, BULLETIN OF EPIZOOTIC DISEASES I...
,
BULLETIN OF
EPIZOOTIC DISEASES
I 0.A.UJS.T.R.C. I
Mat-ch
1974
V o l . X X I I
M a r s
N o . I
DIRECTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS
illustrations are reproduced only at the
author’s expense.
Contributions to the Bulletin are invited
on subjects relevant to the control of animal
Bibliographical references should be listed
disease with particular reference to Africa
in alphabetical order of first author or coun-
and papers should conform to the following
try (if annual report) at the end of the paper,
conditions.
and not numbered. Only those cited in the
text should be included. References cited in
A paper accepted for publication in the
the text should be inserted, as e.g. (Richards,
Bulletin of Epizootie Diseases of Africa is
1950) or “Richards (1950) showed”.
done SO on the understanding that it has not
previously been published nor Will be sub-
If the same author is cited more than once,
mitted for publication elsewhere without
his publications should be arranged in chro-
prior agreement with the Editor.
nological order in the list of references, and if
more than one publication of the same author
Papers should be typewritten on one side
in the same year of publication is included,
of the paper only in English or French.
the letters “a, b, c” should be added after
Double line spacing and adequate margins
the date in both the list of references and in
are desirable. The original and one carbon
the text.
copy are required.
References should include, in the following
Papers are accepted on the understanding
order, surname, initial of author(s), year of
that they are subject to minor editorial revi-
publication (in parentheses), World List ab-
sion to conform with the general principles
breviation of title of periodical (dotted under-
of format adopted by the Bureau.
line), volume number (arabic numerals
underlined), first page number. The title of
The title should be concise. The initials
the article should not be included.
and name of author(s) without professional
qualifications should be followed by the title
References to books should include name
of his post and the organisation and country
and initials of author(s), year of publication
in which the work described was carried out.
(in parentheses), the exact title (underlined),
town of publication, page number (if page
Papers should contain a summary, which
number specifically cited).
should be factual, should convey the contents
of the paper and should draw attention to
References to annual reports should state
new information and to the main conclu-
the country, year of reference, followed by
sions.
the name of the department or organisation,
e.g. Kenya (1955) An. Rep. Dept. Vet.
Headings and sub-heads should not be
Services, p. 50 (if specific page cited).
underlined. Binomial specific names and
other words to be printed in italics should
have a dotted underline.
Tables should be limited and be typed on
separate sheets of paper numbered conse-
Twenty-Jive reprints of each article pub-
cutively, Table 1, Table II, etc. Figures, in-
lished Will be supplied free of charge. Order
cluding photographie prints, graphs, maps,
for reprints required in addition to the
etc.,
should be numbered consecutively,
author’s 25 free copies must be submitted
Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc., and attached at the end of
togerher
with the manuscript. Original
the text. References to tables and figures in
articles should be sent to the Editor, Bulletin
the text should be by number and not to
of Epizootie Diseases of Africa; P.O. Box
“table below” or “figure below”. Coloured
30786, Nairobi, Kenya.
ESTABLTSHMENT OF PAKISTAN ZEBU IN SENEGAL
PAPA 1. THIONGANE
Centre de Recherches Zootechniques, Dahra-Djoloti, République du Séntgal
*
Senegal enjoys a variety of climates
Punjab (Di’strict of Montgomery). It is one
which, ranging from North to South and
of the best milk producing breeds in Paki-
from East to West, are the following:
stan. The average production during a
-Sahelo-Sudanian (Fer10 and Sylvo-
lactation period of 300 days is 2,200 kg.
pastoral Zone)
with a maximum of 3,500-4,000 kg. of
-Subcanatian (Niayes, Cape Verde)
milk; the butter production reaches 4.3 to
-Sudanian (South-West)
670 during the same period. Calving starts
-6uinean (Casamance, South-Eastern
at the age of 3 years with a 15-month
Senegal).
interval. The excellent rate of growth,
The two main cattle breeds, the Gobra
coupled with the high capacity for milk
zebu and the N’Dama, inhabit the Northern
production, yields a breed which serves a
and Southern zones respectively, while their
dual pur-pose role (that of milk and meat
crossbreeds, the Djakore, inhabit the centre
production).
of the basin covered by groundnut vegeta-
The Red-Sindhi breed originates from the
tion.
