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1
A mode1 of intensification of livestock production in mixed farming systems in subhumid
zones, based on dry season stabling with supplementary feeding and improved health tare
and housing is being developed in southern Senegal. This was
designed originally to
address the problem of decline in soi1 productivity due to reduced fertility in the area where
cotton is produced. It was intended to improve the contribution of livestock to trop
production through increased manure production and of a better quality in animal stalls. It
was also expected that stall-feeding of draught cattle during the dry season Will result in
8
more animal power input to cropping because animals would be in better condition at the
9
start of the cropping season to perform well. Draught cattle were therefore the preferred
1 0
category of cattle to be housed during the dry season. It was later realised that returns from
1 1
manure and draught animals alone could compensate hardly for the investments incurred for
1 2
the establishment and operation of the improved management system. Therefore stabling of
1 3
lactating females was suggested SO that revenues generated through milk sales and
1 4
consumption could add to the stream of benefits brought about by the system and would
1 5
make it more profitable. This paper reports on a study that was carried out to investigate
1 6
the biological and financial performances of Ndama cattle using this intensified
1 7
management system during the dry season.
1 8
1 9
Material and methods
20
The study area and cattle herd management
2 1
This study was carried in 1991 and 1992 in the Upper Casamance natural region of
2 2
southern Senegal. The climate in this region is of a sudano-guinean type. Rainfall was 787
2 3
and 684 mm in 1990 and 1991, respectively . The unimodal rainfall occurs between June
24
and mid-October. Farmers grow cash crops such as cotton and groundnut as well as cereals
2 5
such as millet, sorghum and maize. Ndama cattle make up the dominant livestock biomass
26
and they are used for a multitude of purposes: meat, milk, cash generation, power and
27
manure. Cropping and livestock activities are undertaken by the same household and they
2 8
are closely interrelated and complementary . Draught animal power is widely used for soi1
29
preparation and transport and trop residues (cereal straws, groundnut hay) form valuable
3 0
feed inputs during the dry season to supplement natural pastures. Although there is an
3 1
integration of cropping and livestock activities to a certain extent, cattle husbandry is
3 2
characterised by extensive management and limited use of external inputs. Animals graze
3 3
on naturally occurring pastures which form the main source of food supply. Pastures are
3 4
abundant and of good quality during the rainy season and early dry season. After harvest
3 5
of the grain, animals have also access to upland (millet, sorghum) and lowland (rice) trop
36
residues consumed directly in the fields. Shortage of food supply during the critical months
37
of March, April, may and June is the single most important constraints facing herd owners
3 8
in this area. Animal are tethered overnight on cereal trop fïelds during the dry season and
39
are moved into the forest during the cropping season to avoid damages to crops. Nutrient
40
cycling through direct manure deposition allow cropping every year of fields at the vicinity
4 1
of the homesteads.
42
Mating is not controlled and calving occurs a11 year round. However most of the calvings
4 3
take place during the second half of the year and peak calving are recorded in July and
44
August. Milking is performed once a day, one week after calving. The calf is allowed to
4 5
suckle for few seconds to stimulate milk let-down and thereafter, it is tethered to the leg of
46
the dam during the course of milking. The residual milk is suckled by the calf. Suckling of
2
1
calves takes places a second time in the evening when adult animals return from grazing.
2
Calves are tethered over night away from cows to secure the following day milk offtake for
3
human consumption. They also graze separately from adults in areas surrounding the
4
homesteads. A main feature of the milking system in the Kolda area is that milk extraction
5
for human consumption is suspended during part of the dry reason and milking is resumed
6
during the next wet season.
8
The intensive management system (INTMS) during the dry season is referred to as a
9
combination of strategic feed supplementation, better health tare and housing for selected
1 0
animals from the main herd. Other animals in the herd are managed under extensive
1 1
management conditions (EXTMS) and do not benefit from these improved management
1 2
measures. In addition to grazing natural pastures, animals in INTMS are fed daily a
1 3
supplement, from March to June, l-l .5 kg of cotton seed and 3-4 kg of groundnut hay . The
1 4
quantity and nature of feed supplement given animals INTMS may vary from one herd to
1 5
the other. Health measures include vaccination (against
anthrax, pasteurellosis and
1 6
hemoragic septicaemia), deworming using fenbendazole (PanacurND, Hoechst, A.G.) and
1 7
trypanocidal treatments of animals using Aceturate Diminazene (BerenilND , Hoechst A. G.).
1 8
Animals are housed in stalls built within the homesteads. The floor of the stall is usually a
1 9
pit where the animals stay overnight to allow the accumulation of urine and faeces. The
20
litter is formed by bush hay or trop residues that are regularly added into the pit. Many
2 1
types of stall are found in this area depending on size and whether or not cernent is used.
2 2
Large stables cari accommodate up to 30 adult animals whereas small size stables cari house
2 3
just 2 to 4 animais. The walls of the pit may be cemented or not. Cemented stalls require
24
more capital investment for their establishment, they however have a longer life in
2 5
comparison to non cemented stalls which tend to deteriorate because of the erosive effect of
26
water runoffs and damages caused by animals. Lactating CO~S, draught animals or adult
2 7
males destined to be marketed for meat are targeted by farmers in stabling operations.
28
29
Experimental design
30
Research sites, animals and treatments
3 1
Three hundred and eighteen (318) animals of different age classes and belonging to
3 2
individual herders in 4 villages (Table 1) were used in this study for regular monitoring of
3 3
health and production parameters. Animals were divided into 2 groups. Group one was
34
composed of animals in the intensive management system (adult females with their calves
3 5
and adult males). They benefïted from feed supplementation from March to June (as
36
described above), prophylactic measures (vaccination, deworming), trypanocidal treatment
3 7
and housing. Calves were not given feed supplement, but they benefited from their dam’s
3 8
feed allowance and also from the improved milk production brought about by the
3 9
supplementary feeding of their dam. These animals were distributed into 7 stables in 4
40
villages. Group 2, the control group, was formed by animals which was selected from the
4 1
same herd to match as much as possible age categories and physiological status of animals
42
in group 1, but which were managed under traditional extensive conditions (EXTMS). They
4 3
were grazed on natural pastures without supplementation and they were not subjected to any
44
prophylactic and treatment measures. Table 1 shows numbers of animals, their age classes,
4 5
and their distribution in different villages and stables.
3
1
2
Field measurements and laboratory analyses
Al1 animals were weighed at the beginning, mid and at the end of the experiment which
lasted 4 months during the dry season, from March to June 1991. Milk offtake for human
consumption was measured each week by enumerators based in villages using graduated
tubes. These enumerators recorded also events related to herd dynarnics (birth, death, sales)
that occurred during the experiment. Data collected include also quantity of food
8
supplement given to animals and a11 other inputs (food, drugs, labour) and output prices
9
(live animals, milk, rental of draught animals).
