the fertility and hatching rate of about 80 % lie within acceptable limits.
nisterium, Dakar, Sénégal.
These results show the performance limits of local breeds. In improved
Diplomarbeit I.N.D.R., Thiès, Sénégal.
management conditions, it is advisable to use breeds or crossbreds with a
Doktorarbeit E.I.S.M.V., N 9, Dakar, Sénégal.
higher genetic performance. Crossbreeding with Rhode Island Red, New
Doktorarbeit E.I.S.M.V., N 8, Dakar, Sénégal.
Doktorarbeit E.I.M.S.V., N 13, Dakar, Sénégal.
Hampshire, Plymouth Rock or other performance selected breeds, or the use
Doktorarbeit E.I.S.M.V., N 3, Dakar, Sénégal.
of pure lines which still show good vitality, could greatly improve
DOWIRESSOULE, G. (1947): L’élevage en Afrique Occidentale Française.
performance in rural conditions.
Edition Larose.
8 8
El Hadji Fallou Guèye and Werner Bessei
m
E.I.S.M.V. - 1. N.D.R.
GU&E, E. F. und W. BESSEI (1995): Über Nahrungsverbote und Tabus für Ge-
flügelprodukte im Senegal. Der Tropenlandwirt, Beitrage zur tropischen
Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin, 96. Jahrgang, Aprd 1995,97-109.
KÉBÉ, C. (1989): Étude des proteines conventionnelles et non conventionnel-
les au Sénégal.
KOIJNTA, A. 0. S. (1992): Note technique sur le développement de l’avicul-
_^
turc au Mali.
LEGRAND, D. (1988): Situation actuelle de l’aviculture sénégalaise: types et
méthodes d’élevage des poulets de chair et des pondeuses.
LISSOT, G. (1965): P&iles et Oeufs. Flammarion, Paris.
MBAYE, ND. C. (1992): Étude des performances de croissance et de ponte
chez des sujets avicoles hybrides issus d’un croisement améliorateur en ré-
gion sahéio-soundanienne du Sénégal. Diplomarbeit E.N.S.A., Thiès, Séné-
gal.
PARENT,R.-A.BULDEGEN-I? STEYAERT and D. LEGRAND (1989): Guide
ratique d’aviculture moderne en climat sahélo-soudanien de l’Afrique de
FOuest.
QURESHI, A. A. (1994): Consumption of poultry in Africa continues to drop.
World PoultryMisset 10 (4): 30-33.
Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 45 (3-4): 341-347.
SALL, B. (1990): Contribution à l’étude des possibilités d’amélioration de la
production en aviculture traditionelle: Mesure du potentiel de la race locale
et des produits d’un croisement améliorateur.
STEYAERT,I? - A.BULDGEN -A. DIOUF and R. COMPÈRE (1988): L’élevage
moderne de poulets de chair au Cap-Vert et à Thiès (Sénégal). Situations et
perspectives.
Tropicultura 10 (3): 103-105.
rluthors’
address: Prof. Dr. W. Bessei, Universitat Hohenheim, Institut für Tierhalrung
und Tier
züchtung, Fachgebier Kleintierzuchr,
GarbenstraBe
17, D-70593 Stuttgart.
83
ANIMAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT . Vohmx 45 .1997
Poultry farming in Senegal cari be divickd into two different types of pro-
Institute for Scicntific CO-opcration, Tübiigen, Federal Repubiic of Germany
duction: modern semi-intensive poultry farming, which is found mainly in sud
around the towns and traditional smallholder poultry farming in the country.
Semi-intensive ponltry farming
The semi-intensive production sector imports European hybrid lines
(Lissot, 1965). It is based on relatively modern production methods. The
THE IMPORTANCE OF POULTRY FARMING IN SENEGAL
uptum in this sector is mainly due to the setting up of cooperatives.