South, incorporating the districts of Karachi
The Senegalese cattle breeds offer inter-
and Hyderabad. Slightly smaller than the
esting potentials for meat production parti-
Sahiwal, it is a good milk producing breed,
cularly the Gobra zebu or the Senegalese
producing 1,500 to 2,000 kg. of milk during
Fulani zebu which have been the abject of
a lactation period lasting from 270 to 300
important experiments in the Zootechnical
days, excluding the milk consumed by the
Research Station in Dahra. This animal
calves. Calving begins at 41 months with a
however, just like the N’Dama and Djakore,
15- 17 months interval.
is a poor milk producer. In fact, efforts to
The two Pakistani breeds which were
record milk production in the Cobra zebu
brought to Senegal, came from Tunisia
have yielded, during a lactation period of
where similar experiments had been carried
300 days, 240 to 270 litres, half of which
out before, yielding an improved milk pro-
is reserved for the calves.
duction of 30%.
With the view to improving milk pro-
But what are the experiments being con-
duction in the local zebu breeds, the Sene-
ducted in the Zootechnical Ressearch Centre
gaIese Government also decided to import,
of Dahra-Djoloff in Senegal?
in 1963, a group of 30 Pakistani zebus of
2-Experiments of selection and crossing-
the Sahiwal and the Red-Sindhi varieties.
Pakistani Zebu x Senegalese Fulani
The choice of the breeds was motivated
by their ability to adapt to the tropical en-
zebu (Gobra).
vironment and by their high capacity for
-The Acclimatisation
phare of the two
milk production.
groups of Pakistani Zebus, imported into
the country in 1963 and 1969, took place
l--Charmteristics of the Pakistmi Zebu:
satisfactorily.
Sahiwal and Red-Sindhi breeds
After the quarantine period in Dakar, the
The Sahiwal breed originates from the
animals were transported to Dahra and
80
immediately placed under the same condi-
among tihe Pakislani Zebu, the
tions as the cattle of the Central Research
Pakistani x Gobra and Gobra.
Station. The females were divided into two
2.2.1
G r o w t h Dynamfics o f P a k i s t a n i :
groups with a fertile bu11 in each group.
Zebus from 1965
2.1. Management of the herd
2.2.3 Growth dynamics of Gohra Zebus
Initially a multiplication of the pure
from 1965
:
breed of the animals was attempted, with a
simultaneous crossing between male Paki-
stani with female Gobras. The ‘offspring
For comparative purposes, the weight
were raised in independent st.ables and re-
gains of the half cross-breeds were far better
ceived, in addition to their materna1 milk
than those of the Pakistanis and pure
0.5 to 1 kg. of a concentrate with some hay
Gobras.
at the age of 3 months, in preparation for
At 24 and 36 months, the average live
weaning. The adult males and females were
weights od the crossbreeds were- higher
placed under conditions of semi-intensive
than those of the pure breeds.
husbandry.
In fact these experiments are aimed,
They were allowed to graze in the morn-
essentially, at improving the genetical milk
ings and afternoons after suckling the
producing capacity of the Gobras because,
calves and after the systematic examination
in the context of meat production, they offer
aimed at studying the evolution of weight
excellent potential such as 600-700 gm.
and structure of the animais.
daily gain in weight in the males who feed
2.2.
Research results obtained from the
at Will, and 450-550 gm. daily weight in-
Research Station of Dahra on the
crease in the females, yielding a carcass
l
production plans of mes-t and milk
weight of 62-6.5s.
2.2.1. Growth Dynamics of Pakistani Zebus from 1965
6
Age in Months
N
6
12
1 8
24
30
3 6
42
48
54
60
M n
1 8 3
110
86
14
62
50
3 8
20
1 3
8
7
A
L x
23.4
99.9
151.6
206.8
255.0
304.5
368.2
405.9
458.9
460.5
487.6
E
s
I!I
0.79
3.52
5.38
9.12
10.68
13.50
19.27
37.72
39.34
SO.33
30.6
F
E n
116
108
78
12
6 1
56
45
3 5
26
1 9
l6
.
M
A X
21.3
95.4
138.9
183.7
231.4
266.3
295.0
306.3
321.3
319.8
350.6
L
E
s
rt
0.71
3.22
4.96
7.06
2.42
10.08
12.01
12.83
10.27
21.56
22.70
*
N = Birth
= Number of observations
x
= Average live weight in kg.