1 0
1 1
Blood samples were taken from each animal at the start, mid and end of the operation in
1 2
evacuated EDTA tubes to detect trypanosome infections using phase contrast examination
1 3
of the blood buffy coat (Murray et al., 1987) and for the determination of the packed red
1 4
ce11 volume per cent (PCV). Blood smears were also made to detect other blood parasites
1 5
such as anaplasma and babesia. Faecal samples were collected from the rectum of the
1 6
animals and they were examined for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites and the
1 7
estimation of worm burden using McMaster egg counting technique. Serological tests were
1 8
also applied to detect the presence of abortive infections such as
brucellosis and
1 9
leptospirosis. At the end of the stall-feeding operation, manure produced in 2 stalls were
20
weighed and samples were taken for the determination of their chemical composition.
2 1
22
Data analysis
2 3
Production and health parameters
24
Liveweight (LW) change, milk offtake, PCV % and the prevalence of blood and
2 5
gastrointestinal parasites were analysed using General Linear Mode1 procedures (SAS,
26
1989). Sources of variation for the analysis of LW and Daily weight gain in different age
2 7
classes included village, stable within village and treatment either INTMS or EXTMS.
28
Liveweight of each animal was regressed on the number of days of stabling and the slopes
2 9
of the regression lines were subjected to analysis of variante using initial LW as a
30
covariate. Parity and season of calving were also included as sources of variation in the
3 1
analysis of milk offtake.
3 2
3 3
Financial analysis
34
The partial budgeting approach was used to estimate the profitability of the intensive
3 5
management system. Therefore only marginal benefits, marginal costs and net benefits
3 6
brought about by the adoption of the INTMS were considered in the analysis (Harsh et al.,
3 7
1981). Net returns generated by the INTMS are the difference between marginal benefïts
3 8
gained and marginal costs incurred by shifting fi-om traditional, extensive management
3 9
systems to the improved management system based on feed supplementation, health tare
40
and housing. Four types of stall were used to evaluate the profitability of the stabling
4 1
package: type 1: large, cemented stable accommodating 20 adult females and 10 adult
42
males, type 2: large, non-cemented stables with 20 lactating cows and 10 adult males, type
4 3
3: cemented stable of medium size with 6 cows and 4 adult males, type 4: non-cemented
44
medium size stable with 6 cows and 4 adult males.
4
Marginal benefits generated by the INTMS include increased revenues through milk
ofttake, LW gains, reduction in losses due to mortality, manure production and the extra
draught animal power generated by the increased LW of oxen. The marginal benefits
associated with milk production and live weight gains were estimated as the production
differential between INTMS and EXTMS. Market prices for milk were applied to both
marketed and non-marketed milk production. Value of live weight gains were set using
8
market prices of live animals at the village level. Because of lack of information, some
9
potential marginal benefits were not included in the stream of gains although their
1 0
importance is realised. For instance, feed supplementation cari be conducive to improved
1 1
reproductive performance. However this potential gain is not yet sufficiently quantified in
1 2
the southern Senegal context to be included in the analysis. The same applies to additional
1 3
benefits brought about by the improved nutrition and liveweight of INTMS animals used
1 4
for work. The lack of market prices for manure and the absence of data on trop yields
1 5
differential between fïelds amended directly by animals as practised traditionally and fields
1 6
that are fertilised using stall manure, make it difficult to estimate the marginal benefit
1 7
gained through stall manure. Stall manure was valued using its chemical fertiliser
1 8
equivalence. When animal excretions are deposited directly to the fields, termites and solar
1 9
radiations cause nutrient (mainly N) losses estimated at 38 % of the nutrient content of fresh
20
excretions (Hannon, 1972). The marginal benefit generated by manure production in stalls
2 1
was set as the reduction in these nutrient losses.
2 2
2 3
Marginal costs of the INTMS include increased expenses associated with the investment to
24
build the stall, purchased food supplement and health tare supplies. When feed resources
2 5
used to supplement animals such as groundnut hay were produced on-farm, the opportunity
26
cost of these commodities was applied in the analysis using local market prices. Labour is a
2 7
major input to the INTMS for the establishment of the stall and its operation. Hired labour
28
is often required to supplement family labour for the extra work induced by running the
29
stall such as milking, food distribution, cleaning of stalls and collection and incorporation
30
of litter in the pit, and manure transport to fields. A sensitivity analysis was performed to
3 1
investigate the effect of price changes on the profitability of the INTMS.
3 2
3 3
3 4
Results and discussion
3 5
36
Health and blood characteristics
37
Trypanosome and gastrointestinal parasite prevalence is referred to as the number of
3 8
samples detected parasitaemic over the number of samples. Trypanosome prevalence was
3 9
low (1.4%). Animals were treated at the start of the stabling period with Aceturate
40
Diminazene (BerenilR) at a dose of 3.5 g/lOO kg LW. There were however new infections
4 1
in a11 age categories. Although data from this study cannot give evidence of the effect of
42
the trypanocidal treatment on animal productivity, the emergence of new infections raise
4 3
the question of the relevance of systematic treatment of a11 INTMS animal with Berenil.
44
Where diagnostic facilities exist, it would be suggested to treat only animals that showed
45
signs of the diseases were detected parasiteamic. In the absence of diagnostic facilities, it is
46
suggested to treat stall-fed animals planned to be used for work purpose only and that
treatment could be done at the end of the stabling period. Experiments conducted at Kolda
(Seck and Fall, personnel communication) showed Ndama infected with new serodemes of
trypanosomes performed less work than non infected animals. Prophylactic interventions
using tryparnidium may be preferred in areas where the risk of trypanosomiasis is high.
The prevalence of anaplasm was also low (1.2 %). However, the impact of this disease on
productivity appeared significant. Indeed, of the 10 animals infected with Anaplasm, 2
died, one disappeared and 3 of them were sold after they suffered severe liveweight losses
8
of 16 % of their initial LW. The treatment of INTMS animals with anthelmintics proved
9
effective as the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was lower in these animals
10
compared to EXTMC anirnals were not drenched (Table 2).
11
12
Serological tests performed on 162 blood samples revealed that 3 animals had brucellosis
1 3
and 39 of them were infected with leptospirosis. Because these affections cari cause
1 4
abortion and therefore lower the reproductive performance of cows and also because of the
1 5
implication of brucellosis on public health, these diseases deserve further investigation to
16
assess their impact SO that appropriate health measures could be devised.
1 7
1 8
Table 3 shows PCV % of INTMS and EXTMS animals. Feed supplementation and health
1 9
measures had a positive effect on the capacity of animals to resist anaemia. Although there
2 0
was a trend of PCV to decline during the first phase of stall feeding operation,
2 1
supplemented animals were able to increase PCV to starting levels whereas PCV in
22
EXTMS animals remained low due to the combined effect of nutritional and infectious
23
stresses they are subjected to during the dry season.
