NUTRITIVE VALUE OF KOCHIA SCOPARIA AND PERFORMANCE OF ...
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF KOCHIA SCOPARIA AND PERFORMANCE OF
CATTLE GRAZING KOCHIA AT TUCUMCARI, NEW MEXICO
BY
CHEIKH MBAYE BOYE, B.S., D.V.M.
.*
9
-3,
A Thesis submitted to the Graduate School
‘6
7
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Degree
Master of Science
,$
!" :.
Major Subject:
Animal Science
New Mexico State University
.
Las Cruces, New Mexico
December 1983
--
--. __--...-._--.._-- _-_--,- _
.
"Nutritive Value of Kochia Scoparia and Performance of Cattle Grazing
Kochia at Tucumcari, New Mexico," a thesis prepared by Cheikh Mbaye
Boye in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Master
of Science, has been approved and accepted by the following:
William H. Matchett
Dean of the Graduate School
Chairman of the Examining Committee
Committee in charge:
Dr. Herman Kiesling, Chairman
Dr. Michael Galyean
Dr. Dennis Hallford
Dr. Mohammed Hussain
i i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My thanks to:
my parents for raising me with love and understanding
my country for giving me the opportunity to express myself in
a11 my potential and ability
Dr. Kiesling for a11 the advice and support he provided me
during a11 my stay at NMSU
the members of my examining committee for honoring me by their
presence
.
.
____A-
+---
._
_
--_ ..A-------
iii
-.
-r-.---I---_.-I
-.---..l.m--_,-_
VITA
.
' December 19, 1952 - Born at Kaolack, Senegal
.
1979 - Doctorate in Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.), Inter-States School
of Veterinary Science and Medicine
1979 - Scientist in Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute
(I.s.R.A.)
PROFESSIONAL AND HONORARY SOCIETIES
American Society of Animal Science
.
.
- -...--
ABSTRACT
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF KOCHIA SCOPARIA AND PERFORMANCE
OF CATTLE GRAZING KOCHIA AT TUCUMCARI, NEW MEXICO
I
BY
.
CHEIKH MBAYE BOYE, B.S., D.V.M.
Master of Science in Animal Science
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, New Mexico, 1983
Dr. Herman E. Kiesling, Chairman
. .i
/.*
.-
/------1
,, .._ _ ,/"
.a
Kochia scoparia is a forage abundant in the south midwest and
used by many ranchers as forage trop.
However, reports on its toxic-
.
*
ological effects on livestockhave made some researchers interested
in its study.
In this study, forage samples from two pastures of
C'
Kochia collected by hand-clipping and esophageal fistula were anal-
,”
yzed, and performance of animals grazing those pastures were measured
to evaluate (1) the nutritive value of Kochia, and (2) the animal
response when grazing Kochia.
Hand-clipped and esophageal fistula
samples were collected every 28 days and analyzed for dry matter,
e
V
-- -.-
ash, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, lignin, nitrate and oxalate
contents.
Animal weights were measured every 28 days. Blood samples
were taken from the animals grazing on Kochia three times during the
experiment for serum chemistry analysis.
Chemical analysis on hand-
clipped samples showed a decrease (Pc.01) in crude protein from
the beginning to the end of the summer growing season; an increase
(Pc.01) in fiber and lignin as the season progressed; and no differ-
ence (P>.lO) between before and after grazing.
This indicates a high
nutritive value of Kochia during the growing stages which decreases
at maturity.
Chemical analysis on esophageal fistula samples showed
no difference (P>.lO) in crude protein, fiber and lignin content of
the forage as the season progressed, which is indicative of selective
grazing habits in animais for a high nutritive value forage. Anima&
grazing on Kochia showed an appreciable weight gain during the grow-
ing. stages of Kochia, but a loss of weight as Kochia matured. In-
creases of blood urea nitrogen and serum enzymes during the last
period of grazing are indicative of kidney and liver disfunction,
probably due to toxins contained in Kochia.
..
Vi
-. --_-__
-
--
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
List of Appendix Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i x
Chapter
1.
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Hand-Clipping Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Esophageal Fistula Sampling. . . . . . . . . . .
1 3
Animal Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 8
5.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 6
6.
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 7
7.
APPENDIX:
Supplementary Data. . . . . . . . . . . .
2 9
.
.
1
-,
V i i
.
LIST OF TABLES
.
Page
Table 1
Crude protein, fiber and lignin of hand
clipped Kochia scoparia throughout the
grazing season for two pastures at the
Northeastem Branch Experimental Station,
1982............
. . . . . . . . . . .
8
Table 2
Grazing effect on protein, fiber, and lignin
-
contents of hand-clipped Kochia scoparia
during grazing season, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . .
1 0
Table 3
Nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent)
variation of hand clipped Kochia during
growing season for the two pastures . . . . . . .
1 2
Table 4
Grazing effect on nitrate (ppm) and
oxalate (percent) contents of hand-
clipped Kochia during growing season. . . . . . .
1 2
Table 5
Crude protein, fiber and lignin of
esophageal fistula collected Kochia
scoparia throughout the grazing season
for two pastures at the Northeastern
Branch Experimental Station, 1982 . . . . . . . .
1 4
4
Table 6
Grazing effect on crude protein, fiber
*
and lignin of esophageal-fistula
collected Kochia during growing season. . . . . .
1 5
c
.
Table 7
Nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent)
contents of esophageal-fistula Kochia
t
during growing season for the two
pastures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 7
.
Table 8
Grazing effect on nitrate (ppm) and
oxalate (percent) content of
esophageal-fistula-collected Kochia
during growing season . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 7
Table 9
Daily weight variation in animals
grazing during the experiment in the
two pastures. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .
1 9
Table 10
Blood minera1 variations during the
period animals were grazing on Kochia . . , . . ,
Ii9
- *
*-
viii
..- . .^ -_-__-_-~.-~-
--.
Table 11
Blood minera1 variations between
.
animals losing weight and animals
gaining weight during the time of
grazing on Kochia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 1
Table 12
Blood enzyme levels in animais
grazing Kochia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 1
Table 13
Variation between pastures during
time of grazing of blood urea
nitrogen (BUN) and bilirubin (TBILI;
D B I L I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2
Table 14
Variation between animals losing or
gaining weight in the two pastures
of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and
bilirubin (TBILI; DBILI). . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 2
.
Table 15
Variation between animals gaining
.
or losing weight for the grazing
time on Kochia for BUN, LDH and
bilirubin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 3
‘.
.
iX
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Page
Appendix table 16
Reference range of serum
constituents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 0
X
**
its immature stage (before blooming), tut and ensiled or tut and
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Page
Appendix table 16
Reference range of serum
constituents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 0
X
-
.
INTRODUCTION
.
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (summer cypres, burning bush, fire-
.
weed, Kochia, fireball, belvedere, Mexican fireweed) belongs to the
goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).
It is a rapidly growing, annual
cool season plant, found throughout most of the United States and
Canada, being particularly abundant in parts of Texas, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico (Sprowls, 1981).
It is mostly found
in areas of old plowed fields and where grasses and herbs have been
eliminated.
It grows well in alkaline soils and is extremely drought-
resistant.
It is used as forage by many ranchers, being grazed in
its immature stage (before blooming), tut and ensiled or tut and
baled as hay.
Few studies have been done on the value of Kochia as
5
a forage for livestock.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate
the nutritive value of Kochia and to measure performance of yearling
steers grazing Kochia pasture.
.
“.
*
1
-
. .i_
suggests that it could provide an acceptable forage in its early
INTRODUCTION
e
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (summer cypres, burning bush, fire-
weed, Kochia, fireball, belvedere, Mexican fireweed) belongs to the
goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).
It is a rapidly growing, annual
.
cool season plant, found throughout most of the United States and
Canada, being particularly abundant in parts of Texas, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico (Sprowls, 1981).
It is mostly found
in areas of old plowed fields and where grasses and herbs have been
eliminated.
It grows well in alkaline soils and is extremely drought-
resistant.
It is used as forage by many ranchers, being grazed in
its immature stage (before blooming), tut and ensiled or tut and
baled as hay.
Few studies have been done on the value of Kochia as
a forage for livestock.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate
the nutritive value of Kochia and to measure performance of yearling
steers grazing Kochia pasture.
- -.
.-
1
I
--
.- .~~
ses of clipped forage underestimated nutrient values.
INTRODUCTION
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (summer cypres, burning bush, fire-
weed, Kochia, fireball, belvedere, Mexican fireweed) belongs to the
*
goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).
It is a rapidly growing, annual
1
cool season plant, found throughout most of the United States and
Canada, being particularly abundant in parts of Texas, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico (Sprowls, 1981).
It is mostly found
in areas of old plowed fields and where grasses and herbs have been
eliminated.
It grows well in alkaline soils and is extremely drought-
resistant.
It is used as forage by many ranchers, being graaed in
its immature stage (before blooming),
tut and ensiled or tut and
baled as hay.
Few stud2es have been done on the value of Kochia as
a forage for livestock.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate
the nutritive value of Kochia and to measure performance of yearling
Bteers grazing Kochia pasture.
2
.-
.
.
_
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
.
Chemical composition changes with plant maturity are reasons for
-
studying nutritive variability of forage throughout a growing season.
Phillips et al. (1954) found a decrease in crude protein, acid-soluble
ash and ether extract and an increase in crude fiber and lignin during
the process of maturation.
These workers also found a positive corr-
elation between lignin, cellulose and crude fiber and a negative
correlation between these and crude protein.
Jefferies and Rice (1969) found that during a year of average or
below-average precipitation, nutrient analysis of clipped grasses
r
. 1
reasonably approximated nutrient values on short-grass ranges.