f
= Standard deviation
81
2.2.2. Growth of half Pakistani Cross-breeds
N
6
1 2
1 8
2 4
3 0
3 6
4 2
4 8
5 4
6 0
M n
8 0
7 3
5 7
3 3
1 6
2
-
-
-
-
-
A
4
L
*
25.2
99.0
143.3
192.5
2 5 8 . 5
3 6 8 . 5
466.5
-
-
-
-
E
s
x
1.38
5.20
7 . 5 8
1 5 . 5 0
2 6 . 9 4
-
-
-
-
-
-
F
E
n
7 8
6 9
6 6
5 6
4 8
4 4
3 5
3 3
2 6
1 8
1 2
M
-
A 9i
21.9
95.9
133.9
188.9
226.7
2 8 2 . 7
2 9 4 . 1
3 2 0 . 6
3 5 3 . 6
3 4 9 . 7
3 5 5 . 6
L
E
f
5.64
7.37
1 0 . 4 6
11.16
15.36
13.39
1 5 . 3 6
1 3 . 9 9
6.05
1 6 . 4 6
2 2 . 4 5
-
2.2.3. Growth dynamics of C+obra Zebus from 1965
N
6
1 2
1 8
2 4
3 0
3 6
4 2
M
n
2 2 7
162
199
154
9 5
6 8
6 5
2 4
A
L
x
25.0
96.2
143.9
196.6
254.6
3 1 2 . 6
3 6 4 . 2
425.9
E
S
i.
0.24
1 . 3 7
2.02
3.10
3.97
4.87
6.78
12.1
F
E
n
233
2 0 0
2 2 0
165
1 1 1
9 2
8 9
5 9
M
A
x
23.5
88.1
128.9
173.9
2 2 0 . 3
270.5
3 0 9 . 5
3 1 3 . 5
L
E
S
f
0.30
1 . 1 2
1 . 7 8
2 . 8 1
3 . 7 8
4.64
4.66
3.09
2.2.4. Milk Production
rily and subjected to semi-intensive feeding
At the Research Station, two methods of
throughout the period from July to Decem-
milk records are practised. The first, the
ber, 1970.
indirect nype, consists of weighing the cows
The diet consisting of green grass which
before and after suckling the calves. This
was dried during and after the rainy sea-
method is applied sto the Gobra Zebu be-
sons, supplemented with 3 kg. of “Trison”
cause of their resistance to milking.
(1) was given to each animal daily.
The other method-direcfl record, is
practised for the Pakistani cows, the Guzera
From the table presented above, it
and the Pakistani Gobra cross-breeds.
appears the decreasing order in weight of
During an experiment carried out in Dahra,
the animals cari be classified in the
4 groups of Young calves made up of
following manner :
Gobra, Pakistanis, Guzera and 4 crosses of
Pakistanis-Gobra-Guzera
a n d
Paki-
Pakistani and Gobra were selected arbitra-
stani x Gobra.
-
82
The following results were recorded
NU)
July
1
5.40
/
4
/
2.67 8
3.51
~-
August
1 0
6.52
I
7
j
4.12
/
8
2.80
~-_
~--
September
8
6.49
8
/;-.18-ig-i
3.63
October
8
5.81
1 0
November
5.62
1 0
~_._ _
December
7
3.78
-
(1)-N = Number of Calves
(2)-P.Kg. == Milk production in kg.
(1) Trison = A mixture of cornbran, sorghum and msize
Calculated Averages
No. Lb.
48
47
48
45
c
-
-
-
Average
5.25 kg.
6.03 kg.
4.14 kg.
3.30 kg.
It is to be emphasized, however, that the
In the context of milk selection, the Paki-
weight superiority of the Gobra over the
stanis maintained in the research station
Pakistani and Gobra cross-breed, does not
produced, during 1971 and 1972, an aver-
directly benefit the consumer, due to the re-
age of 1,000 and 1,200 Kg. of milk during
sistance of the Gobra to milking, as oppos-
an average lactation period of 240 duys, i.e.
ed to the crossdbreeds, which get a slight
a daily production of 5.0 Kg. of milk.
influence of milking resistance from the
Breed and genetic influence are, in this
Gobra.
relspect, particularly important (milk factor
Moreover, in comparison with foreign
heritability). They are, however, closely .
Cobra CO~S, and a11 conditions being equal,
associated with diet, environment and
the cross-breed is a better milk producer in
management.
spite of its low performance.
The problem of fresh-milk production in
The results of the cross’ing experiments
Senegal is, at the moment, very disturbing.
have not been negative in as much as while
Faced with the inability of the local cattle
increasing Pakistani blood in the cross-
breeds to satisfy the fresh milk require-
breeds the milk-producing capacities should
ments, the urban consumers as well as most
be. further increased. Data in this field,
of thc skilled technicians believe in establi-
based on cross-breeding tests carried out in
shing dairy farm projects in some districts
Dahra, Will be published shortly.
with milk producing cattle. But, generally,
83
there are different opinions with regard to
be cultivations of grazing pastures, irrigated
the choice of breeds.
from rivers and Springs.
Should cattle of European origin (Nor-
(4) Technical training of interested far-
mandy, Friesian, Brune from the Alps,
mers in sanitary and zootechnical measures.
Jerseys etc. or Africgn (Azouak, Zébu,
(5) Organization of dairy markets and re-
.