2 4
25
Productivity
2 6
2 7
Live weight change
28
It is assumed that productivity gain observed in INTMS compared to EXTMS are due to the
29
combined effects of feed supplementation and health tare. The severe nutritional stress
3 0
animals are subjected to during the dry season cause retarded growth in growing animais
3 1
and pronounced liveweight losses in adult animals. As nutrient intakes during the dry
3 2
season do not meet their nutrient requirements, animals mobilise their body reserves stored
33
as fat. Depletion of body reserves leads to the use of muscular tissues to assure
34
maintenance. This is the main cause of poor productivity observed in traditional extensive
3.5
livestock production systems where animals experience food shortages during the long dry
36
season. This nutritional deficit translates into reduced milk production, post-partum
37
acyclicity and reduced growth. The main objective of the INTMS package is to minimise
3 8
the deleterious effect of this nutritional stress by means of feed supplementation of selected
39
animals . In the present study , calves that were stabled benefited in the improved milk
4 0
production of their dam, they also had the opportunity to share food supplement intended
41
for their dam. Therefore they grew at a much greater rate (153 g/day) than EXTMS calves
4 2
( 26 g/day). The anthelminthic treatment may also have contributed to the better
43
performance of INTMS calves as gastrointestinal parasites cause reduced growth in Young
4 4
animals. Adult males that were not stall-fed lost 438 g per day whereas those that were in
4 5
INTMS gained 149 g per day of liveweight. This means that the combined effect of feed
4 6
supplement and deworming generated a net gain of 438 + 149 = 587 g per day in adult
4 7
males. INTMS cows maintained their liveweight while those in EXTMS lost LW at a rate
6
of 240 g per day . At the end of the stall-feeding operation EXTMS cows lost LW
equivalent to 17 % of their initial LW.
Milk production
In traditional husbandry systems in southern Senegal, milk extraction is stopped during the
dry season because of food shortages and milking is resumed in the next wet season when
8
natural pastures start growing again. This deprives farmers from a main source of protein
9
in their diet during many months in the year. The intensive management system during the
1 0
dry season offer farmers opportunities not to stop milking their animals and therefore to
1 1
have access to milk and to generate cash revenues through milk sales. The present study
1 2
showed that 68 INTMS cows produced on average 7614.4 litres of milk in 80 days during
1 3
the dry season in comparison to EXTMS cows that produced 18k6.4) litres of milk for
1 4
human consumption in 37 days. Despite the fact feed supplementation ended at the end of
1 5
the dry season, the beneficial effects of supplementing cows during the dry season was
1 6
carried over the next wet season because INTMS cows produced 8 156.7) litres of milk in
1 7
90 days during the rainy season in comparison to EXTMS cows that yielded 40210 litres
1 8
over 82 days in the rainy season. Mean values of milk offtake given here are adjusted
1 9
means and therefore have been corrected with respect to the stage of lactation, parity,
20
village and herd, factors that were included in the analysis of variante.
Because most of
2 1
the cows are not milked during the dry season, the effect of stabling would have been
2 2
greater if INTMS animals were compared to EXTMS cows that were not milked. Because
2 3
continuous suckling may inhibit post partum cyclicity , the beneficial influence of dry season
24
supplementation in terms of increased milk extraction may be offset by reduced
2 5
reproductive performance. However studies that investigated the effect of intensity of
26
milking on herd productivity in The Gambia showed that the twice daily milking system
2 7
were superior to the once daily or zero milking systems in terms of overall herd
28
productivity (Agyemang et al., 1991). The combined effects of feed supplementation and
29
health tare appeared to have a significant impact on survival rate. Out of the 120 control
30
animais, 9 died whereas only one animal died out of the 187 INTMS animals .
3 1
32
Manure production
3 3
Manure production was measured in 2 stalls totalling 29 animals with a total liveweight of
34
7078 kg which is equivalent to 28 Tropical Livestock Units (TLU, average animal
3 5
weighing 250 kg LW). Total manure produced (faeces + urines + litter) was 11,031 kg
36
with 24% moisture. When Manure production was expressed relative to the animal biomass
3 7
and the number of nights animals spent in the stables, each TLU produced 4.8 kg of
3 8
manure per night. Excretions during the day when animals were grazing on natural pastures
39
were not included. The mean chemical composition of the manure on a dry matter basis
40
was: Nitrogen: 11.5 kg / ton, P,Os : 1.4 kg/ton, J&O kg/ton and Ca + Mg: 8.8 kg/ton of
4 1
manure. With respect to this chemical composition, 10 adult animals stabled during the dry
4 2
season for 3 to 4 months would produce about 5 tons of manure which Will allow the
4 3
incorporation of 57, kg of N, 7 kg of P,O, and 45 kg of K,O. This shows the potential of
44
stall-feeding to substantially contribute to the maintenance and restoration of soi1 fertility in
4 5
subhumid zones if the manure is actnally used.
46
7
1
Financial considerations
2
3
Value of increased liveweight (53-55%) made up the dominant component of marginal
4
benefits and value of milk offtake constituted 24 to 27 % of marginal benefits. The lowest
5
contribution to marginal benefits came from manure output (6 %). Feed supply is the
6
dominant cost item (66%) in stabling operations followed by cost of building the stable
7
(27 %). For stall-feeding operations that were monitored, farmers had access to credit to
8
establish the stall and payment of the loan was set for 4 years. They also benefited from a
9
one year loan to buy cotton seed as feed supplement at a subsidised price. Under such
1 0
circumstances, the operation appeared profitable because the net benefits accounted for 45
1 1
to 51 % of the marginal benefits. The net benefit gained per stall-fed animal varied between
1 2
7829 FCFA to 8958 FCFA. The type of stall, either cemented or not, did not appear to
1 3
influence the net benefits. However, the effect of type of stall could have been significant
1 4
if the analysis was performed over many years. Indeed, non-cemented animal houses Will
1 5
require repair and maintenance each year and therefore Will cause additional costs to be
1 6
incurred by the farmer in comparison to cemented houses. When the average labour wage
1 7
rate of 500 FCFA per day was applied, the net benefits gained through stabling 6 cows and
1 8
4 males were equivalent to 5 to 6 months salary during the dry season. As opportunities for
1 9
off-farm employment are limited in the area this study was conducted, the intensive
20
management system during the dry season offers farmers an appreciable means to generate
2 1
additional revenues, in addition to the extra milk produced and that contributes substantially
2 2
to improve farmers diet during the critical dry months when food shortage for human is
2 3
often experienced .