During
a year of above-average precipitation, cattle diets changed and analy-
ses of clipped forage underestimated nutrient values.
A study of Kochia scoparia showed that the dry matter and crude
*
::
fibax contents increased while crude protein decreased as stage
.
of maturity advanced (Sherrod, 1971).
Forage from Kochia had compara-
'
tively high nutritive value particularly in the early growing stages
(Finley and Sherrod, 1971) and it had a crude protein and digestibil-
ity, comparable to alfalfa hay.
Kochia also improved digestibility of
energy components when mixed with alfalfa hay (Sherrod, 1973) which
suggests that it could provide an acceptable forage in its early
stages.
Erickson (1947) showed that Kochia had a high forage value
because of its high digestible crude protein and ash content.
Toxicological effects have been reported following Kochia con-
sumption.
Dickie and Berryman (1979) reported polioencephalomalacia
and photosensitization and found pulmonary congestive edema, hepatic
*
2
_
., _ - _.... .^ _ ._-....... .< -.-... .- . .._ -._.
3
*
necrosis and necrosis of proximal convoluted tubular lamina of neph-
rons.
Sprowls (1981) found similar effects in horses, cattle and
.
sheep and suggested that the toxicological effects vary with the
length of grazing time, initial condition of the animal and availa-
bility of other feed and minerals.
Lodhi (1979) isolated phenolics and flavanoids from leaves of
Kochia and found that these phytotoxins do not inhibit germination
but retard growth later, essentially explaining the high density but
drastic reduction of growth in the second revegetation of Kochia.
.
Kochia also contain saponins, nitrates, oxalates and alkaloids, which
may also contribute to the toxicological effects (Coxworth et al.,
1969).
Davis (1979) found that Kochia forage accumulates oxalates
which cari be toxic depending on environmental conditions.
However,
in $alves fed Kochia for 120 days, James (1980) did not find signif-
f&a&t changes in calcium, phosphorus and serum glutamic oxaloacetic
traneaminase levels, although the calves did gain less weight than
axpected from animals of similar size and age.
Galitzer and Oehme (1979), in their review of Kochia toxicity
in cattle, concluded that the toxicity syndrome occurs in the late
summer, usually after the first rain following a drought; that al-
though saponins, oxalates, alkaloids and nitrates have been identi-
fied in the plant, the specific etiologic toxin is unknown; that
affected cattle are those that have not grazed lush green plants.
These researchers also suggested that Kochia Is not always toxic,
but when toxic it affects only a small percentage of the herd and,
4
.
therefore,
the variability in toxicity could be due to disease or
9
1
environmental conditions.
-__--
-
-,..
^ . I .
-..
. _
.
I f . .
I ,
.
. -
.
1<
. ,
, .
.
“’
4
.
Sampling of forage for nutritive value has been with hand-clipped
samples but the selective feeding habits of animais led to the use of
. 1
esophageal-fistulated animals to allow a better assessment of the
nutritive value of forage being consumed by the particular species.
Scales et al. (1972) and Barth et al. (1970) found samples from esoph-
ageal-fistulated animals to have lower acid detergent fiber and lig-
nin and higher crude protein than samples collected by hand-clipping.
Mastication,
salivary contamination and leaching have been shown to
increase or decrease the crude protein level depending on the forage
.
(Scales et al., 1974).
High drying temperature (55'C) increases acid-
insoluble and acid-detergent fiber levels of samples from esophageal
fistula (Barth et al., 1970; Scales et al., 1974). Barth and Kazzal
(1971) found that the selective behavior of animals for feeds results
*
In,$ntake of forage high in crude protein. Long fasting time had no
eff&ct on acid detergent fiber but decreased the crude protein level
by eliminating selectivity of the animals (Grings and Morris, 1977).
.
-.
. _
.-
.--
.
MATERIALS AND METHCDS
I,
Field study was conducted at the Northeastern Branch Experiment
Station at Tucumcari, New Mexico, which is located in a semiarid area
with distinct seasonal changes and wide daily ranges in temperature.
Summer temperatures are warm with daily maximum averaging above 32°C
and rapidly falling after sunset to 15“C.
Precipitation averages
382 mm a year with most falling from April to September. Rains are
c
often heavy, of short duration and sometimes accompanied by hail.
Even though most rain falls during the growing season, distribution
.
is variable and erratic, resulting in conditions unfavorable for dry-
land farming (Williams, 1977).
Two pastures (east and west) of 2.4 ha each were seeded during
the 1982 spring season with Kochia scoparia on 76 cm rows at a seed-
.
ing:rate of 4.5 kg/ha. Pastures were fertilized just after seeding
;Y3,
tit& 90 kg of nitrogen (N) and 22 kg uf phosphorus (P) per ha.
Each
pasture was subdivided into 4 paddocks which were grazed for a 7 days
"on" and 21 days "off" sequence.
Each pasture was grazed by 18 year-
iling steers (averaging 182 kg 5 25.11 in the east pasture and 184 kg
2 22.41 in the west pasture).
Cattle were weighed every 28 days dur-
ing the study (summer 1982) with the initial and final weights being
an average of weights obtained on two consecutive days.
Hand-clipped forage samples were collected every 28 days at three
different locations (top, middle and far end of each paddock) of the
paddock just grazed and the one to be grazed in each pasture.
Samples
were also collected by esophageal-fistulated cows (using screen wire
bottom canvas bag and two cows per paddock for every collection) every
-
5
6
28 days.
Collections were done early in the morning, then samples
put in plastic bags were transported to Clayton in an ice-chest, where
they were dried at 55°C in an oven, then put in a paper bag.
Samples
were then sent to Las Cruces at the university laboratory where they
were grounded in 2-mm screen mill.
A11 samples were analyzed for dry
matter, ash, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and lignin, oxalates
and nitrates (A.O.A.C., 1980).
Chemical composition of Kochia was
determined four times during the summer.
Blood samples were collected early in the morning using vacu-tube.
L
Collection was done three times (at the beginning of the experiment,
.
after 56 days and at the end of the experiment) for serum chemistry
analysis.
After collection, blood samples were put in an ice-chest and
sent to Clayton, where they were centrifuged (2000 g) and stored fro-
%fkn ,until analysis.
Time between collection and spinning was 6 hours.
.
>i
&ll'aamples were evaluated by a simultaneous multi-channel computerlaed
2
tigaiyserl (SMAC).
Statistical analysis of the data collected was done using an
kalysis of variante with least-square means (LS means), a partial
differential (PDIFF) in a completely randomized linear mode1 design.
The mode1 used pasture, time of sampling (before or after grasing)
and period of the summer as classes.
1 John P. Thilsted, D.V.M., Ph.D. New Mexico Department of Agricul-
ture, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106.
.
.
_ _._ L.: ., _, I .,_ ,_, _ ,__. ._ ._ ,.
-
s--
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hand-Clipping Sampling
Crude protein in the east pasture of Kochia forage showed a de-
crease (Pc.01) from the beginning ta the end of the summer growing
season with values (mean 2 SE) ranging from 24.8 to 16.1 (2 1.6%).
The same trend occurred in the west pasture of Kochia forage with
values from 24.9 to 15.1 (2 1.6%) (table 1). There was no difference
(P>.lO) in crude protein content of forage between the two pastures
for the same period of sampling except for the third period when the
protein value was higher (Pc.01) in the east pasture than in the west
.
pasture.
This may be due, as suggested by Lodhi (1979), to the fact
that phytotoxins produced in the east pasture had more inhibitive
.
action on regrowth than that produced in the west pasture.
A higher
Xeve$l. of nitrogen in the west pasture soi1 may have also caused a
2:
t&& growth, thereby showing a more rapid maturation of the plant ,,
', '
pd San early decline in crude protein value.
The overall early high
prude protein level has also been found by Sherrod (1971) and Finley
*-
&d Sherrod (1971).
Fiber content of the forage varied from 21.3 to 32.3 (2 1.5) in
the east pasture and from 22.3 to 35.7 (5 1.5) in the west pasture
(table 1).
The same trend in increased level of fiber content is
shown in the two pastures.
There was no difference (P>.lO) in fiber
content for a particular period between the two pastures.
The slight
decrease in fiber between the third and fourth period may be due to
irrigation applied or rainfall at that time which would allow for a
regrowth of fresh leaves, thereby decreasing the fiber content of the
plant.
7
,’
,.
*
I
\\
.
,
/-
:‘
y+,
Table 1.
Crude protein, ffber a& iigiX#.n~af ha&-clipped
Kochia scoparia throughout the grazing
season for two pastures at the~&W&f&&ten 3ranch Experimental Station, 1982.g
-
June 3rd
July 1st
July 29th
Sept. 16th
Standard
Sample
error
size
1:
EAST PASTURE
Percent of organic matter
Protein
24.8a
21.8=
23.ga
16.1b
1.68
2 4
ADF
21.3=
22Y
32.2d
31.6d
1.52
2 4
ALIL
4.1e
10.7f
2 4
WEST PASTTJRE
Protein
24.ga
2o.e
16.1b
15.1b
1.68
2 4
ADF
22.3=
26.8'
35.7d
33.1d
1.52
24
ADL
4.2e
4se
8.4f
8.1f
0.75
2 4
a,b Means for protein values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
'*dMeaus for fiber values with different superscripts differ (Pc.05).
e,fMeans for lignin values with different superscripts differ (Pc.05).
g LS means values were used, and interaction between pasture and period of sampling was
significant (Pq.01).
9
Lignin content varied from 4.1 to 10.7 (2 .7) in the east pasture
and from 4.2 to 8.4 (k .7) in the west pasture (table 1). There was
no difference (Pp.10) between lignin content of forage collected at
the same period in the two pastures.