Maure, Kouri breed etc.) or Indu-Pakistuni
vision of milk prices in the big cities.
(Pakistani Zebu, Guzera etc.) be imported,
It must be emphasized, however, that a
or in the meantime, should artificial insemi-
group of Guzera cows is expected soon in
nation be practised with the semens of milk
Dakar. This new group Will form part of an
type bulls on Gobra CO~S? The choice is
existing operation, because this same breed
wide enough. However, we must “always b’e
has existed in Dahra for the past 8 years
guided by experience”, as said by Pasteur.
and has been established in Senegal in the
The introduction of European milk pro-
3rd, 4th and 7th Regions since 1969. It is
ducing cattle breeds has been conclusive in
still too early to pronounce a fair judgement
some African countries and Malagasy due
oa the performance of these animals in the
to the favourable climatic and environ-
aforementioned regions.
mental
conditions (Congo Brazzaville,
Kenya, Algeria, Malagasy etc.). In other
CONCLUSION AND FERSPECTIVES
countries, the experiment has been a failure
The Senegalese
cattle breeds-Gobra
due to unfavourable ecological conditions,
Zebus and N’Dama, possess great po:ential
especially from the pathological point of
for the semi-intensive production of meat.
view (trypanosomiasis, Rickettsiosis, Strep
This has been proved experimentally in
tothricosis etc.) yet it has not been less
Dahra-Sangalcam and Doli. If these ani-
instructive.
mals are properly managed, their beef pro-
Furthermore, with particular reference to
duction cari be profitable. On the contrary,
Senegal, the tests are not restrictive. The
the Iow milk producing capacities of the
establishment of the Pakistani Zebu de-
local zebu is a limiting factor to milk pro-
serves to be pursued and encouraged, in
duction.
view of the results already obtained.
Zootechnical investigations conducted in
These results cari be perfectIy improved
Senegal and other tropical countries have
by way of the following measures:
yielded evidence to suggest that caution
(1) Importation of a good batch of Paki-
should be exercised in the untimely impor-
stani primiparous cows and heifers, prefer-
tation of cattle of foreign origin which are
ably of the sahiwal breed, having a high
rarely b’ased on objective criteria. There is,
degree of selection with an average initial
sometimes, a fashion in the importation of
production of 2,000 kg. of milk per lacta-
very extensive cattle of foreign origin by
tion and with 2 to 3 bull-calves of the same
some of the developing countries. Such a
breed also carefully selected.
practice should be reconsidered, and waste
(2) Multiplication of pure breed of these
avoided.
animals in a Zootechnical Station like that
With regard to Senegal, the time is,
of Dahra.
opportune to pursue, as much as po,ssib’le,
(3) Distribution of the animals to a11
the operation of establishing the Fakistani
dairy farms with semi-intensive husbandry,
Zebu, which began 8 years ago to reinforce
which have been established in Cape Verde
the existing selected herds through the
(Niayes). on the River in the region of
crossing of the high grade oRsprings of pure
Thies (Notto) etc. provided that there Will
breeds.
~
-
._I--.
.-_-_-.--.
.--
--,e-
84
Ether crossing experiments Will be con-
techniques de Dahra (Sént5gal) Communication au
ducted on local cattle breeds, wihout huge
Symposium de Samaru (Nigeria) sur l’Elevage,
financial risks, by using frozen semen of
Novembre 1964.
exotic fer,tile bu&.
Thiongane, A, 1. Note sur la diffusion de Re-
Projects for the setting-up of dairy farms
producteurs Zébus Gobra et Pakistanais au
have already been planned on the River
Sénégal.
and in Cape Verde, for instance, for Paki-
Thiongane, A. 1. Activités Rôle du Centre de
stani cows and Guzera of high b’reeding
Recherches Zootechniques de Dahra-Djoloff dans
le développement de I’Elevage Sénégalais.
capacity as well as for crosses between
Fresians and Gobra or Brown-Swiss and
Thiongane, A. 1. L’amélioration du Zébu Peulh
Sénégalais de race Gobra par Sélection et criose-
N’Dama obtained ,through artificial insemi-
ment. Communication au Colloque 8-13 Decemnre
nation.
1969, OCAM sur 1’Elevage Fort-Lamy.
Thus there are several possibilities in the
Denis, J. P. et Valenza. Note sur le Probléme
field of the fresh milk productioa in Sene-
des comparaisons de croissance pondérole entre
gal, provided concrete action is taken.
les Zébus locaux, importés et métis au C.R.Z. de
Dahra-Djoloff.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ahmadou, L. N’Diaye. Essai d’Introduction de
Rapports annuels du Centre de Recherches
Zébus Pakistanais au Centre de Recherches Zoo-
Zootechinques de Dahra-Djoloff (Sénégal).