24
2 5
Dramatic policy changes occurred in 1992 as the extension agency that provided credits to
26
farmers involved in stabling decided to double the price of cotton seed and the payment of
2 7
the loan to build the stable was reduced from 4 years to 1 year. When these new prices
2 8
were included in the financial analysis, significant decline in marginal benefits and net
2 9
benefits emerged. When the price of the feed supplement was increased and the loans were
30
paid in one year, nets benefits was only equivalent to 14-16 % and 30-32 % of marginal
3 1
benefits in cemented and non cemented stalls, respectively. This shows that although the
3 2
intensive management system improves animal productivity, its long term sustainability is
3 3
greatly dependant upon policy and incentives that determine input and output prices. For
3 4
instance, the devaluation of the CFA franc in 1994 caused an increase of milk prices in
3 5
Senegal from 100 in 1992 to 175 CFA per litre at the Kolda area (Fischer et al.,, 1996) at
3 6
farm level. Even with increased prices of the feed supplement and the payment of loans in
3 7
one year, with the price of 175 FCA per litre of milk, there was a significant improvement
3 8
of the profitability of stabling operations. Nets benefits accounted for 41 to 43 % of total
3 9
marginal benefïts. The net benefit per animal was 2384 to 6288 FCFA for cemented stalls
40
and 5244 to 9092 for non-cemented stalls. Hence the INTMS has a great potential to
4 1
increase agricultural production, to secure employment in the dry season, to contribute to
42
food security through increased milk and manure production and increased cash revenues
4 3
by means of milk and live animal sales. This is confirmed by recent studies of the stabling
44
technology which showed that the benefïts of stabling were equivalent to one-fourth to 7
4 5
times the average yearly income of farmers in that region. (Fisher et al, 1996).
46
47
48
Acknowledgements
The FAO project RAF11881100 that provided funds to carry out this study is gratefully
acknowledged. In particular, authors thank Hans Wagner for his support of this work. The
contribution of The British Overseas Development Administration is greatly appreciated as
it provided funds that allowed the main author to analyse the data and to publish this paper.
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8
9
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1 0
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Harsh,B. Connor, L and Schwab,D. 1981. Managing the Farm Business. Prentice Hall,
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Inc, New Jersey. 07632
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Mohamed-Saleem, M. A. and Fitzhugh, H. A. 1995. An overview of demographic and
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Fernandez-Rivera, S. Williams, T.O. and Renard,C. (eds). 1995. Livestock and Sustainable
2 2
Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of sub-Saharan Afiica. Volume II: Technical
2 3
Papers. Proceedings of an International Conference held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 22-26
24
November 1993. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2 5
568 pp.
26
2 7
Nourrissat, P. 1965. La traction bovine au Sénégal. Agronomie Tropicale, 9: 823-853
2 8
29
SAS Institute Inc. (1989), SAWSTAT User’s Guide, Version 6, Fourth Edition, Volume 2,
30
Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 1989. 846pp
3 1
9
1
Table 1. Distribution of anirnals used in this study with respect to animal category,
2
treatments, village and stable number
3
Village
Herd
Adult females Adult males
Calves
Total
S
NS S
NS
S
NS S
NS
Sare
1
17
15
7
7
17
9
41
31
Sarnboudian
2
30
19
4
0
31
19
6 5
38
g
Medina
3
17
16
19
10
17
10
53
36
Koundie
4
5
7
5
1
10
8
Ndagane
5
4
4
4
4
10
8
6
3
3
3
3
8
7
2
3
2
2
8
66
Total
7
7 8
6 6
30
17
7 9
4 8
187
131
1 0
1
2
3
Table 2 Prevalence’ of trypanosome and gastrointestinal parasites in animals under
4
intensive (INT) and extensive (EXT) management conditions at the start(before trypanocidal
5
and anthelmintic treatments), mid and end of the experiment
6
y*
--“sa.-
1vp..
-l.u.lllll. u _I _U^ J ill.YSi y~~L_-__.III-“,_,~LLI-~.~ - .,,- .~-,
Animal
Trypanosome Strongyle
Strongyloides
Ascaris
Coccidia
category
--------------- --------------- ------------_____
---_____-_-____
INT
EXT
INT EXT INT EXT
I N T E X T INT EXT
Adult females
Start
2.5
0.0
20.0 22.9 0.0 1.6
0.0 0.0
5.6 1.6
Mid
0.0
1.8 2.7
21.8 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
1.3 5.5
End
2.8
0.0 2.8
31.4 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
2.8 0.0
Adult males
Start
3.6
0.0
10.7 17.7 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
3.6 0.0
Mid
0.0
0.0
0.0 12.5 0.0 6.3
3.5 0.0
3.5 0.0
End
0.0
0.0
0.0 38.5 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
3.9 0.0
Calves
Start
1.3
4.3
21.9 23.4 0.8 0.0
4.9 2.1
19.5 10.6
Mid
2.4
2.4 3.8
19.1 2.4 2.4
1.2 0.0
3.8 9.5
End
0.0
0.0 3.8
26.9 0.0 3.9
0.0 0.0
13.9 15.4
-m-u*-*vY-p --m~‘*w-*&
* -
*--
%‘sL-*_^-am--
7
. 1: Prevalence = Number of samples detected positivekota number of sample for each
8
animal category and for each period (start, mid and end) of the experiment.
1 1
.
1
2
Table 3. Mean ( f s .e.m) packed ce11 volume (PCV, %) of stabled and
3
non-stabled animals
4
Stabled
Non-stabled
Cows]
Start
28.8f0.82
30.6f0.89
Mid
28.5 +0.86
25.5kO.89
End
30.2kO.86
25.9+1.00
Adult
males
34.5k1.07
32.6k1.30
Start
30.7+ 1.09
28.2f 1.30
Mid
34.4k1.12
29.5+ 1.41
End
calves
Start
29.0+0.82
30.9+0.90
Mid
28.8f0.85
27.6kO.90
End
29.9kO.85
26.5f1.10
1 2
Table 4. Liveweight at the start, mid and end of the experiment and liveweight change in
animals reared under the intensive management system (INTMS) and extensive
management system (EXTMS) during 4 months in the dry season
Liveweight (kg)
Daily liveweight
Start
Mid
End
gain (g/day)
Adult females
INTMS
80
75
7 4
n
210f3.1
208f3.2
204k3.2
-1.7 &- 18.9
meanfs.e.m.
EXTMS
61
57
4 5
n
209k3.5 19Ok3.6
173f4.1
-240f21.4
mean&s.e.m.
Adult males
INTMS
n
2 9
2 9
2 7
meanfs.e.m.
228f9.8
248k9.5
241 k9.9
149k84.4
EXTMS
n
17
16
13
mean+s.e.m.
199k12.7 195f13.0
181k14.3
-438k111.8
Calves
INTMS
n
8 0
80
7 9
mean+s.e.m
6Ok3.6
72k3.6
8313.6 153k13.9
EXTMS
n
48
43
36
meanfs.e.m.