The same pattern of variation
occurred in lignin as with fiber content throughout the maturation
process.
The increase in lignin and fiber and the decrease in crude
protein as the plant matured agrees with the positive correlation be-
tween lignin and fiber content coupled with a negative correlation
between these variables and crude protein reported by Phillips et al.
(1954) .
The protein level before grazing (table 2) decreased (Pc.05) as
the season progressed from values of 26.3 to 13.7 ($1.6). The level
of crude protein after grazing also decreased (Pc.05) as the season
sdvgced (table 2).
There was no difference (P>.lO) in protein level
8
&et&een before and after grazing for the same period of sampling.
Fiber content increased (Pc.01) from 21.5 to 35.3 (2 X.5) be-
,ftire grazing and from 22.1 to 32.6 (k 1.5) after grazing (table 2).
There was no difference (P>.lO) in fiber content between before and
after grazing for the same period of sampling.
Lignin values increased (Pi.01) from the beginning of the study
to the end of the experiment with values ranging from 4.2 to 10.1
(k .7) before grazing and from 4.2 to 9.0 (t .7) after grazing
(table 2).
There was no difference (P>.lO between before and after
grazing.
This lack of difference in nutritive value of forage between
before and after grazing may be due to a low stocking rate SO that
livestock were not able to graze enough of the forage to make a
I
.
”
Table 2.
Grazing effect on protkri,
f%be&~I&pxh content of hand clipped Kochia scoparia during
grazlng season, 1982.8
. . _',..,
June 3rd
July 1st
July 29th
Standard
Sample
Sept. 16th
error .
size
BEFORE GRAZING
Percent of organic matter
Protein
26.3a
20.1a
13.7b
21.5'
26.2=
35.3d
1.52
2 4
4.2e
10.lf
AFTER GRAZING
Protein
23.4a
22.5a
20.0a
17.5b
1.68
2 4
ABF
22.C
23.1c
30*3d
1.52
ADL
4.2e
4.1e
7.7f
0.75
2 4
a,bMeans for protein values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
c,d Means for fiber values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
e,f Means for lignin values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
g LS Means values were used, and interaction between time of grazing and collection time was
significant (Pc.01).
El
11
nutritional difference in forage value between before and after the
animal had grazed on the pasture.
Nitrate content of plants in the east pasture did not change
(P>.lO) as the Kochia matured (table 3).
In the west pasture nitrate
levels decreased (Pc.01) as the growing season progressed (table 3).
Nitrate content differed (Pc.01) between pastures during the growing
stage (June 3, July 1) not (P>.lO) at maturity (Sept.) (table 3).
This difference may be due to a higher nitrogen content in the west
pasture 9011, which would allow higher nitrate drainage by the plant
in the west pasture.
0xal.k acid and oxalate salt content of the forage were fairly
high and decreased as the growing season progressed. There was no
difference (P>.lO) between pastures (table 3),
'i Nitrate levels decreased (Pc.01) before grazing as the season
:;
pregfessed.
An increase (Pc.01) followed by a decrease (Pc.01) was
.
found in nitrate content after grazing as the experiment progressed
(table 4).
There was a difference (Pq.01) between before and after
grazing during the first period of sampling with higher nitrate val-
ues before grazing,
This may be due to the fact that at the beginn-
ing of the growing se,ason,
there were enough leaves where the nitrate
accumulated to be used; but as the experiment progressed and the
animais used the leafy part, less nitrate may have been drawn from
the soi1 and, therefore, no difference between before and after gra-
zlng.
Oxalate level decreased (P<.Ol) before and after grazing as the
season progressed (table 4).
Howeven there was no difference (P>.lO)
f
,
in oxalic acid content between before and after grazing at any
,
.-..
.-
-... ._. .._. -
- _
.
.._ -.
-
-~
1 2
Table 3.
Nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent) variation of hand-
e
clipped Kochia during growing season for the two pastures.
St.
Sample
June 3rd July 1st July 29th Sept. 16th err.
size
NITRATE
Percent of organic matter
East Pasture
80.5a
87.7a
115.2a
78.4a
76.11
24
West Pasture 348.2b
452.7b
47.3a
86.6a
76.11
2 4
OXALATE
East Pasture 2.0'
l.2d
l.ld
0.16
18
West Pasture 2.3'
1.7d
l.2d
0.16
1 8
aibMeans for nitrate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
"dMeans for oxalate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
e LS Means were used , and interaction between pasture and time of
sampling was significant (PC.01) for nitrate.
Taby 4.
Grazing effect on nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent) content
,I
of hand-clipped Kochia during growing season.e
.:
--.
-:.
St,
Skinyple
June 3rd July 1st July 29th Sept. 16th err.
size
@ISBATE
Percent of organic matter
: Before
315.3a
209. oa
54.6b
64.7b
76.11
2 4
Grazing
After
113.3b
331.3a
107.8b
100.3b
76.11
2 4
Grazing
OXALATE
Befoie
2.4'
1.7Cd
l.od
0.16
1 8
Grazing
After
2.0c
l.2d
1.3d
0.16
18
Grazing
"bMeans for nitrate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
"dMeans for oxalate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
e LS Means were used, and interaction between time of collection and
*
before and after grazing was significant (Pc.01) for nitrate.
1 3
particular period of sampling, which suggests that the oxalates are
uniformly distributed and accumulated in the whole plant.
Esophageal Fistula Sampling
Crude protein values varied from 18.2 to 14.1 ('-f: 1.2%) in forage
collected in the east pasture (table 5). There was no difference
(P>.lO) in crude protein between pastures or between the different
periods of collection.
Selective grazing habits of the animais lead-
ing to the intake of high protein forage may be responsible for this
lack of difference in crude protein value throughout the growing
season.
These findings agree with those reported by Barth and Kazzal
(1971).
Fiber was higher (Pc.01) for the first period of sampling for
both pastures (east and west) than for the rest of the sampling per-
iod$,
There was no difference (P>.lO) in fiber values between pas-
:
.k&s for the same period of sampling (table 5). Moreover there wae
.'
Bo difference (P>.lO) in lignin content between pastures or between
&uupling periods (table 5).
There was no difference (P>.lO) in crude protein before grazing
as the season progressed.
There was no difference (P>.lO) in crude
protein after grazing between the different sampling periods* Simi-
lar results were found for fiber and lignin content. However, a
difference (Pc.01) was found in crude protein, fiber and lignin be-
tween before and after grazing for the same period of sampling, with
higher crude protein before grazing and higher fiber and lignin
after grazing (table 6).
This may be the effect of grazing animals
r
*
.
’
‘_
*
,
(1
*
Table 5.
Crude pratein,
fiber anB .lZgjBQ':qS- Wphageal fistula collected Kochia scoparia
throughout the grazing rkason fq%,_m,pastures at the Northeastern Branch Experiment
Station, 1982.=
Standard
Sample
June 3rd
July 1st
July 29th
Sept. 16th
error
sise
EAST PASTURE
Percent of organic matter
Protein
17.4a
18.2a
14.1a
15.6a
1.24
15
ADF
35.2b
29.8'
33.6bC
30.8'
2.11
15
5.7d
5.4d
WEST PASTUKE
Protein
18.6a
18.1a
16.6a
17.4a
1.52
16
ADF
36.7b
29.7c
29.8=
29.7=
2.59
16 .
ADL
5.5d
5.gd
5.6d
5.8d
0.58
16
a Means for protein values with same superscripts are not different (P>.lO).
"CMeans for fiber values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
d Means for lignin values with same superscript are not different (P>.lO).
e LS Means were used, and interaction between time of collection and pasture was significant
(Pc.01) for fiber.
Table 6.
Grazing effect on cru& prote%?%, fiber and lignin of esophageal fistula collected
Kochia during growing season.8 1. ..%
Standard
Sample
June 3rd
July 1st
July 29th
Sept. 16th
error
sise
BEFORE GRAZING
Percent of organic matter
Protein
18.6a
20.1a
3.9.1a
20.5a
1.24
1 5
ADF
29.1C
26.3c
27.8'
25.4'
2.11
1 5
ADL
5.4e
5.4e
4.Be
5.6e
0.48
15
AFTER GRAZING
Protein
17.4b
16.0b
11.6b
12.5b
1.52
1 6
ADF
42.Bd
33.2d
35.5d
35.1d
2.59
1 6
ADL
5.gf
6.3f
6.3f
7.1f
0.58
1 6
aybMeans for protein values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
"dMeans for fiber values with different superscipts differ (Pc.01).
e'fMeans for lignin values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
g LS Means were used.
1 6
which have taken the high value forage and left the low quality one
after their passage and collected for after-grazing nutrient values.
No difference (P>.lO) in nitrate content was found between pas-
tures for the same period of sampling (table 7). However, higher
(Pq.01) nitrate level occurred in the second period of collection
than for the rest of the sampling periods in both pastures.
This
might be the effect of precipitation just before the second sampling
period, which leads to an increase in nitrates drawn from the soi1 by
the plant.
Oxalate content was higher (Pc.01) for the first sampling
collection in the east pasture.
There was a gradua1 decrease (P<.Ol)
in oxalate content in the west pasture as the experiment progressed.
There was a difference (Pc.01) in oxalate content between the two pas-
tures during the third period of sampling with higher values for
e$W$pasture forage (table 7).
':
. t
:
,;
,, ' "Nitrate after grazing for the second period of sampling was
,' ,;
.$&$%r (Pc.01) than the rest of the sampllng times either before
$':$fter grazing (table 8).
This difference may also be the effect of
." :,
a',
precipitation before the second after-grazing collection time which
increases the nitrate drawn from the soil, and it was at a time when
there were not as many leaves available to utilize it due to grazing;
.
therefore, nitrate will accumulate in the plant.