BULLETIN OF
EPIZOOTIC DISEASES
I 0.A.UJS.T.R.C. I
Mat-ch
1974
V o l . X X I I
M a r s
N o . I
DIRECTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS
illustrations are reproduced only at the
author’s expense.
Contributions to the Bulletin are invited
on subjects relevant to the control of animal
Bibliographical references should be listed
disease with particular reference to Africa
in alphabetical order of first author or coun-
and papers should conform to the following
try (if annual report) at the end of the paper,
conditions.
and not numbered. Only those cited in the
text should be included. References cited in
A paper accepted for publication in the
the text should be inserted, as e.g. (Richards,
Bulletin of Epizootie Diseases of Africa is
1950) or “Richards (1950) showed”.
done SO on the understanding that it has not
previously been published nor Will be sub-
If the same author is cited more than once,
mitted for publication elsewhere without
his publications should be arranged in chro-
prior agreement with the Editor.
nological order in the list of references, and if
more than one publication of the same author
Papers should be typewritten on one side
in the same year of publication is included,
of the paper only in English or French.
the letters “a, b, c” should be added after
Double line spacing and adequate margins
the date in both the list of references and in
are desirable. The original and one carbon
the text.
copy are required.
References should include, in the following
Papers are accepted on the understanding
order, surname, initial of author(s), year of
that they are subject to minor editorial revi-
publication (in parentheses), World List ab-
sion to conform with the general principles
breviation of title of periodical (dotted under-
of format adopted by the Bureau.
line), volume number (arabic numerals
underlined), first page number. The title of
The title should be concise. The initials
the article should not be included.
and name of author(s) without professional
qualifications should be followed by the title
References to books should include name
of his post and the organisation and country
and initials of author(s), year of publication
in which the work described was carried out.
(in parentheses), the exact title (underlined),
town of publication, page number (if page
Papers should contain a summary, which
number specifically cited).
should be factual, should convey the contents
of the paper and should draw attention to
References to annual reports should state
new information and to the main conclu-
the country, year of reference, followed by
sions.
the name of the department or organisation,
e.g. Kenya (1955) An. Rep. Dept. Vet.
Headings and sub-heads should not be
Services, p. 50 (if specific page cited).
underlined. Binomial specific names and
other words to be printed in italics should
have a dotted underline.
Tables should be limited and be typed on
separate sheets of paper numbered conse-
Twenty-Jive reprints of each article pub-
cutively, Table 1, Table II, etc. Figures, in-
lished Will be supplied free of charge. Order
cluding photographie prints, graphs, maps,
for reprints required in addition to the
etc.,
should be numbered consecutively,
author’s 25 free copies must be submitted
Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc., and attached at the end of
togerher
with the manuscript. Original
the text. References to tables and figures in
articles should be sent to the Editor, Bulletin
the text should be by number and not to
of Epizootie Diseases of Africa; P.O. Box
“table below” or “figure below”. Coloured
30786, Nairobi, Kenya.
ESTABLTSHMENT OF PAKISTAN ZEBU IN SENEGAL
PAPA 1. THIONGANE
Centre de Recherches Zootechniques, Dahra-Djoloti, République du Séntgal
*
Senegal enjoys a variety of climates
Punjab (Di’strict of Montgomery). It is one
which, ranging from North to South and
of the best milk producing breeds in Paki-
from East to West, are the following:
stan. The average production during a
-Sahelo-Sudanian (Fer10 and Sylvo-
lactation period of 300 days is 2,200 kg.
pastoral Zone)
with a maximum of 3,500-4,000 kg. of
-Subcanatian (Niayes, Cape Verde)
milk; the butter production reaches 4.3 to
-Sudanian (South-West)
670 during the same period. Calving starts
-6uinean (Casamance, South-Eastern
at the age of 3 years with a 15-month
Senegal).
interval. The excellent rate of growth,
The two main cattle breeds, the Gobra
coupled with the high capacity for milk
zebu and the N’Dama, inhabit the Northern
production, yields a breed which serves a
and Southern zones respectively, while their
dual pur-pose role (that of milk and meat
crossbreeds, the Djakore, inhabit the centre
production).
of the basin covered by groundnut vegeta-
The Red-Sindhi breed originates from the
tion.