62f4.6
65f4.8
64k5.2 26k18.04
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1
A mode1 of intensification of livestock production in mixed farming systems in subhumid
zones, based on dry season stabling with supplementary feeding and improved health tare
and housing is being developed in southern Senegal. This was
designed originally to
address the problem of decline in soi1 productivity due to reduced fertility in the area where
cotton is produced. It was intended to improve the contribution of livestock to trop
production through increased manure production and of a better quality in animal stalls. It
was also expected that stall-feeding of draught cattle during the dry season Will result in
8
more animal power input to cropping because animals would be in better condition at the
9
start of the cropping season to perform well. Draught cattle were therefore the preferred
1 0
category of cattle to be housed during the dry season. It was later realised that returns from
1 1
manure and draught animals alone could compensate hardly for the investments incurred for
1 2
the establishment and operation of the improved management system. Therefore stabling of
1 3
lactating females was suggested SO that revenues generated through milk sales and
1 4
consumption could add to the stream of benefits brought about by the system and would
1 5
make it more profitable. This paper reports on a study that was carried out to investigate
1 6
the biological and financial performances of Ndama cattle using this intensified
1 7
management system during the dry season.
1 8
1 9
Material and methods
20
The study area and cattle herd management
2 1
This study was carried in 1991 and 1992 in the Upper Casamance natural region of
2 2
southern Senegal. The climate in this region is of a sudano-guinean type. Rainfall was 787
2 3
and 684 mm in 1990 and 1991, respectively . The unimodal rainfall occurs between June
24
and mid-October. Farmers grow cash crops such as cotton and groundnut as well as cereals
2 5
such as millet, sorghum and maize. Ndama cattle make up the dominant livestock biomass
26
and they are used for a multitude of purposes: meat, milk, cash generation, power and
27
manure. Cropping and livestock activities are undertaken by the same household and they
2 8
are closely interrelated and complementary . Draught animal power is widely used for soi1
29
preparation and transport and trop residues (cereal straws, groundnut hay) form valuable
3 0
feed inputs during the dry season to supplement natural pastures. Although there is an
3 1
integration of cropping and livestock activities to a certain extent, cattle husbandry is
3 2
characterised by extensive management and limited use of external inputs. Animals graze
3 3
on naturally occurring pastures which form the main source of food supply. Pastures are
3 4
abundant and of good quality during the rainy season and early dry season. After harvest
3 5
of the grain, animals have also access to upland (millet, sorghum) and lowland (rice) trop
36
residues consumed directly in the fields. Shortage of food supply during the critical months
37
of March, April, may and June is the single most important constraints facing herd owners
3 8
in this area. Animal are tethered overnight on cereal trop fïelds during the dry season and
39
are moved into the forest during the cropping season to avoid damages to crops. Nutrient
40
cycling through direct manure deposition allow cropping every year of fields at the vicinity
4 1
of the homesteads.
42
Mating is not controlled and calving occurs a11 year round. However most of the calvings
4 3
take place during the second half of the year and peak calving are recorded in July and
44
August. Milking is performed once a day, one week after calving. The calf is allowed to
4 5
suckle for few seconds to stimulate milk let-down and thereafter, it is tethered to the leg of
46
the dam during the course of milking. The residual milk is suckled by the calf. Suckling of
2
1
calves takes places a second time in the evening when adult animals return from grazing.
2
Calves are tethered over night away from cows to secure the following day milk offtake for
3
human consumption. They also graze separately from adults in areas surrounding the
4
homesteads. A main feature of the milking system in the Kolda area is that milk extraction
5
for human consumption is suspended during part of the dry reason and milking is resumed
6
during the next wet season.
8
The intensive management system (INTMS) during the dry season is referred to as a
9
combination of strategic feed supplementation, better health tare and housing for selected
1 0
animals from the main herd. Other animals in the herd are managed under extensive
1 1
management conditions (EXTMS) and do not benefit from these improved management
1 2
measures. In addition to grazing natural pastures, animals in INTMS are fed daily a
1 3
supplement, from March to June, l-l .5 kg of cotton seed and 3-4 kg of groundnut hay . The
1 4
quantity and nature of feed supplement given animals INTMS may vary from one herd to
1 5
the other. Health measures include vaccination (against
anthrax, pasteurellosis and
1 6
hemoragic septicaemia), deworming using fenbendazole (PanacurND, Hoechst, A.G.) and
1 7
trypanocidal treatments of animals using Aceturate Diminazene (BerenilND , Hoechst A. G.).
1 8
Animals are housed in stalls built within the homesteads. The floor of the stall is usually a
1 9
pit where the animals stay overnight to allow the accumulation of urine and faeces. The
20
litter is formed by bush hay or trop residues that are regularly added into the pit. Many
2 1
types of stall are found in this area depending on size and whether or not cernent is used.
2 2
Large stables cari accommodate up to 30 adult animals whereas small size stables cari house
2 3
just 2 to 4 animais. The walls of the pit may be cemented or not. Cemented stalls require
24
more capital investment for their establishment, they however have a longer life in
2 5
comparison to non cemented stalls which tend to deteriorate because of the erosive effect of
26
water runoffs and damages caused by animals. Lactating CO~S, draught animals or adult
2 7
males destined to be marketed for meat are targeted by farmers in stabling operations.
28
29
Experimental design
30
Research sites, animals and treatments
3 1
Three hundred and eighteen (318) animals of different age classes and belonging to
3 2
individual herders in 4 villages (Table 1) were used in this study for regular monitoring of
3 3
health and production parameters. Animals were divided into 2 groups. Group one was
34
composed of animals in the intensive management system (adult females with their calves
3 5
and adult males). They benefïted from feed supplementation from March to June (as
36
described above), prophylactic measures (vaccination, deworming), trypanocidal treatment
3 7
and housing. Calves were not given feed supplement, but they benefited from their dam’s
3 8
feed allowance and also from the improved milk production brought about by the
3 9
supplementary feeding of their dam. These animals were distributed into 7 stables in 4
40
villages. Group 2, the control group, was formed by animals which was selected from the
4 1
same herd to match as much as possible age categories and physiological status of animals
42
in group 1, but which were managed under traditional extensive conditions (EXTMS). They
4 3
were grazed on natural pastures without supplementation and they were not subjected to any
44
prophylactic and treatment measures. Table 1 shows numbers of animals, their age classes,
4 5
and their distribution in different villages and stables.
3
1
2
Field measurements and laboratory analyses
Al1 animals were weighed at the beginning, mid and at the end of the experiment which
lasted 4 months during the dry season, from March to June 1991. Milk offtake for human
consumption was measured each week by enumerators based in villages using graduated
tubes. These enumerators recorded also events related to herd dynarnics (birth, death, sales)
that occurred during the experiment. Data collected include also quantity of food
8
supplement given to animals and a11 other inputs (food, drugs, labour) and output prices
9
(live animals, milk, rental of draught animals).