Rapid
development is facilitated by importing feed supplements and veterinary
bY
products by direct flight from Europe. Semi-intensive poultry farming also
benefits from the fact that various raw materials are available for the
EL HADJI FALLOU GU&E and WERNER BESSEI
production of high quality poultry rations and the proximity to thriving
Department of hall Animal Science, Instit~te for Animal Husbandry and
commercial markets provides good outlets.
Breeding, University of Hohenheim
Hybrid lines which are imported mainly from France and Belgium include
the commercial broilers, such as Atlas, Jupiter, Arbor Acres, Derco 109, Hybro,
Shaver, Hubbard and Vedette as well as layers, such as Ross, Leghom, Derco
and Shaver Starcross 288. Al1 the imported broiler lines have white plumage
which distinguishes them from the local breeds. Total chick production has
more than doubled in the last five years. In 1992 local chick production, which
amounted to 86 % of total production, overtook imports for the fmt time. This
Poultry farming in Senegal has developed dramatically since independence
is due to the fact that local production increased much faster than chick imports.
in 1960. Average growth reached 18.9 % in the period from 1960 to 1993. A
Only 10 % of semi-intensive poultry farming is in the hands of full-time
period of extremely high growth rate of over 23 % from 1960 to 1985 was
poultry farmers (Steyaert et al., 1988). The lion’s share is owned by senior
followed by a slower growth rate of 3.3 % in the period from 1980 to 1985.
officiais and financially well-off people who are engaged in poultry farming
Since 1985, a higher positive trend of about 17.2 % has again been recorded.
as a sideline. The situation is the same in the neighbouring countries of Mali,
However, poultry meat consumption
in Senegal is very low. According to the
Burkina Faso and Niger (Desselas, 1984; Kounta, 1992).
estimates of the Animal Breeding Department of the Ministry of Agriculture,
Studies have shown that there seems to be a positive correlation between
it was 1.12 and 1.24 kilograms per head for 1986 and 1988 respectively. The
farm size and broiler performance (Table 1). Evidently management
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN (FAO) quoted an average per
techniques are generally better on the larger farms than on the smaller ones.
caput consumption of about 3.09 kilograms of poultry meat and 34.46 eggs
Unsuitable poultry housing, lack of knowledge on the part of poultry fat-mers,
for Senegal in 1992 (Qureshi, 1994). It is therefore well behind other meat
an absence of technical support, high commercial feed prices, poor synchroni-
consumption (8.6 kg).
sation of the production cycle with market requirements and periodic
While fishing helps to provide the population with animal protein on the
competition from other meats are obstacles which threaten the upturn in semi-
toast (here fish consumption
is around 30 kg per head), it is hoped that
intensive poultry farming (Legrand, 1988; Steyaert et al., 1988).
poultry farming cari be developed in inland areas to provide a reliable source
of protein. However, it is not just technical problems which stand in the way
Smallholder poultry farming
of this development. “Food bans” or “taboos” exist amongst the rural popu-
lation (Guèye and Bessei, 1995). Ch iId ren under the age of three and girls in
In rural areas poultry meat is the main source of animal protein. 70 % of a11
general are traditionally forbidden to eat eggs. However, these traditions
Senegalese poultry meat is produced on smallholdings.
This accounts for
appear to be gradually disappearing.
12 % of total meat consumption (Kébé, 1989). Poultry are kept mainly by the
8 4
El Hadji Fallou Guèye and Werner Bessei
The Importance of Pouluy Farming in Senegal
8 5
Table 1 - Produaionparameters on broiler units of vmying size (Steyeatt et a& 1988)
breeds to that of imported breeds and regards it as a delicacy. It is often ser-
ved to guests on special occasions. The laying rate of local breeds is extremely
PuUnera
NO. of birds pczbaah
low. The annual yield per hen is 50 to 60 eggs weighing around 35 grams. Egg
<SO0
5 0 0 - m
>5wo
production per hen cari be increased to a maximum of 90-100 by improving
feeding and management techniques. The hen goes broody frequently and has
Chick mortality,
%
good mothering ability (Doutressoule, 1947). There is an 80 % hatching rate
O-l
1 0 0
0
0
1-2
0
100
100
and the chicks are taken from the hen at three to four weeks (Buldgen et al.,
Brr&r deatbs, %
1992). After this, the ben moulus and starts to lay again.