South, incorporating the districts of Karachi
The Senegalese cattle breeds offer inter-
and Hyderabad. Slightly smaller than the
esting potentials for meat production parti-
Sahiwal, it is a good milk producing breed,
cularly the Gobra zebu or the Senegalese
producing 1,500 to 2,000 kg. of milk during
Fulani zebu which have been the abject of
a lactation period lasting from 270 to 300
important experiments in the Zootechnical
days, excluding the milk consumed by the
Research Station in Dahra. This animal
calves. Calving begins at 41 months with a
however, just like the N’Dama and Djakore,
15- 17 months interval.
is a poor milk producer. In fact, efforts to
The two Pakistani breeds which were
record milk production in the Cobra zebu
brought to Senegal, came from Tunisia
have yielded, during a lactation period of
where similar experiments had been carried
300 days, 240 to 270 litres, half of which
out before, yielding an improved milk pro-
is reserved for the calves.
duction of 30%.
With the view to improving milk pro-
But what are the experiments being con-
duction in the local zebu breeds, the Sene-
ducted in the Zootechnical Ressearch Centre
gaIese Government also decided to import,
of Dahra-Djoloff in Senegal?
in 1963, a group of 30 Pakistani zebus of
2-Experiments of selection and crossing-
the Sahiwal and the Red-Sindhi varieties.
Pakistani Zebu x Senegalese Fulani
The choice of the breeds was motivated
by their ability to adapt to the tropical en-
zebu (Gobra).
vironment and by their high capacity for
-The Acclimatisation
phare of the two
milk production.
groups of Pakistani Zebus, imported into
the country in 1963 and 1969, took place
l--Charmteristics of the Pakistmi Zebu:
satisfactorily.
Sahiwal and Red-Sindhi breeds
After the quarantine period in Dakar, the
The Sahiwal breed originates from the
animals were transported to Dahra and
80
immediately placed under the same condi-
among tihe Pakislani Zebu, the
tions as the cattle of the Central Research
Pakistani x Gobra and Gobra.
Station. The females were divided into two
2.2.1
G r o w t h Dynamfics o f P a k i s t a n i :
groups with a fertile bu11 in each group.
Zebus from 1965
2.1. Management of the herd
2.2.3 Growth dynamics of Gohra Zebus
Initially a multiplication of the pure
from 1965
:
breed of the animals was attempted, with a
simultaneous crossing between male Paki-
stani with female Gobras. The ‘offspring
For comparative purposes, the weight
were raised in independent st.ables and re-
gains of the half cross-breeds were far better
ceived, in addition to their materna1 milk
than those of the Pakistanis and pure
0.5 to 1 kg. of a concentrate with some hay
Gobras.
at the age of 3 months, in preparation for
At 24 and 36 months, the average live
weaning. The adult males and females were
weights od the crossbreeds were- higher
placed under conditions of semi-intensive
than those of the pure breeds.
husbandry.
In fact these experiments are aimed,
They were allowed to graze in the morn-
essentially, at improving the genetical milk
ings and afternoons after suckling the
producing capacity of the Gobras because,
calves and after the systematic examination
in the context of meat production, they offer
aimed at studying the evolution of weight
excellent potential such as 600-700 gm.
and structure of the animais.
daily gain in weight in the males who feed
2.2.
Research results obtained from the
at Will, and 450-550 gm. daily weight in-
Research Station of Dahra on the
crease in the females, yielding a carcass
l
production plans of mes-t and milk
weight of 62-6.5s.
2.2.1. Growth Dynamics of Pakistani Zebus from 1965
6
Age in Months
N
6
12
1 8
24
30
3 6
42
48
54
60
M n
1 8 3
110
86
14
62
50
3 8
20
1 3
8
7
A
L x
23.4
99.9
151.6
206.8
255.0
304.5
368.2
405.9
458.9
460.5
487.6
E
s
I!I
0.79
3.52
5.38
9.12
10.68
13.50
19.27
37.72
39.34
SO.33
30.6
F
E n
116
108
78
12
6 1
56
45
3 5
26
1 9
l6
.
M
A X
21.3
95.4
138.9
183.7
231.4
266.3
295.0
306.3
321.3
319.8
350.6
L
E
s
rt
0.71
3.22
4.96
7.06
2.42
10.08
12.01
12.83
10.27
21.56
22.70
*
N = Birth
= Number of observations
x
= Average live weight in kg.