1 0
1 1
Blood samples were taken from each animal at the start, mid and end of the operation in
1 2
evacuated EDTA tubes to detect trypanosome infections using phase contrast examination
1 3
of the blood buffy coat (Murray et al., 1987) and for the determination of the packed red
1 4
ce11 volume per cent (PCV). Blood smears were also made to detect other blood parasites
1 5
such as anaplasma and babesia. Faecal samples were collected from the rectum of the
1 6
animals and they were examined for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites and the
1 7
estimation of worm burden using McMaster egg counting technique. Serological tests were
1 8
also applied to detect the presence of abortive infections such as
brucellosis and
1 9
leptospirosis. At the end of the stall-feeding operation, manure produced in 2 stalls were
20
weighed and samples were taken for the determination of their chemical composition.
2 1
22
Data analysis
2 3
Production and health parameters
24
Liveweight (LW) change, milk offtake, PCV % and the prevalence of blood and
2 5
gastrointestinal parasites were analysed using General Linear Mode1 procedures (SAS,
26
1989). Sources of variation for the analysis of LW and Daily weight gain in different age
2 7
classes included village, stable within village and treatment either INTMS or EXTMS.
28
Liveweight of each animal was regressed on the number of days of stabling and the slopes
2 9
of the regression lines were subjected to analysis of variante using initial LW as a
30
covariate. Parity and season of calving were also included as sources of variation in the
3 1
analysis of milk offtake.
3 2
3 3
Financial analysis
34
The partial budgeting approach was used to estimate the profitability of the intensive
3 5
management system. Therefore only marginal benefits, marginal costs and net benefits
3 6
brought about by the adoption of the INTMS were considered in the analysis (Harsh et al.,
3 7
1981). Net returns generated by the INTMS are the difference between marginal benefïts
3 8
gained and marginal costs incurred by shifting fi-om traditional, extensive management
3 9
systems to the improved management system based on feed supplementation, health tare
40
and housing. Four types of stall were used to evaluate the profitability of the stabling
4 1
package: type 1: large, cemented stable accommodating 20 adult females and 10 adult
42
males, type 2: large, non-cemented stables with 20 lactating cows and 10 adult males, type
4 3
3: cemented stable of medium size with 6 cows and 4 adult males, type 4: non-cemented
44
medium size stable with 6 cows and 4 adult males.
4
Marginal benefits generated by the INTMS include increased revenues through milk
ofttake, LW gains, reduction in losses due to mortality, manure production and the extra
draught animal power generated by the increased LW of oxen. The marginal benefits
associated with milk production and live weight gains were estimated as the production
differential between INTMS and EXTMS. Market prices for milk were applied to both
marketed and non-marketed milk production. Value of live weight gains were set using
8
market prices of live animals at the village level. Because of lack of information, some
9
potential marginal benefits were not included in the stream of gains although their
1 0
importance is realised. For instance, feed supplementation cari be conducive to improved
1 1
reproductive performance. However this potential gain is not yet sufficiently quantified in
1 2
the southern Senegal context to be included in the analysis. The same applies to additional
1 3
benefits brought about by the improved nutrition and liveweight of INTMS animals used
1 4
for work. The lack of market prices for manure and the absence of data on trop yields
1 5
differential between fïelds amended directly by animals as practised traditionally and fields
1 6
that are fertilised using stall manure, make it difficult to estimate the marginal benefit
1 7
gained through stall manure. Stall manure was valued using its chemical fertiliser
1 8
equivalence. When animal excretions are deposited directly to the fields, termites and solar
1 9
radiations cause nutrient (mainly N) losses estimated at 38 % of the nutrient content of fresh
20
excretions (Hannon, 1972). The marginal benefit generated by manure production in stalls
2 1
was set as the reduction in these nutrient losses.
2 2
2 3
Marginal costs of the INTMS include increased expenses associated with the investment to
24
build the stall, purchased food supplement and health tare supplies. When feed resources
2 5
used to supplement animals such as groundnut hay were produced on-farm, the opportunity
26
cost of these commodities was applied in the analysis using local market prices. Labour is a
2 7
major input to the INTMS for the establishment of the stall and its operation. Hired labour
28
is often required to supplement family labour for the extra work induced by running the
29
stall such as milking, food distribution, cleaning of stalls and collection and incorporation
30
of litter in the pit, and manure transport to fields. A sensitivity analysis was performed to
3 1
investigate the effect of price changes on the profitability of the INTMS.
3 2
3 3
3 4
Results and discussion
3 5
36
Health and blood characteristics
37
Trypanosome and gastrointestinal parasite prevalence is referred to as the number of
3 8
samples detected parasitaemic over the number of samples. Trypanosome prevalence was
3 9
low (1.4%). Animals were treated at the start of the stabling period with Aceturate
40
Diminazene (BerenilR) at a dose of 3.5 g/lOO kg LW. There were however new infections
4 1
in a11 age categories. Although data from this study cannot give evidence of the effect of
42
the trypanocidal treatment on animal productivity, the emergence of new infections raise
4 3
the question of the relevance of systematic treatment of a11 INTMS animal with Berenil.
44
Where diagnostic facilities exist, it would be suggested to treat only animals that showed
45
signs of the diseases were detected parasiteamic. In the absence of diagnostic facilities, it is
46
suggested to treat stall-fed animals planned to be used for work purpose only and that
treatment could be done at the end of the stabling period. Experiments conducted at Kolda
(Seck and Fall, personnel communication) showed Ndama infected with new serodemes of
trypanosomes performed less work than non infected animals. Prophylactic interventions
using tryparnidium may be preferred in areas where the risk of trypanosomiasis is high.
The prevalence of anaplasm was also low (1.2 %). However, the impact of this disease on
productivity appeared significant. Indeed, of the 10 animals infected with Anaplasm, 2
died, one disappeared and 3 of them were sold after they suffered severe liveweight losses
8
of 16 % of their initial LW. The treatment of INTMS animals with anthelmintics proved
9
effective as the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was lower in these animals
10
compared to EXTMC anirnals were not drenched (Table 2).
11
12
Serological tests performed on 162 blood samples revealed that 3 animals had brucellosis
1 3
and 39 of them were infected with leptospirosis. Because these affections cari cause
1 4
abortion and therefore lower the reproductive performance of cows and also because of the
1 5
implication of brucellosis on public health, these diseases deserve further investigation to
16
assess their impact SO that appropriate health measures could be devised.
1 7
1 8
Table 3 shows PCV % of INTMS and EXTMS animals. Feed supplementation and health
1 9
measures had a positive effect on the capacity of animals to resist anaemia. Although there
2 0
was a trend of PCV to decline during the first phase of stall feeding operation,
2 1
supplemented animals were able to increase PCV to starting levels whereas PCV in
22
EXTMS animals remained low due to the combined effect of nutritional and infectious
23
stresses they are subjected to during the dry season.