Oxalate content was higher (Pc.OJ.) for the first perfod of
sampling in both before and after grazing than for the rest of the
sampling periods either before or after grazing (table 8). However,
m
there was no difference (P>.lO) in oxalate content between before and
after grazing for a particular sampling time.
t
1 7
Table 7.
Nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent) content of esophageal-
fistula Kochia during growing season for the two pastures.f
St.
Sample
June 3rd July 1st July 29th Sept. 16th err.
size
NITRATE
East Pasture
44.5a
261.2'
14.0a
50.2a
53.97
1 5
West Pasture
47.25a
244.5b
50"7a
25.5a
66.10
1 6
OXALATE
East Pasture 1.9'
1.2d
1.6d
0.14
1 2
West Pasture 2.3'
1,5d
O.ge
0.14
1 2
ayb Means for nitrate values with different superscripts differ (P<.Ol).
c,d,e Means for oxalate values with different superscripts differ
(PC.01).
f
LS Means were used, interaction between time of collection and
pasture was significant (PC.01) for nitrate.
Tab;le 8.
Grazing effect on nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent) con-
tent of esophageal-fistula-collected Kochia during growing
'.
seaaon.e
:, _.
St.
Sample
June 3rd July 1st July 29th Sept. 16th err.
size
*
Before
21.2a
21.7a
32.5a
54.5a
53.97 15
Grazing
After
70.5a
484.0b
32.2a
21.2a
66.10 16
Grazing
OXALATE
Before
2.P
1.4d
l.ld
0.14
1 2
Grazing
After
2.P
1.3d
l.4d
0.14
1 2
Grazing
-
asbMeans for nitrate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
'*dMeans for oxalate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
@ LS Means were used, interaction between time of sampling and after
and before grazing was significant (P<.Ol) for nitrate.
_.,
_..
_.
_
.- _.. ,_... ._._ ._-
..- - -__.
1 8
Crude'protein and lignin values from hand clipping (tables 1 and
2) were higher (Pc.01) than those from esophageal fistula (tables 5
and 6).
Fiber'values from esophageal fistula were higher (Pc.01)
than those from hand clipping.
Although these findings are not in
accord with early reports from Barth et al. (1970) and Scales et al.
(1972); they might have been due to the effect of salivary contamina-
tion and leaching on esophageal samples which decrease the crude pro-
tein level, as suggested by Scales et al.
(1974) in their later report.
The high fiber level in esophageal fistula samples may be due to the
effect of high drying temperature which has an increasing effect on
fiber value, as suggested by Barth et al. (1970) snd Scales et al.
(1974).
These differences in nutritive value between hand-clipped
samples and esophageal fistula samples may also result from a decrease
in animal selectivity leading to the intake of low nutritional forage
i\\
3.
v&li.ie .
Animal Performance
Crossbred yearling steers grazed the Kochia pastures from June
3rd to September 16th.
Steers in the east pasture gained weight
(table 9) during the first two periods (average daily gain from 1.53
kg to 1.82 kg), followed by a gradua1 Poss of weight the remainder of
the experiment (daily loss 0.23 kg to 0.11 kg). In the west pasture,
steers gained 1.21 kg to 1.42 kg daily in the first two periods
followed by a slight increase in weight (0.41 kg daily) for 28 days
and then a drastic loss of weight (daily loss of 1.17 kg) during the
last 21 days of the experiment.
Steers in the east pasture gained
more overall compared with steers grazing the west pasture.
”
_. .
_.
.
^
Sodium
Potassium
I-WI.\\
Chloride
I -a,...
. .
Calcium Phosphorus
,.
” _ .._... “., ” -.__.. ,. .- ..-
. .._. “_. .--..-.__ -__.... _ .._--_
1 8
Crude'protein and lignin values from hand clipping (tables 1 and
2) were higher (Pc.01) than those from esophageal fistula (tables 5
and 6).
Fiber'values from esophageal fistula were higher (Px.01)
than those from hand clipping.
Although these findings are not in
accord with early reports from Barth et al. (1970) and Scales et al.
(1972); they might have been due to the effect of salivary contamina-
tion and leaching on esophageal samples which decrease the crude pro-
tein level, as suggested by Scales et al.
(1974) in their later report.
The high fiber level in esophageal fistula samples may be due to the
effect of high drying temperature which has an increasing effect on
fiber value, as suggested by Barth et al. (1970) and Scales et al.
(1974).
These differences in nutritive value between hand-clipped
samples and esophageal fistula samples may also result from a decrease
in animal selectivity leading to the intake of low nutritional forage
,*L
wtltie *
Animal Performance
Crossbred yearling steers grazed the Kochia pastures from June
3rd to September 16th.
Steers in the east pasture gained weight
(table 9) during the first two periods (average daily gain from 1.53
kg to 1.82 kg), followed by a gradua1 loss of weight the remainder of
.
the experiment (daily loss 0.23 kg to 0.11 kg). In the west pasture,
steers gained 1.21 kg to 1.42 kg daily in the first two periods
followed by a slight increase in weight (0.41 kg daily) for 28 days
and then a drastic loss of weight (daily loss of 1.17 kg) during the
last 21 days of the experiment.
Steers in the east pasture gained
more overall compared with steers grazing the west pasture.
1 9
Table 9.
Average daily gain variation of animals grazing Kochia
during the experiment in the two pastures.
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4-
(6/3 - 7/1)
(7/1 - 7/29)
(7/29 - 8/26) (8/26 - 9/16)
ADG (period) kg
East
1.53
1.82
- 0.23
- 0.11
West
1.21
1.42
0.41
- 1.17
ADG (overall) kg
East
1.53
1.68
1.02
0.79
West
1.21
1.32
1.01
0.60
Table 10.
Blood minera1 variations during the period animal8 were
grazing on Kochia.d
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium Phosphorus
(mm)
bw1)
(dl)
(mM/dl)
(mM/dl)
&a~ 1st
145.4a
10.la
8Ja
$tly' 29th
144.7a
5.4b
95. ob
ll.lb
6.0b
ii&, 16th
142,0a
5.qb
91.3'
ll.Ob
6,2b
- '-
Standard
1.68
0.22
1.48
0.48
0.27
error
6ample size
4 1
4 1
4 1
41
41
a,b,c Means in the same column with different superscripts differ
(Pc.01).
d
LS Means were used
..,
_- J. -.
.-
‘Y-
--
20
Serum sodium (Na) concentration (table 10) did not differ (P>.ZO)
among the three sampling periods while a gradua1 decrease (Pc.01) in
potassium (K), chloride (Cl) and phosphorus (P), and a gradua1 increase
(Pc.01) in calcium.
Comparison between animals which gained weight and
those which lost weight during the time of the experiment only showed
a difference (Pc.01) in blood sodium and chloride level with higher
values for animals which gained weight (table 11).
Serum enzyme
analysis (table 12) showed a decrease (Pc.01) in alkaline phosphatase
(AP) concentration during the last sampling time, a gradua1 increase
(P<.Ol) in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SG~T) level from
the beginning to the end of the experiment, and an increase (Pc.01)
in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) at the middle of the experiment followed
by a decrease (Pc.01) in LDH at the end of the experiment, although
LDH:.was higher (Pc.01) than the level at the beginning of the exper-
::
Increased (Pc.01) blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin
Aw$it
l
(TBTLI) and "direct bilirubin" (DBILI) occurred for animais grazing
the west pasture during the last period of the experiment (table 13),
Comparison of blood parameters (BUN, TBILI and DBILI) between animais
which gained weight and those which lost weight in the two pastures
showed an increase (Pc.01) in those blood measurements for the animals
which lost weight and grazing in the west pasture (table 14). Compar-
ison of blood measurements (BUN, TBILI and DBILI) between animals
which gained wefght and those losing weight, during the time of the
experiment,
showed an increase (Pc.01) in blood parameters for the
animais losing weight during the last period of the experiment (table
15).
<..
_ . . -- ..- -_
--
_---_^ _._.__.. _._ _ ,.
2 1
Table 11.
Blood minera1 variations between animais losing weight and
animals gaining weight during the time of grazing on Kochia.C
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium
Phosphorus
bwl)
@vu
bwl)
hg/dl)
bg/dl)
Animal gainers 146.4a
6.0a
97.4a
Il.la
6.8a
Animal losers
141.7b
5.8a
93.1b
ll.oa
7.0a
Standard error
1.41
0.18
1.25
0.40
0.23
Sample size
41
41
41
41
41
"bMeans in the same column with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
' LS Means were used.
Table 12.
Blood enzyme levels in animals grazing Kochia. d
Alkaline phosphatase Serum Glutamic oxaloacetic
Lactic
transaminase
dehydrogenase
(IU/l)
(IU/l)
(IU/l)
149. 6a
113.7a
904.3*
JuXy 29th
145.ga
149.3O
1227.Bb
@@$. 16th
129.3b
198.6'
985.6’
Standard error
15.60
25.20
99.24
.
Sample size
41
4 1
4 1
"byCMeans in the same column with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
d
LS Means were used.
2 2
Table 13.
Variation between pastures during time of grazing of blood
urea nitrogen (BUN) and bilirubin (TBILI; DBILI).g
June 1st
July 29th
Sept. 16th Standard Sample
error
sise
.