f
= Standard deviation
81
2.2.2. Growth of half Pakistani Cross-breeds
N
6
1 2
1 8
2 4
3 0
3 6
4 2
4 8
5 4
6 0
M n
8 0
7 3
5 7
3 3
1 6
2
-
-
-
-
-
A
4
L
*
25.2
99.0
143.3
192.5
2 5 8 . 5
3 6 8 . 5
466.5
-
-
-
-
E
s
x
1.38
5.20
7 . 5 8
1 5 . 5 0
2 6 . 9 4
-
-
-
-
-
-
F
E
n
7 8
6 9
6 6
5 6
4 8
4 4
3 5
3 3
2 6
1 8
1 2
M
-
A 9i
21.9
95.9
133.9
188.9
226.7
2 8 2 . 7
2 9 4 . 1
3 2 0 . 6
3 5 3 . 6
3 4 9 . 7
3 5 5 . 6
L
E
f
5.64
7.37
1 0 . 4 6
11.16
15.36
13.39
1 5 . 3 6
1 3 . 9 9
6.05
1 6 . 4 6
2 2 . 4 5
-
2.2.3. Growth dynamics of C+obra Zebus from 1965
N
6
1 2
1 8
2 4
3 0
3 6
4 2
M
n
2 2 7
162
199
154
9 5
6 8
6 5
2 4
A
L
x
25.0
96.2
143.9
196.6
254.6
3 1 2 . 6
3 6 4 . 2
425.9
E
S
i.
0.24
1 . 3 7
2.02
3.10
3.97
4.87
6.78
12.1
F
E
n
233
2 0 0
2 2 0
165
1 1 1
9 2
8 9
5 9
M
A
x
23.5
88.1
128.9
173.9
2 2 0 . 3
270.5
3 0 9 . 5
3 1 3 . 5
L
E
S
f
0.30
1 . 1 2
1 . 7 8
2 . 8 1
3 . 7 8
4.64
4.66
3.09
2.2.4. Milk Production
rily and subjected to semi-intensive feeding
At the Research Station, two methods of
throughout the period from July to Decem-
milk records are practised. The first, the
ber, 1970.
indirect nype, consists of weighing the cows
The diet consisting of green grass which
before and after suckling the calves. This
was dried during and after the rainy sea-
method is applied sto the Gobra Zebu be-
sons, supplemented with 3 kg. of “Trison”
cause of their resistance to milking.
(1) was given to each animal daily.
The other method-direcfl record, is
practised for the Pakistani cows, the Guzera
From the table presented above, it
and the Pakistani Gobra cross-breeds.
appears the decreasing order in weight of
During an experiment carried out in Dahra,
the animals cari be classified in the
4 groups of Young calves made up of
following manner :
Gobra, Pakistanis, Guzera and 4 crosses of
Pakistanis-Gobra-Guzera
a n d
Paki-
Pakistani and Gobra were selected arbitra-
stani x Gobra.
-
82
The following results were recorded
NU)
July
1
5.40
/
4
/
2.67 8
3.51
~-
August
1 0
6.52
I
7
j
4.12
/
8
2.80
~-_
~--
September
8
6.49
8
/;-.18-ig-i
3.63
October
8
5.81
1 0
November
5.62
1 0
~_._ _
December
7
3.78
-
(1)-N = Number of Calves
(2)-P.Kg. == Milk production in kg.
(1) Trison = A mixture of cornbran, sorghum and msize
Calculated Averages
No. Lb.
48
47
48
45
c
-
-
-
Average
5.25 kg.
6.03 kg.
4.14 kg.
3.30 kg.
It is to be emphasized, however, that the
In the context of milk selection, the Paki-
weight superiority of the Gobra over the
stanis maintained in the research station
Pakistani and Gobra cross-breed, does not
produced, during 1971 and 1972, an aver-
directly benefit the consumer, due to the re-
age of 1,000 and 1,200 Kg. of milk during
sistance of the Gobra to milking, as oppos-
an average lactation period of 240 duys, i.e.
ed to the crossdbreeds, which get a slight
a daily production of 5.0 Kg. of milk.
influence of milking resistance from the
Breed and genetic influence are, in this
Gobra.
relspect, particularly important (milk factor
Moreover, in comparison with foreign
heritability). They are, however, closely .
Cobra CO~S, and a11 conditions being equal,
associated with diet, environment and
the cross-breed is a better milk producer in
management.
spite of its low performance.
The problem of fresh-milk production in
The results of the cross’ing experiments
Senegal is, at the moment, very disturbing.
have not been negative in as much as while
Faced with the inability of the local cattle
increasing Pakistani blood in the cross-
breeds to satisfy the fresh milk require-
breeds the milk-producing capacities should
ments, the urban consumers as well as most
be. further increased. Data in this field,
of thc skilled technicians believe in establi-
based on cross-breeding tests carried out in
shing dairy farm projects in some districts
Dahra, Will be published shortly.
with milk producing cattle. But, generally,
83
there are different opinions with regard to
be cultivations of grazing pastures, irrigated
the choice of breeds.
from rivers and Springs.
Should cattle of European origin (Nor-
(4) Technical training of interested far-
mandy, Friesian, Brune from the Alps,
mers in sanitary and zootechnical measures.
Jerseys etc. or Africgn (Azouak, Zébu,
(5) Organization of dairy markets and re-
.
Maure, Kouri breed etc.) or Indu-Pakistuni
vision of milk prices in the big cities.