2 4
25
Productivity
2 6
2 7
Live weight change
28
It is assumed that productivity gain observed in INTMS compared to EXTMS are due to the
29
combined effects of feed supplementation and health tare. The severe nutritional stress
3 0
animals are subjected to during the dry season cause retarded growth in growing animais
3 1
and pronounced liveweight losses in adult animals. As nutrient intakes during the dry
3 2
season do not meet their nutrient requirements, animals mobilise their body reserves stored
33
as fat. Depletion of body reserves leads to the use of muscular tissues to assure
34
maintenance. This is the main cause of poor productivity observed in traditional extensive
3.5
livestock production systems where animals experience food shortages during the long dry
36
season. This nutritional deficit translates into reduced milk production, post-partum
37
acyclicity and reduced growth. The main objective of the INTMS package is to minimise
3 8
the deleterious effect of this nutritional stress by means of feed supplementation of selected
39
animals . In the present study , calves that were stabled benefited in the improved milk
4 0
production of their dam, they also had the opportunity to share food supplement intended
41
for their dam. Therefore they grew at a much greater rate (153 g/day) than EXTMS calves
4 2
( 26 g/day). The anthelminthic treatment may also have contributed to the better
43
performance of INTMS calves as gastrointestinal parasites cause reduced growth in Young
4 4
animals. Adult males that were not stall-fed lost 438 g per day whereas those that were in
4 5
INTMS gained 149 g per day of liveweight. This means that the combined effect of feed
4 6
supplement and deworming generated a net gain of 438 + 149 = 587 g per day in adult
4 7
males. INTMS cows maintained their liveweight while those in EXTMS lost LW at a rate
6
of 240 g per day . At the end of the stall-feeding operation EXTMS cows lost LW
equivalent to 17 % of their initial LW.
Milk production
In traditional husbandry systems in southern Senegal, milk extraction is stopped during the
dry season because of food shortages and milking is resumed in the next wet season when
8
natural pastures start growing again. This deprives farmers from a main source of protein
9
in their diet during many months in the year. The intensive management system during the
1 0
dry season offer farmers opportunities not to stop milking their animals and therefore to
1 1
have access to milk and to generate cash revenues through milk sales. The present study
1 2
showed that 68 INTMS cows produced on average 7614.4 litres of milk in 80 days during
1 3
the dry season in comparison to EXTMS cows that produced 18k6.4) litres of milk for
1 4
human consumption in 37 days. Despite the fact feed supplementation ended at the end of
1 5
the dry season, the beneficial effects of supplementing cows during the dry season was
1 6
carried over the next wet season because INTMS cows produced 8 156.7) litres of milk in
1 7
90 days during the rainy season in comparison to EXTMS cows that yielded 40210 litres
1 8
over 82 days in the rainy season. Mean values of milk offtake given here are adjusted
1 9
means and therefore have been corrected with respect to the stage of lactation, parity,
20
village and herd, factors that were included in the analysis of variante.
Because most of
2 1
the cows are not milked during the dry season, the effect of stabling would have been
2 2
greater if INTMS animals were compared to EXTMS cows that were not milked. Because
2 3
continuous suckling may inhibit post partum cyclicity , the beneficial influence of dry season
24
supplementation in terms of increased milk extraction may be offset by reduced
2 5
reproductive performance. However studies that investigated the effect of intensity of
26
milking on herd productivity in The Gambia showed that the twice daily milking system
2 7
were superior to the once daily or zero milking systems in terms of overall herd
28
productivity (Agyemang et al., 1991). The combined effects of feed supplementation and
29
health tare appeared to have a significant impact on survival rate. Out of the 120 control
30
animais, 9 died whereas only one animal died out of the 187 INTMS animals .
3 1
32
Manure production
3 3
Manure production was measured in 2 stalls totalling 29 animals with a total liveweight of
34
7078 kg which is equivalent to 28 Tropical Livestock Units (TLU, average animal
3 5
weighing 250 kg LW). Total manure produced (faeces + urines + litter) was 11,031 kg
36
with 24% moisture. When Manure production was expressed relative to the animal biomass
3 7
and the number of nights animals spent in the stables, each TLU produced 4.8 kg of
3 8
manure per night. Excretions during the day when animals were grazing on natural pastures
39
were not included. The mean chemical composition of the manure on a dry matter basis
40
was: Nitrogen: 11.5 kg / ton, P,Os : 1.4 kg/ton, J&O kg/ton and Ca + Mg: 8.8 kg/ton of
4 1
manure. With respect to this chemical composition, 10 adult animals stabled during the dry
4 2
season for 3 to 4 months would produce about 5 tons of manure which Will allow the
4 3
incorporation of 57, kg of N, 7 kg of P,O, and 45 kg of K,O. This shows the potential of
44
stall-feeding to substantially contribute to the maintenance and restoration of soi1 fertility in
4 5
subhumid zones if the manure is actnally used.
46
7
1
Financial considerations
2
3
Value of increased liveweight (53-55%) made up the dominant component of marginal
4
benefits and value of milk offtake constituted 24 to 27 % of marginal benefits. The lowest
5
contribution to marginal benefits came from manure output (6 %). Feed supply is the
6
dominant cost item (66%) in stabling operations followed by cost of building the stable
7
(27 %). For stall-feeding operations that were monitored, farmers had access to credit to
8
establish the stall and payment of the loan was set for 4 years. They also benefited from a
9
one year loan to buy cotton seed as feed supplement at a subsidised price. Under such
1 0
circumstances, the operation appeared profitable because the net benefits accounted for 45
1 1
to 51 % of the marginal benefits. The net benefit gained per stall-fed animal varied between
1 2
7829 FCFA to 8958 FCFA. The type of stall, either cemented or not, did not appear to
1 3
influence the net benefits. However, the effect of type of stall could have been significant
1 4
if the analysis was performed over many years. Indeed, non-cemented animal houses Will
1 5
require repair and maintenance each year and therefore Will cause additional costs to be
1 6
incurred by the farmer in comparison to cemented houses. When the average labour wage
1 7
rate of 500 FCFA per day was applied, the net benefits gained through stabling 6 cows and
1 8
4 males were equivalent to 5 to 6 months salary during the dry season. As opportunities for
1 9
off-farm employment are limited in the area this study was conducted, the intensive
20
management system during the dry season offers farmers an appreciable means to generate
2 1
additional revenues, in addition to the extra milk produced and that contributes substantially
2 2
to improve farmers diet during the critical dry months when food shortage for human is
2 3
often experienced .