EAST
BUN (mg/dl)
17.3a
14.0a
ll.oa
3.18
2 1
TBILI (mg/dl)
o.2c
o.3c
O.lC
0.56
2 1
DBILI (mg/dl)
0. Ole
0.02e
0.02e
0.11
2 1
WEST
BUN (mg/dl)
16.1a
9.7a
38.1b
3.41
2 0
TBILI (mg/dl)
O.lC
0.f
3.7d
0.60
2 0
DBILI (mg/dl)
0. ooe
0. Ole
0.71f
0.12
2 0
"bMeans for BUN with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
"4leans for TBILI with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
eyfMeans for DBILI with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
g LS Means were used, interaction between time of sampling and pasture
was significant (Pc.01).
Tabfe 14.
Variation between animals losing or gaining weight in the two
pastures of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and bilirubin (TBILH;
DBILI).g
EAST
WEST
Standard error
Sample
size
GAINERS
BUN (mg/dl)
14.8a
14.6a
2.78
1 8
TBILI (mg/dl)
0.2'
O.lC
0.49
1 8
DBILI (mg/dl)
O.Ole
0. ooe
0.09
1 8
LOSERS
BUN (mg/dl)
13.8a
28.0b
2.41
2 3
TBILI (mg/dl)
0.2'
2.Sd
0.42
2 3
DBILI (mg/dl)
0.03e
o.47f
0.08
2 3
"bMeans for BUN with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
'*dMeans for TBILI with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
e'fMeans for DBILI with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
g LS Means were used, interaction between pasture and variation of weight
was significant (PX.01).
2 3
Table 15.
Variation between animals gaining or losing weightRfor the
grazing time on Kochia for BUN, LDH and bilirubin.
Standard Sample
June 1st July 29th Sept. 16th
error
sîze
GAINERS
BHN (mg/dI)
17.5a
13.3a
13.3a
3.41
1 8
LDH (IU/l)
934.0c
1029.7d
1164.0d
145.17
1 8
TBILI (mg/dl)
O.le
0.2e
0.2e
0.60
1 8
DBILI (mg/dl)
o.oog
o*oog
0.01g
0.11
1 8
LOSERS
BUN (mg/dl)
16.0a
10,4a
36.4b
3.18
2 3
LDH (IU/l)
874.4'
1425.ga
807.2'
135.35
2 3
TBILI (mg/dl)
O.ze
0.3e
3.7f
0.56
2 3
1 $ML1 bg/dl)
0.01g
0,01g
0.72h
0.10
2 3
:,i
e-f
“’ a ‘i,'..Means for BUN with different superscripts differ (P < ,Ol).
cydMeans for LDH with different superscripts differ (P -C .Ol).
!; e,f Means for TBILI with different superscripts differ (P c .Ol).
g'hlrieans for DBILI with different superscripts differ (P < .Ol).
kL S Means were used, and interaction between time of collection and
variation of weight was significant (P < .Ol),
---- ----.------- - . . ..- - .-_-_ ~ --.-_. ..-. -... .”
24
A comparison in LDH level between animals gaining weight
and those losing weight during the experiment showed only a decrease
(Pc.01) in LDH level for the animals losing weight during the last
period of the experiment, following a trend for an increase in LDH
m
level (Pc.01) (table 15).
The overall daily gain showed that forage production'of Kochia
cari sustain an animal in production during its early growing stage
but will only sustain an animal for maintenance or less during later
stages of maturity.
The high level of BUN compared to the normal
range given by Galyean and Hallford (1983) (Appendix table), in the
last period of the experiment especially in the animals which lost
weight, may be an indication of kidney disfunction.
Also the levels
of TBILI and DBILI found in the last period of the experiment and es-
pecially for the animais which lost weight are high compared with the
nor$al range given by Galyean and Hallford (1983) (Appendix table).
@%:'T;DH levels throughout the experiment in a11 animals, were in thti:
,..
normal range given by Galyean and Hallford (1983).
SGOT level was
in the normal range given by Galyean and Hallford (1983) only at the
beginning of the experiment and then increased (Pc.01) throughout the
experiment.
Increased LDH is found during necrosis and high level of
TBILI, SGOT and DBILI during hepatic disfunction; therefore, animals
which lost weight during the last period of the experiment might have
.
liver problems.
These liver and kidney disfunctions, found in some
i
animals grazing on Kochia pasture, corroborate with the findings of
Dickfe and Berryman (1979) and Sprowls (1981). The high incidence
of liver and kidney disfunction in the west pasture suggested that
there was a greater toxicity effect from forage in the west pasture.
2 5
Possibly the forage in the west pasture had a more rapid growing rate
e
than the forage in the east pasture, and SO the animals would spend
.
more time in the west pasture after maturation of Kochia forage.
Long-
time exposure to the mature plants may explain the severity of effects
in animals grazing the west pasture.
A correlation between length of
grazing time and severity of toxicity was also suggested by Sprowls
(1981).
SWRY AND CONCLUSION
Forage samples of Kochia scoparia collected by hand-clipping and
esophageal fistula showed a high nutritive value of Kochia during the
growing stages which decrease at maturity, and selective grazing habit
in animals for a high nutritive value forage.
Animais grazing Kochia
showed an appreciable weight gain at the early growing stage of Kochia,
and a loss of weight at Kochia maturity.
Increases in blood urea ni-
trogen, serum enzymes and bilirubin during the last period of grazing
may be indicative of kidney and liver disfunction.
Kochia scoparia, because of its high nutritive value and the per-
formance of animals grazing it, cari be used as a forage trop for live-
stock.
However, because of its potential toxin content, especially at
maturation, its use has to be restraîned to its early stage of growth
end$or a short period of time.
‘..
.
i
2 6
:
--
_
LITERATDRE CITED
A.Q.A.C. 1980.
Methods of Analysis (13th Ed.). Association of
Officia1 Agricultural Chemist. Washington, D.C,
Barth, K. M., J, E. Chandler, M. E. Fryer and H. C. Wang.
1970.
Effects of saliva and drying temperature on composition and di-
gestibility of forage samples collected through esophageal fis-
tulas.
J. Anim. Sci. 31:794.
Barth, K. M. and N. T. Kazzal. 1971.
Separation of true selective
grazing by cattle from effects of the esophageal fistulas. J.
Anim. Sci. 33:1124.
Coxworth, E. C. M., J. M, Bell and R. Ashford.
1969.
Preliminerv-
evaluation of Russian thistle, Kochia and Garden atriplex as
potential high protei'n content seed crops for semiarid areaa,
Can. J. Plant Sci. 49:427.
Davis, A, M.
1979.
Forage quality of Prostate Kochia compared wikh
three browse species.
Agro, J. 71:822.
,
Dickie, C. W. and J. R. Berryman, 1979. Polioeneephaloaalacia.'~
photosensitization associated with Kochia scoparia consua@&@
in range cattle.
Am. Vet. Med. Assn. J. 175:463.
4 ',
.;Y ..,
Erickson, E. L. 1947. Forage from Kochia. I - Some plant charac-
teristics and forage production.
SO. Da. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.
384.
Finley, L. G. and L. B. Sherrod.
1971.
Nutritive value of Kochia
scoparia. II - Intake and digestibility of forage harvested
at different maturity stages.
J. Dairy Sci. 54:231.
Galitzer, S. J. and F. W. Oehme.
1979.
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad
toxicity in cattle:
A literature review.
Toxicol. Lett. pp.
421.
Galyean, M. L. and D. M. Hallford.
1983.
Bovine,hematology:
Serum
profiles of beef steers in different production situations.
Agri-Practice. 4:33
Grings, E. E. and J. G. Morris.
1977.
Effects of length of fasting
and stocking,rate on the chemical composition of esophageal fis-
tula samples collected by cattle.
Proc. West. Sect. Am. Soc.
Anim, Sci. 28:152.
James, L. F.
1980.
Toxicological effects of oxalates- containing
plants on livestock.
Toxicol. Res. Proj. Dir. pp. 10107.
Jefferies, N. W. and R. W. Rice.
1969.
Nutritive value of clipped
and grazed range forage samples.
J. Range Manage. 22:192.
2 7
.Y
2 8
Lodhi, M. A. K.
1979.
Germination and decreased growth of Kochia
scoparia in relation to its autoallelopathy.
Can. J. Botany.
57:1083.
Phillips, T. G., J. T. Sullivan, M. E. Loughlin and V. G. Sprague.
1954.
Chemical composition of some forage grasses, 1 - Changes
with plant maturity.
Agro. J. 46:361.
Scales, G. H., C. L. Streeter and A. H. Denham.
1972.
Chemical com-
position of esophageal fistula samples. Proc. West. Sec. Am.
Soc. Anim. Sci. 23:192.
Scales, G. H., C. L.- Streeter, A. H. Denham and G. M. Ward.
1974.
Effects of mastication, salivary contamination and leaching on
the chemical composition of forage samples collected via esoph-
ageal fistulae.
J. Anim. Sci. 38:1278.
Sherrod, L. B.
1971.
Nutritive value of Kochia scoparia. 1 - Yield
and chemical composition at three stages of maturity.
Agro. J.
63:343.
Sherrod, L. B.
1973.
Nutritive value of Kochia scoparia.
III -
Digestibility of Kochia hay compared with alfalfa hay. J. Dairy
Sci. 56:923.
SprFls, R. W. 1981.
Problems observed in horses, cattle and sheep
1k grazing Kochia. Amer. Assn. Vet. Lab. Diag. 24th Annual Pro.
.
i"pp. 397.
I
.b
w;flliams,
D. H, 1977.
Weather observations at the Northeastern
Branch Station, 1905-1975.
New Mex. State Uni. Agr. Exp. Sta,
Res. Report No. 351.
c
c
APPENDIX:
Supplementary Data
.
.
.y---
._-.-- ~-.
3 0
Appendix Table 16,
Reference range of serum constituents.