(Pakistani Zebu, Guzera etc.) be imported,
It must be emphasized, however, that a
or in the meantime, should artificial insemi-
group of Guzera cows is expected soon in
nation be practised with the semens of milk
Dakar. This new group Will form part of an
type bulls on Gobra CO~S? The choice is
existing operation, because this same breed
wide enough. However, we must “always b’e
has existed in Dahra for the past 8 years
guided by experience”, as said by Pasteur.
and has been established in Senegal in the
The introduction of European milk pro-
3rd, 4th and 7th Regions since 1969. It is
ducing cattle breeds has been conclusive in
still too early to pronounce a fair judgement
some African countries and Malagasy due
oa the performance of these animals in the
to the favourable climatic and environ-
aforementioned regions.
mental
conditions (Congo Brazzaville,
Kenya, Algeria, Malagasy etc.). In other
CONCLUSION AND FERSPECTIVES
countries, the experiment has been a failure
The Senegalese
cattle breeds-Gobra
due to unfavourable ecological conditions,
Zebus and N’Dama, possess great po:ential
especially from the pathological point of
for the semi-intensive production of meat.
view (trypanosomiasis, Rickettsiosis, Strep
This has been proved experimentally in
tothricosis etc.) yet it has not been less
Dahra-Sangalcam and Doli. If these ani-
instructive.
mals are properly managed, their beef pro-
Furthermore, with particular reference to
duction cari be profitable. On the contrary,
Senegal, the tests are not restrictive. The
the Iow milk producing capacities of the
establishment of the Pakistani Zebu de-
local zebu is a limiting factor to milk pro-
serves to be pursued and encouraged, in
duction.
view of the results already obtained.
Zootechnical investigations conducted in
These results cari be perfectIy improved
Senegal and other tropical countries have
by way of the following measures:
yielded evidence to suggest that caution
(1) Importation of a good batch of Paki-
should be exercised in the untimely impor-
stani primiparous cows and heifers, prefer-
tation of cattle of foreign origin which are
ably of the sahiwal breed, having a high
rarely b’ased on objective criteria. There is,
degree of selection with an average initial
sometimes, a fashion in the importation of
production of 2,000 kg. of milk per lacta-
very extensive cattle of foreign origin by
tion and with 2 to 3 bull-calves of the same
some of the developing countries. Such a
breed also carefully selected.
practice should be reconsidered, and waste
(2) Multiplication of pure breed of these
avoided.
animals in a Zootechnical Station like that
With regard to Senegal, the time is,
of Dahra.
opportune to pursue, as much as po,ssib’le,
(3) Distribution of the animals to a11
the operation of establishing the Fakistani
dairy farms with semi-intensive husbandry,
Zebu, which began 8 years ago to reinforce
which have been established in Cape Verde
the existing selected herds through the
(Niayes). on the River in the region of
crossing of the high grade oRsprings of pure
Thies (Notto) etc. provided that there Will
breeds.
~
-
._I--.
.-_-_-.--.
.--
--,e-
84
Ether crossing experiments Will be con-
techniques de Dahra (Sént5gal) Communication au
ducted on local cattle breeds, wihout huge
Symposium de Samaru (Nigeria) sur l’Elevage,
financial risks, by using frozen semen of
Novembre 1964.
exotic fer,tile bu&.
Thiongane, A, 1. Note sur la diffusion de Re-
Projects for the setting-up of dairy farms
producteurs Zébus Gobra et Pakistanais au
have already been planned on the River
Sénégal.
and in Cape Verde, for instance, for Paki-
Thiongane, A. 1. Activités Rôle du Centre de
stani cows and Guzera of high b’reeding
Recherches Zootechniques de Dahra-Djoloff dans
le développement de I’Elevage Sénégalais.
capacity as well as for crosses between
Fresians and Gobra or Brown-Swiss and
Thiongane, A. 1. L’amélioration du Zébu Peulh
Sénégalais de race Gobra par Sélection et criose-
N’Dama obtained ,through artificial insemi-
ment. Communication au Colloque 8-13 Decemnre
nation.
1969, OCAM sur 1’Elevage Fort-Lamy.
Thus there are several possibilities in the
Denis, J. P. et Valenza. Note sur le Probléme
field of the fresh milk productioa in Sene-
des comparaisons de croissance pondérole entre
gal, provided concrete action is taken.
les Zébus locaux, importés et métis au C.R.Z. de
Dahra-Djoloff.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ahmadou, L. N’Diaye. Essai d’Introduction de
Rapports annuels du Centre de Recherches
Zébus Pakistanais au Centre de Recherches Zoo-
Zootechinques de Dahra-Djoloff (Sénégal).