2-7
7 3
7 0
100
In a research programme 100 local hem were taken to a testing station,
7-10
27
3 0
0
where their rearing and growth parameters were compared with those of
Marketing age, days
40-50
3 3
6 0
5 0
birds living in rural conditions (Buldgen et al., 1992). The results are
51-70
67
4 0
5 0
summarised in Table 2. It cari be seen that the local breeds at &e station lagged
Markctingw+t,kg
behind in growth rate in the period up to ten weeks (335 compared with
12-1.7
3 3
7 0
5 0
1 S-2.0
67
3 0
5 0
631 g). This cari be put down to difficulties in adapting to being kept in a
Feed u>nvemion~
confined space or to the highly concentrated feed (13.4 MJ of metabolizable
2-3
4 3
7 8
100
energy). The wide weight range for both management systems is evidently
>3
5 7
2 2
0
due to the high genetic variability of the stock.
Kilogram of feed per kilognm of liveweight gain
Table 3 compares the performance results of locai laying hens kept in rural
conditions with those at the test station. The birds at the test station were
poorer sections of the rural population. It is regarded as an unimportant side-
again divided into two groups, those with supplementary lighting and those
line involving low costs and little work.
A local breed, which is generally known as the “African hen”, “Bush hen”
or “Sahel hen”, is predominantly found on poultry smallholdings. The
Table 2 - Performance parameters of Senegalese hem in rural conditions and at a test station in
intensive management conditions (Baddgen
et al., 1992)
“African hen” is a very hardy breed which has adapted very well to the
particular environmental conditions (heat, cold, min and periodic feed
Perfo-ce paramcter
Rural conditions
Test station
shortages). The local breed shows a great variety of feathering. They cari be
plain white, black, yellow, grey and red as well as a11 kinds of colour combi-
LiVcwcighQg/bi
nations, such as goldy-yellow, silvery-white, pale red, and yellowy-brown. In
1 to 5 day old chicks
341 5
37i 5
3 week old chicks
58* 1 0
62+ 1 0
many cases, the wings and tail feathers are black tinged with brown. Rare
10 WC& old chicks
631 i211
335 f 110
cases of naked neck occur, which are caused by a recessive single gene (na)
20 week old chicks
d
1034* 3 9
1282 f 169
(Buldgen et al., 1982). These birds are called “n’daaré” in the local dialect.
0
841 f 169
847 f 184
Their hatchability is good. Another remarkable genetic variant are hens with
25-26 week old chicks u’
1380 i 150
1423 f 198
3
1229+165
899*179
the “frizzle” gene. The loose feathering enables them to dissipate body heat
Adult birds (2 1 year)
d
1803zt 4
more easily than normally feathered hens. This, as well as the naked neck
i!
1350 * 223
gene, helps to increase heat tolerance.
Feed conversion
&3 weeks
2 . 5 - 3 . 6
As is the case on practically the whole of the African continent, local breeds
4-25 weeks
7 . 2 - 8 . 1
are the result of years of haphazard crossbreeding between various lines of
C-25 weeks
6 . 3 - 7 . 7
native and foreign origin. The term “breed” is therefore not correct in the
Carcase yield” at 25 weeks, %
breeding sense (Dar-é, 1977). Local breeds as a rule have a lower bodyweight.
7 9
6 7
Fully grown hens seldom weigh more than 1 kilogram and cockerels more
than 1.5 kilograms. However, the population prefers the meat from local
Carcase weight (without giblets) in relation to liveweight
86
El Hadji Fallou Guèye and Werner Bessei
The Importance of Poultry Farming in Senegal
87
Table 3 - Rqmdwaion pmmcrm of local Smcg.dese hem kcpt in rural Lrmdirions and at rl test
station witb and witboait an antj-ii ligbting pmgramme (LP) (Bwldgen et ai!, 1992)
20
20
24*13"
26klf'
C(*l
40*4
BO-90
90-100
102*14
78i17
13
21
81
77
‘) in a 30-week laying period
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32364044
l’ in a 42-week laying pericd
‘) during the 3O- and 42-weck laying period
Laying week
‘1 as a % of the eggs fcrtilised
without lighting. The superior feeding and management conditions at the
.