Reference
Reference
Items
(Galyean & Hallford)
(Vet-Path)
Ca, mg/dl
9.5
-
10.6
9.9 -
12.5
P, mg/dl
5.0
-
7.0
3.4 -
6.7
k, mM/liter
4.6
-
6 . 4
2.8 -
5.6
Na, mM/liter
127.9
-
142.1
1 3 3
I 143
C l , mM/liter
95.0
-
105.5
9 1 ‘ - 1 0 5
BUN, mg/dl
8.0
-
21.8
5
-
2 1
SGOT, IU/liter
75.1
- 137.0
9
- 67
Alkaline Phosphatase,
IUjliter
18.6 -
56.2
1 8
- 97
LDH, IU/liter
899.0
- 1404.4
3 5 7
- 756
Total Bilirubin,
mg/dl
0 . 1 -
0 . 5
0
-
0.8
Pîr&t Bilirubin, mg/dl
0.04 -
0 . 1
0
-
0.3
%UN - Blood Urea Nitrogen; SGOT = Serum Glutamic-oxaloacetic
transaminase; LDH = Lactate Dehydrogenase.
Q
L
-.
-
.--1.
.
.
.
-“_.-_
. . - .
_
_.--
_.-.-
_,._^_..
.-_
. . . . - . . .
I .._..
.-.-._.
--..-_-___-
.
.
.
- .
_.
._.,
CATTLE GRAZING KOCHIA AT TUCUMCARI, NEW MEXICO
BY
CHEIKH MBAYE BOYE, B.S., D.V.M.
.*
9
-3,
A Thesis submitted to the Graduate School
‘6
7
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Degree
Master of Science
,$
!" :.
Major Subject:
Animal Science
New Mexico State University
.
Las Cruces, New Mexico
December 1983
--
--. __--...-._--.._-- _-_--,- _
.
"Nutritive Value of Kochia Scoparia and Performance of Cattle Grazing
Kochia at Tucumcari, New Mexico," a thesis prepared by Cheikh Mbaye
Boye in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Master
of Science, has been approved and accepted by the following:
William H. Matchett
Dean of the Graduate School
Chairman of the Examining Committee
Committee in charge:
Dr. Herman Kiesling, Chairman
Dr. Michael Galyean
Dr. Dennis Hallford
Dr. Mohammed Hussain
i i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My thanks to:
my parents for raising me with love and understanding
my country for giving me the opportunity to express myself in
a11 my potential and ability
Dr. Kiesling for a11 the advice and support he provided me
during a11 my stay at NMSU
the members of my examining committee for honoring me by their
presence
.
.
____A-
+---
._
_
--_ ..A-------
iii
-.
-r-.---I---_.-I
-.---..l.m--_,-_
VITA
.
' December 19, 1952 - Born at Kaolack, Senegal
.
1979 - Doctorate in Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.), Inter-States School
of Veterinary Science and Medicine
1979 - Scientist in Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute
(I.s.R.A.)
PROFESSIONAL AND HONORARY SOCIETIES
American Society of Animal Science
.
.
- -...--
ABSTRACT
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF KOCHIA SCOPARIA AND PERFORMANCE
OF CATTLE GRAZING KOCHIA AT TUCUMCARI, NEW MEXICO
I
BY
.
CHEIKH MBAYE BOYE, B.S., D.V.M.
Master of Science in Animal Science
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, New Mexico, 1983
Dr. Herman E. Kiesling, Chairman
. .i
/.*
.-
/------1
,, .._ _ ,/"
.a
Kochia scoparia is a forage abundant in the south midwest and
used by many ranchers as forage trop.
However, reports on its toxic-
.
*
ological effects on livestockhave made some researchers interested
in its study.
In this study, forage samples from two pastures of
C'
Kochia collected by hand-clipping and esophageal fistula were anal-
,”
yzed, and performance of animals grazing those pastures were measured
to evaluate (1) the nutritive value of Kochia, and (2) the animal
response when grazing Kochia.
Hand-clipped and esophageal fistula
samples were collected every 28 days and analyzed for dry matter,
e
V
-- -.-
ash, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, lignin, nitrate and oxalate
contents.
Animal weights were measured every 28 days. Blood samples
were taken from the animals grazing on Kochia three times during the
experiment for serum chemistry analysis.
Chemical analysis on hand-
clipped samples showed a decrease (Pc.01) in crude protein from
the beginning to the end of the summer growing season; an increase
(Pc.01) in fiber and lignin as the season progressed; and no differ-
ence (P>.lO) between before and after grazing.
This indicates a high
nutritive value of Kochia during the growing stages which decreases
at maturity.
Chemical analysis on esophageal fistula samples showed
no difference (P>.lO) in crude protein, fiber and lignin content of
the forage as the season progressed, which is indicative of selective
grazing habits in animais for a high nutritive value forage. Anima&
grazing on Kochia showed an appreciable weight gain during the grow-
ing. stages of Kochia, but a loss of weight as Kochia matured. In-
creases of blood urea nitrogen and serum enzymes during the last
period of grazing are indicative of kidney and liver disfunction,
probably due to toxins contained in Kochia.
..
Vi
-. --_-__
-
--
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
List of Appendix Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i x
Chapter
1.
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Hand-Clipping Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Esophageal Fistula Sampling. . . . . . . . . . .
1 3
Animal Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 8
5.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 6
6.
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 7
7.
APPENDIX:
Supplementary Data. . . . . . . . . . . .
2 9
.
.
1
-,
V i i
.
LIST OF TABLES
.
Page
Table 1
Crude protein, fiber and lignin of hand
clipped Kochia scoparia throughout the
grazing season for two pastures at the
Northeastem Branch Experimental Station,
1982............
. . . . . . . . . . .
8
Table 2
Grazing effect on protein, fiber, and lignin
-
contents of hand-clipped Kochia scoparia
during grazing season, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . .
1 0
Table 3
Nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent)
variation of hand clipped Kochia during
growing season for the two pastures . . . . . . .
1 2
Table 4
Grazing effect on nitrate (ppm) and
oxalate (percent) contents of hand-
clipped Kochia during growing season. . . . . . .
1 2
Table 5
Crude protein, fiber and lignin of
esophageal fistula collected Kochia
scoparia throughout the grazing season
for two pastures at the Northeastern
Branch Experimental Station, 1982 . . . . . . . .
1 4
4
Table 6
Grazing effect on crude protein, fiber
*
and lignin of esophageal-fistula
collected Kochia during growing season. . . . . .
1 5
c
.
Table 7
Nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent)
contents of esophageal-fistula Kochia
t
during growing season for the two
pastures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 7
.
Table 8
Grazing effect on nitrate (ppm) and
oxalate (percent) content of
esophageal-fistula-collected Kochia
during growing season . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 7
Table 9
Daily weight variation in animals
grazing during the experiment in the
two pastures. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .
1 9
Table 10
Blood minera1 variations during the
period animals were grazing on Kochia . . , . . ,
Ii9
- *
*-
viii
..- . .^ -_-__-_-~.-~-
--.
Table 11
Blood minera1 variations between
.
animals losing weight and animals
gaining weight during the time of
grazing on Kochia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 1
Table 12
Blood enzyme levels in animais
grazing Kochia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 1
Table 13
Variation between pastures during
time of grazing of blood urea
nitrogen (BUN) and bilirubin (TBILI;
D B I L I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2
Table 14
Variation between animals losing or
gaining weight in the two pastures
of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and
bilirubin (TBILI; DBILI). . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 2
.
Table 15
Variation between animals gaining
.
or losing weight for the grazing
time on Kochia for BUN, LDH and
bilirubin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 3
‘.
.
iX
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Page
Appendix table 16
Reference range of serum
constituents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 0
X
**
its immature stage (before blooming), tut and ensiled or tut and
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Page
Appendix table 16
Reference range of serum
constituents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 0
X
-
.
INTRODUCTION
.
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (summer cypres, burning bush, fire-
.
weed, Kochia, fireball, belvedere, Mexican fireweed) belongs to the
goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).
It is a rapidly growing, annual
cool season plant, found throughout most of the United States and
Canada, being particularly abundant in parts of Texas, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico (Sprowls, 1981).
It is mostly found
in areas of old plowed fields and where grasses and herbs have been
eliminated.
It grows well in alkaline soils and is extremely drought-
resistant.
It is used as forage by many ranchers, being grazed in
its immature stage (before blooming), tut and ensiled or tut and
baled as hay.
Few studies have been done on the value of Kochia as
5
a forage for livestock.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate
the nutritive value of Kochia and to measure performance of yearling
steers grazing Kochia pasture.
.
“.
*
1
-
. .i_
suggests that it could provide an acceptable forage in its early
INTRODUCTION
e
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (summer cypres, burning bush, fire-
weed, Kochia, fireball, belvedere, Mexican fireweed) belongs to the
goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).
It is a rapidly growing, annual
.
cool season plant, found throughout most of the United States and
Canada, being particularly abundant in parts of Texas, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico (Sprowls, 1981).
It is mostly found
in areas of old plowed fields and where grasses and herbs have been
eliminated.
It grows well in alkaline soils and is extremely drought-
resistant.
It is used as forage by many ranchers, being grazed in
its immature stage (before blooming), tut and ensiled or tut and
baled as hay.
Few studies have been done on the value of Kochia as
a forage for livestock.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate
the nutritive value of Kochia and to measure performance of yearling
steers grazing Kochia pasture.
- -.
.-
1
I
--
.- .~~
ses of clipped forage underestimated nutrient values.
INTRODUCTION
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (summer cypres, burning bush, fire-
weed, Kochia, fireball, belvedere, Mexican fireweed) belongs to the
*
goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).
It is a rapidly growing, annual
1
cool season plant, found throughout most of the United States and
Canada, being particularly abundant in parts of Texas, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico (Sprowls, 1981).