24
2 5
Dramatic policy changes occurred in 1992 as the extension agency that provided credits to
26
farmers involved in stabling decided to double the price of cotton seed and the payment of
2 7
the loan to build the stable was reduced from 4 years to 1 year. When these new prices
2 8
were included in the financial analysis, significant decline in marginal benefits and net
2 9
benefits emerged. When the price of the feed supplement was increased and the loans were
30
paid in one year, nets benefits was only equivalent to 14-16 % and 30-32 % of marginal
3 1
benefits in cemented and non cemented stalls, respectively. This shows that although the
3 2
intensive management system improves animal productivity, its long term sustainability is
3 3
greatly dependant upon policy and incentives that determine input and output prices. For
3 4
instance, the devaluation of the CFA franc in 1994 caused an increase of milk prices in
3 5
Senegal from 100 in 1992 to 175 CFA per litre at the Kolda area (Fischer et al.,, 1996) at
3 6
farm level. Even with increased prices of the feed supplement and the payment of loans in
3 7
one year, with the price of 175 FCA per litre of milk, there was a significant improvement
3 8
of the profitability of stabling operations. Nets benefits accounted for 41 to 43 % of total
3 9
marginal benefïts. The net benefit per animal was 2384 to 6288 FCFA for cemented stalls
40
and 5244 to 9092 for non-cemented stalls. Hence the INTMS has a great potential to
4 1
increase agricultural production, to secure employment in the dry season, to contribute to
42
food security through increased milk and manure production and increased cash revenues
4 3
by means of milk and live animal sales. This is confirmed by recent studies of the stabling
44
technology which showed that the benefïts of stabling were equivalent to one-fourth to 7
4 5
times the average yearly income of farmers in that region. (Fisher et al, 1996).
46
47
48
Acknowledgements
The FAO project RAF11881100 that provided funds to carry out this study is gratefully
acknowledged. In particular, authors thank Hans Wagner for his support of this work. The
contribution of The British Overseas Development Administration is greatly appreciated as
it provided funds that allowed the main author to analyse the data and to publish this paper.
References
8
9
Agyemang, K., Dwinger, R.H., Grieve, A.S. and Little, D.A. 1991. Studies on the effects
1 0
of calf growth and viability and on cow reproductive performance in traditionally managed
1 1
N’Dama herds . Animal Production, 53 : 1 l- 18
1 2
1 3
Hamon, R. 1972. L’habitat des animaux et la production d’un fumier de qualité en zone
1 4
tropicale. Agronomie Tropicale, 27: 592-607
1 5
1 6
Harsh,B. Connor, L and Schwab,D. 1981. Managing the Farm Business. Prentice Hall,
1 7
Inc, New Jersey. 07632
1 8
1 9
Mohamed-Saleem, M. A. and Fitzhugh, H. A. 1995. An overview of demographic and
2 0
environmental issues in sustainable agriculture in sub-Saharan Afica. inPowel1, J. M.,
2 1
Fernandez-Rivera, S. Williams, T.O. and Renard,C. (eds). 1995. Livestock and Sustainable
2 2
Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming Systems of sub-Saharan Afiica. Volume II: Technical
2 3
Papers. Proceedings of an International Conference held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 22-26
24
November 1993. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2 5
568 pp.
26
2 7
Nourrissat, P. 1965. La traction bovine au Sénégal. Agronomie Tropicale, 9: 823-853
2 8
29
SAS Institute Inc. (1989), SAWSTAT User’s Guide, Version 6, Fourth Edition, Volume 2,
30
Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 1989. 846pp
3 1
9
1
Table 1. Distribution of anirnals used in this study with respect to animal category,
2
treatments, village and stable number
3
Village
Herd
Adult females Adult males
Calves
Total
S
NS S
NS
S
NS S
NS
Sare
1
17
15
7
7
17
9
41
31
Sarnboudian
2
30
19
4
0
31
19
6 5
38
g
Medina
3
17
16
19
10
17
10
53
36
Koundie
4
5
7
5
1
10
8
Ndagane
5
4
4
4
4
10
8
6
3
3
3
3
8
7
2
3
2
2
8
66
Total
7
7 8
6 6
30
17
7 9
4 8
187
131
1 0
1
2
3
Table 2 Prevalence’ of trypanosome and gastrointestinal parasites in animals under
4
intensive (INT) and extensive (EXT) management conditions at the start(before trypanocidal
5
and anthelmintic treatments), mid and end of the experiment
6
y*
--“sa.-
1vp..
-l.u.lllll. u _I _U^ J ill.YSi y~~L_-__.III-“,_,~LLI-~.~ - .,,- .~-,
Animal
Trypanosome Strongyle
Strongyloides
Ascaris
Coccidia
category
--------------- --------------- ------------_____
---_____-_-____
INT
EXT
INT EXT INT EXT
I N T E X T INT EXT
Adult females
Start
2.5
0.0
20.0 22.9 0.0 1.6
0.0 0.0
5.6 1.6
Mid
0.0
1.8 2.7
21.8 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
1.3 5.5
End
2.8
0.0 2.8
31.4 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
2.8 0.0
Adult males
Start
3.6
0.0
10.7 17.7 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
3.6 0.0
Mid
0.0
0.0
0.0 12.5 0.0 6.3
3.5 0.0
3.5 0.0
End
0.0
0.0
0.0 38.5 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
3.9 0.0
Calves
Start
1.3
4.3
21.9 23.4 0.8 0.0
4.9 2.1
19.5 10.6
Mid
2.4
2.4 3.8
19.1 2.4 2.4
1.2 0.0
3.8 9.5
End
0.0
0.0 3.8
26.9 0.0 3.9
0.0 0.0
13.9 15.4
-m-u*-*vY-p --m~‘*w-*&
* -
*--
%‘sL-*_^-am--
7
. 1: Prevalence = Number of samples detected positivekota number of sample for each
8
animal category and for each period (start, mid and end) of the experiment.
1 1
.
1
2
Table 3. Mean ( f s .e.m) packed ce11 volume (PCV, %) of stabled and
3
non-stabled animals
4
Stabled
Non-stabled
Cows]
Start
28.8f0.82
30.6f0.89
Mid
28.5 +0.86
25.5kO.89
End
30.2kO.86
25.9+1.00
Adult
males
34.5k1.07
32.6k1.30
Start
30.7+ 1.09
28.2f 1.30
Mid
34.4k1.12
29.5+ 1.41
End
calves
Start
29.0+0.82
30.9+0.90
Mid
28.8f0.85
27.6kO.90
End
29.9kO.85
26.5f1.10
1 2
Table 4. Liveweight at the start, mid and end of the experiment and liveweight change in
animals reared under the intensive management system (INTMS) and extensive
management system (EXTMS) during 4 months in the dry season
Liveweight (kg)
Daily liveweight
Start
Mid
End
gain (g/day)
Adult females
INTMS
80
75
7 4
n
210f3.1
208f3.2
204k3.2
-1.7 &- 18.9
meanfs.e.m.
EXTMS
61
57
4 5
n
209k3.5 19Ok3.6
173f4.1
-240f21.4
mean&s.e.m.
Adult males
INTMS
n
2 9
2 9
2 7
meanfs.e.m.
228f9.8
248k9.5
241 k9.9
149k84.4
EXTMS
n
17
16
13
mean+s.e.m.
199k12.7 195f13.0
181k14.3
-438k111.8
Calves
INTMS
n
8 0
80
7 9
mean+s.e.m
6Ok3.6
72k3.6
8313.6 153k13.9
EXTMS
n
48
43
36
meanfs.e.m.
62f4.6
65f4.8
64k5.2 26k18.04