. _
c;
station meant that the hens were ready to lay at 20 weeks instead ot 25
. .g. 1 - The laying cwve of Senegakse hem witb and witborrt a ligbtingprognzmme (according to
and
Buldgen et d, 1992).
there was a rise in egg numbers. The lighting programme not only increased
the egg weight but abo laying persistence. The importance of the lighting
programme cari also be seen from the laying curve (Fig. 1). Hens without
lighting have a very irregular laying pattem. Laying peaks occur every four
REFERENCES
weeks, which could be due to variations in the light from the moon (Sa& 1990;
Buldgen et al., 1992).
BULDGEN, A. - F. DETIMMERMAN - B. SALL and R. COMPÈRE (1992): Étude
Besides the lighting programme, egg collection also plays an important part
des paramètres démographiques et zootechniques de la poule locale du
bassm arachidier séné alais.
in improving the egg production of local breeds. Daily egg collection post-
Bull-Rech. Agron. G e %
m loux 23 (4): 345-356.
pones broodiness and therefore leads to higher rates of lay. Feed consumption
Courrier Avicole 845,44-46.
could only be recorded at the station. It was 102 grams per hen per day for the
DAR& L. (1977): Contribution à l’étude de l’aviculture au Niger.
birds with a lighting programme and 78 grams per hen per day for those
DESSELAS, L. (1984): L’aviculture au Niger: un avenir plein de promesse, mais
without. The variation is due to the difference in laying activity. Because of
un essor difficile.
the low rate of lay, the feed conversion rate of the birds is very poor and
DIOP, A. (1982): Le oulet de chair au Sénégal: production, commercialisa-
tion, perspectives e développement.
B
cannot be compared with that of hybrid layers on intensive units. However,
Direction de 1’Élevage: Jahresberichte von 1960 bis 1993. Landwirtschaftsmi-
the fertility and hatching rate of about 80 % lie within acceptable limits.
nisterium, Dakar, Sénégal.
These results show the performance limits of local breeds. In improved
Diplomarbeit I.N.D.R., Thiès, Sénégal.
management conditions, it is advisable to use breeds or crossbreds with a
Doktorarbeit E.I.S.M.V., N 9, Dakar, Sénégal.
higher genetic performance. Crossbreeding with Rhode Island Red, New
Doktorarbeit E.I.S.M.V., N 8, Dakar, Sénégal.
Doktorarbeit E.I.M.S.V., N 13, Dakar, Sénégal.
Hampshire, Plymouth Rock or other performance selected breeds, or the use
Doktorarbeit E.I.S.M.V., N 3, Dakar, Sénégal.
of pure lines which still show good vitality, could greatly improve
DOWIRESSOULE, G. (1947): L’élevage en Afrique Occidentale Française.
performance in rural conditions.
Edition Larose.
8 8
El Hadji Fallou Guèye and Werner Bessei
m
E.I.S.M.V. - 1. N.D.R.
GU&E, E. F. und W. BESSEI (1995): Über Nahrungsverbote und Tabus für Ge-
flügelprodukte im Senegal. Der Tropenlandwirt, Beitrage zur tropischen
Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin, 96. Jahrgang, Aprd 1995,97-109.
KÉBÉ, C. (1989): Étude des proteines conventionnelles et non conventionnel-
les au Sénégal.
KOIJNTA, A. 0. S. (1992): Note technique sur le développement de l’avicul-
_^
turc au Mali.
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rluthors’
address: Prof. Dr. W. Bessei, Universitat Hohenheim, Institut für Tierhalrung
und Tier
züchtung, Fachgebier Kleintierzuchr,
GarbenstraBe
17, D-70593 Stuttgart.