It is mostly found
in areas of old plowed fields and where grasses and herbs have been
eliminated.
It grows well in alkaline soils and is extremely drought-
resistant.
It is used as forage by many ranchers, being graaed in
its immature stage (before blooming),
tut and ensiled or tut and
baled as hay.
Few stud2es have been done on the value of Kochia as
a forage for livestock.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate
the nutritive value of Kochia and to measure performance of yearling
Bteers grazing Kochia pasture.
2
.-
.
.
_
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
.
Chemical composition changes with plant maturity are reasons for
-
studying nutritive variability of forage throughout a growing season.
Phillips et al. (1954) found a decrease in crude protein, acid-soluble
ash and ether extract and an increase in crude fiber and lignin during
the process of maturation.
These workers also found a positive corr-
elation between lignin, cellulose and crude fiber and a negative
correlation between these and crude protein.
Jefferies and Rice (1969) found that during a year of average or
below-average precipitation, nutrient analysis of clipped grasses
r
. 1
reasonably approximated nutrient values on short-grass ranges.
During
a year of above-average precipitation, cattle diets changed and analy-
ses of clipped forage underestimated nutrient values.
A study of Kochia scoparia showed that the dry matter and crude
*
::
fibax contents increased while crude protein decreased as stage
.
of maturity advanced (Sherrod, 1971).
Forage from Kochia had compara-
'
tively high nutritive value particularly in the early growing stages
(Finley and Sherrod, 1971) and it had a crude protein and digestibil-
ity, comparable to alfalfa hay.
Kochia also improved digestibility of
energy components when mixed with alfalfa hay (Sherrod, 1973) which
suggests that it could provide an acceptable forage in its early
stages.
Erickson (1947) showed that Kochia had a high forage value
because of its high digestible crude protein and ash content.
Toxicological effects have been reported following Kochia con-
sumption.
Dickie and Berryman (1979) reported polioencephalomalacia
and photosensitization and found pulmonary congestive edema, hepatic
*
2
_
., _ - _.... .^ _ ._-....... .< -.-... .- . .._ -._.
3
*
necrosis and necrosis of proximal convoluted tubular lamina of neph-
rons.
Sprowls (1981) found similar effects in horses, cattle and
.
sheep and suggested that the toxicological effects vary with the
length of grazing time, initial condition of the animal and availa-
bility of other feed and minerals.
Lodhi (1979) isolated phenolics and flavanoids from leaves of
Kochia and found that these phytotoxins do not inhibit germination
but retard growth later, essentially explaining the high density but
drastic reduction of growth in the second revegetation of Kochia.
.
Kochia also contain saponins, nitrates, oxalates and alkaloids, which
may also contribute to the toxicological effects (Coxworth et al.,
1969).
Davis (1979) found that Kochia forage accumulates oxalates
which cari be toxic depending on environmental conditions.
However,
in $alves fed Kochia for 120 days, James (1980) did not find signif-
f&a&t changes in calcium, phosphorus and serum glutamic oxaloacetic
traneaminase levels, although the calves did gain less weight than
axpected from animals of similar size and age.
Galitzer and Oehme (1979), in their review of Kochia toxicity
in cattle, concluded that the toxicity syndrome occurs in the late
summer, usually after the first rain following a drought; that al-
though saponins, oxalates, alkaloids and nitrates have been identi-
fied in the plant, the specific etiologic toxin is unknown; that
affected cattle are those that have not grazed lush green plants.
These researchers also suggested that Kochia Is not always toxic,
but when toxic it affects only a small percentage of the herd and,
4
.
therefore,
the variability in toxicity could be due to disease or
9
1
environmental conditions.
-__--
-
-,..
^ . I .
-..
. _
.
I f . .
I ,
.
. -
.
1<
. ,
, .
.
“’
4
.
Sampling of forage for nutritive value has been with hand-clipped
samples but the selective feeding habits of animais led to the use of
. 1
esophageal-fistulated animals to allow a better assessment of the
nutritive value of forage being consumed by the particular species.
Scales et al. (1972) and Barth et al. (1970) found samples from esoph-
ageal-fistulated animals to have lower acid detergent fiber and lig-
nin and higher crude protein than samples collected by hand-clipping.
Mastication,
salivary contamination and leaching have been shown to
increase or decrease the crude protein level depending on the forage
.
(Scales et al., 1974).
High drying temperature (55'C) increases acid-
insoluble and acid-detergent fiber levels of samples from esophageal
fistula (Barth et al., 1970; Scales et al., 1974). Barth and Kazzal
(1971) found that the selective behavior of animals for feeds results
*
In,$ntake of forage high in crude protein. Long fasting time had no
eff&ct on acid detergent fiber but decreased the crude protein level
by eliminating selectivity of the animals (Grings and Morris, 1977).
.
-.
. _
.-
.--
.
MATERIALS AND METHCDS
I,
Field study was conducted at the Northeastern Branch Experiment
Station at Tucumcari, New Mexico, which is located in a semiarid area
with distinct seasonal changes and wide daily ranges in temperature.
Summer temperatures are warm with daily maximum averaging above 32°C
and rapidly falling after sunset to 15“C.
Precipitation averages
382 mm a year with most falling from April to September. Rains are
c
often heavy, of short duration and sometimes accompanied by hail.
Even though most rain falls during the growing season, distribution
.
is variable and erratic, resulting in conditions unfavorable for dry-
land farming (Williams, 1977).
Two pastures (east and west) of 2.4 ha each were seeded during
the 1982 spring season with Kochia scoparia on 76 cm rows at a seed-
.
ing:rate of 4.5 kg/ha. Pastures were fertilized just after seeding
;Y3,
tit& 90 kg of nitrogen (N) and 22 kg uf phosphorus (P) per ha.
Each
pasture was subdivided into 4 paddocks which were grazed for a 7 days
"on" and 21 days "off" sequence.
Each pasture was grazed by 18 year-
iling steers (averaging 182 kg 5 25.11 in the east pasture and 184 kg
2 22.41 in the west pasture).
Cattle were weighed every 28 days dur-
ing the study (summer 1982) with the initial and final weights being
an average of weights obtained on two consecutive days.
Hand-clipped forage samples were collected every 28 days at three
different locations (top, middle and far end of each paddock) of the
paddock just grazed and the one to be grazed in each pasture.
Samples
were also collected by esophageal-fistulated cows (using screen wire
bottom canvas bag and two cows per paddock for every collection) every
-
5
6
28 days.
Collections were done early in the morning, then samples
put in plastic bags were transported to Clayton in an ice-chest, where
they were dried at 55°C in an oven, then put in a paper bag.
Samples
were then sent to Las Cruces at the university laboratory where they
were grounded in 2-mm screen mill.
A11 samples were analyzed for dry
matter, ash, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and lignin, oxalates
and nitrates (A.O.A.C., 1980).
Chemical composition of Kochia was
determined four times during the summer.
Blood samples were collected early in the morning using vacu-tube.
L
Collection was done three times (at the beginning of the experiment,
.
after 56 days and at the end of the experiment) for serum chemistry
analysis.
After collection, blood samples were put in an ice-chest and
sent to Clayton, where they were centrifuged (2000 g) and stored fro-
%fkn ,until analysis.
Time between collection and spinning was 6 hours.
.
>i
&ll'aamples were evaluated by a simultaneous multi-channel computerlaed
2
tigaiyserl (SMAC).
Statistical analysis of the data collected was done using an
kalysis of variante with least-square means (LS means), a partial
differential (PDIFF) in a completely randomized linear mode1 design.
The mode1 used pasture, time of sampling (before or after grasing)
and period of the summer as classes.
1 John P. Thilsted, D.V.M., Ph.D. New Mexico Department of Agricul-
ture, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106.
.
.
_ _._ L.: ., _, I .,_ ,_, _ ,__. ._ ._ ,.
-
s--
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hand-Clipping Sampling
Crude protein in the east pasture of Kochia forage showed a de-
crease (Pc.01) from the beginning ta the end of the summer growing
season with values (mean 2 SE) ranging from 24.8 to 16.1 (2 1.6%).
The same trend occurred in the west pasture of Kochia forage with
values from 24.9 to 15.1 (2 1.6%) (table 1). There was no difference
(P>.lO) in crude protein content of forage between the two pastures
for the same period of sampling except for the third period when the
protein value was higher (Pc.01) in the east pasture than in the west
.
pasture.
This may be due, as suggested by Lodhi (1979), to the fact
that phytotoxins produced in the east pasture had more inhibitive
.
action on regrowth than that produced in the west pasture.
A higher
Xeve$l. of nitrogen in the west pasture soi1 may have also caused a
2:
t&& growth, thereby showing a more rapid maturation of the plant ,,
', '
pd San early decline in crude protein value.
The overall early high
prude protein level has also been found by Sherrod (1971) and Finley
*-
&d Sherrod (1971).
Fiber content of the forage varied from 21.3 to 32.3 (2 1.5) in
the east pasture and from 22.3 to 35.7 (5 1.5) in the west pasture
(table 1).
The same trend in increased level of fiber content is
shown in the two pastures.
There was no difference (P>.lO) in fiber
content for a particular period between the two pastures.
The slight
decrease in fiber between the third and fourth period may be due to
irrigation applied or rainfall at that time which would allow for a
regrowth of fresh leaves, thereby decreasing the fiber content of the
plant.
7
,’
,.
*
I
\\
.
,
/-
:‘
y+,
Table 1.
Crude protein, ffber a& iigiX#.n~af ha&-clipped
Kochia scoparia throughout the grazing
season for two pastures at the~&W&f&&ten 3ranch Experimental Station, 1982.g
-
June 3rd
July 1st
July 29th
Sept. 16th
Standard
Sample
error
size
1:
EAST PASTURE
Percent of organic matter
Protein
24.8a
21.8=
23.ga
16.1b
1.68
2 4
ADF
21.3=
22Y
32.2d
31.6d
1.52
2 4
ALIL
4.1e
10.7f
2 4
WEST PASTTJRE
Protein
24.ga
2o.e
16.1b
15.1b
1.68
2 4
ADF
22.3=
26.8'
35.7d
33.1d
1.52
24
ADL
4.2e
4se
8.4f
8.1f
0.75
2 4
a,b Means for protein values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
'*dMeaus for fiber values with different superscripts differ (Pc.05).
e,fMeans for lignin values with different superscripts differ (Pc.05).
g LS means values were used, and interaction between pasture and period of sampling was
significant (Pq.01).
9
Lignin content varied from 4.1 to 10.7 (2 .7) in the east pasture
and from 4.2 to 8.4 (k .7) in the west pasture (table 1). There was
no difference (Pp.10) between lignin content of forage collected at
the same period in the two pastures.
The same pattern of variation
occurred in lignin as with fiber content throughout the maturation
process.
The increase in lignin and fiber and the decrease in crude
protein as the plant matured agrees with the positive correlation be-
tween lignin and fiber content coupled with a negative correlation
between these variables and crude protein reported by Phillips et al.
(1954) .
The protein level before grazing (table 2) decreased (Pc.05) as
the season progressed from values of 26.3 to 13.7 ($1.6). The level
of crude protein after grazing also decreased (Pc.05) as the season
sdvgced (table 2).
There was no difference (P>.lO) in protein level
8
&et&een before and after grazing for the same period of sampling.
Fiber content increased (Pc.01) from 21.5 to 35.3 (2 X.5) be-
,ftire grazing and from 22.1 to 32.6 (k 1.5) after grazing (table 2).
There was no difference (P>.lO) in fiber content between before and
after grazing for the same period of sampling.
Lignin values increased (Pi.01) from the beginning of the study
to the end of the experiment with values ranging from 4.2 to 10.1
(k .7) before grazing and from 4.2 to 9.0 (t .7) after grazing
(table 2).
There was no difference (P>.lO between before and after
grazing.
This lack of difference in nutritive value of forage between
before and after grazing may be due to a low stocking rate SO that
livestock were not able to graze enough of the forage to make a
I
.
”
Table 2.
Grazing effect on protkri,
f%be&~I&pxh content of hand clipped Kochia scoparia during
grazlng season, 1982.8
. . _',..,
June 3rd
July 1st
July 29th
Standard
Sample
Sept. 16th
error .
size
BEFORE GRAZING
Percent of organic matter
Protein
26.3a
20.1a
13.7b
21.5'
26.2=
35.3d
1.52
2 4
4.2e
10.lf
AFTER GRAZING
Protein
23.4a
22.5a
20.0a
17.5b
1.68
2 4
ABF
22.C
23.1c
30*3d
1.52
ADL
4.2e
4.1e
7.7f
0.75
2 4
a,bMeans for protein values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
c,d Means for fiber values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
e,f Means for lignin values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
g LS Means values were used, and interaction between time of grazing and collection time was
significant (Pc.01).
El
11
nutritional difference in forage value between before and after the
animal had grazed on the pasture.
Nitrate content of plants in the east pasture did not change
(P>.lO) as the Kochia matured (table 3).
In the west pasture nitrate
levels decreased (Pc.01) as the growing season progressed (table 3).
Nitrate content differed (Pc.01) between pastures during the growing
stage (June 3, July 1) not (P>.lO) at maturity (Sept.) (table 3).
This difference may be due to a higher nitrogen content in the west
pasture 9011, which would allow higher nitrate drainage by the plant
in the west pasture.
0xal.k acid and oxalate salt content of the forage were fairly
high and decreased as the growing season progressed. There was no
difference (P>.lO) between pastures (table 3),
'i Nitrate levels decreased (Pc.01) before grazing as the season
:;
pregfessed.
An increase (Pc.01) followed by a decrease (Pc.01) was
.
found in nitrate content after grazing as the experiment progressed
(table 4).
There was a difference (Pq.01) between before and after
grazing during the first period of sampling with higher nitrate val-
ues before grazing,
This may be due to the fact that at the beginn-
ing of the growing se,ason,
there were enough leaves where the nitrate
accumulated to be used; but as the experiment progressed and the
animais used the leafy part, less nitrate may have been drawn from
the soi1 and, therefore, no difference between before and after gra-
zlng.
Oxalate level decreased (P<.Ol) before and after grazing as the
season progressed (table 4).
Howeven there was no difference (P>.lO)
f
,
in oxalic acid content between before and after grazing at any
,
.-..
.-
-... ._. .._. -
- _
.
.._ -.
-
-~
1 2
Table 3.
Nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent) variation of hand-
e
clipped Kochia during growing season for the two pastures.
St.
Sample
June 3rd July 1st July 29th Sept. 16th err.
size
NITRATE
Percent of organic matter
East Pasture
80.5a
87.7a
115.2a
78.4a
76.11
24
West Pasture 348.2b
452.7b
47.3a
86.6a
76.11
2 4
OXALATE
East Pasture 2.0'
l.2d
l.ld
0.16
18
West Pasture 2.3'
1.7d
l.2d
0.16
1 8
aibMeans for nitrate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
"dMeans for oxalate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
e LS Means were used , and interaction between pasture and time of
sampling was significant (PC.01) for nitrate.
Taby 4.
Grazing effect on nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent) content
,I
of hand-clipped Kochia during growing season.e
.:
--.
-:.
St,
Skinyple
June 3rd July 1st July 29th Sept. 16th err.
size
@ISBATE
Percent of organic matter
: Before
315.3a
209. oa
54.6b
64.7b
76.11
2 4
Grazing
After
113.3b
331.3a
107.8b
100.3b
76.11
2 4
Grazing
OXALATE
Befoie
2.4'
1.7Cd
l.od
0.16
1 8
Grazing
After
2.0c
l.2d
1.3d
0.16
18
Grazing
"bMeans for nitrate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
"dMeans for oxalate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
e LS Means were used, and interaction between time of collection and
*
before and after grazing was significant (Pc.01) for nitrate.
1 3
particular period of sampling, which suggests that the oxalates are
uniformly distributed and accumulated in the whole plant.
Esophageal Fistula Sampling
Crude protein values varied from 18.2 to 14.1 ('-f: 1.2%) in forage
collected in the east pasture (table 5). There was no difference
(P>.lO) in crude protein between pastures or between the different
periods of collection.
Selective grazing habits of the animais lead-
ing to the intake of high protein forage may be responsible for this
lack of difference in crude protein value throughout the growing
season.
These findings agree with those reported by Barth and Kazzal
(1971).
Fiber was higher (Pc.01) for the first period of sampling for
both pastures (east and west) than for the rest of the sampling per-
iod$,
There was no difference (P>.lO) in fiber values between pas-
:
.k&s for the same period of sampling (table 5). Moreover there wae
.'
Bo difference (P>.lO) in lignin content between pastures or between
&uupling periods (table 5).
There was no difference (P>.lO) in crude protein before grazing
as the season progressed.
There was no difference (P>.lO) in crude
protein after grazing between the different sampling periods* Simi-
lar results were found for fiber and lignin content. However, a
difference (Pc.01) was found in crude protein, fiber and lignin be-
tween before and after grazing for the same period of sampling, with
higher crude protein before grazing and higher fiber and lignin
after grazing (table 6).
This may be the effect of grazing animals
r
*
.
’
‘_
*
,
(1
*
Table 5.
Crude pratein,
fiber anB .lZgjBQ':qS- Wphageal fistula collected Kochia scoparia
throughout the grazing rkason fq%,_m,pastures at the Northeastern Branch Experiment
Station, 1982.=
Standard
Sample
June 3rd
July 1st
July 29th
Sept. 16th
error
sise
EAST PASTURE
Percent of organic matter
Protein
17.4a
18.2a
14.1a
15.6a
1.24
15
ADF
35.2b
29.8'
33.6bC
30.8'
2.11
15
5.7d
5.4d
WEST PASTUKE
Protein
18.6a
18.1a
16.6a
17.4a
1.52
16
ADF
36.7b
29.7c
29.8=
29.7=
2.59
16 .
ADL
5.5d
5.gd
5.6d
5.8d
0.58
16
a Means for protein values with same superscripts are not different (P>.lO).
"CMeans for fiber values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
d Means for lignin values with same superscript are not different (P>.lO).
e LS Means were used, and interaction between time of collection and pasture was significant
(Pc.01) for fiber.
Table 6.
Grazing effect on cru& prote%?%, fiber and lignin of esophageal fistula collected
Kochia during growing season.8 1. ..%
Standard
Sample
June 3rd
July 1st
July 29th
Sept. 16th
error
sise
BEFORE GRAZING
Percent of organic matter
Protein
18.6a
20.1a
3.9.1a
20.5a
1.24
1 5
ADF
29.1C
26.3c
27.8'
25.4'
2.11
1 5
ADL
5.4e
5.4e
4.Be
5.6e
0.48
15
AFTER GRAZING
Protein
17.4b
16.0b
11.6b
12.5b
1.52
1 6
ADF
42.Bd
33.2d
35.5d
35.1d
2.59
1 6
ADL
5.gf
6.3f
6.3f
7.1f
0.58
1 6
aybMeans for protein values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
"dMeans for fiber values with different superscipts differ (Pc.01).
e'fMeans for lignin values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
g LS Means were used.
1 6
which have taken the high value forage and left the low quality one
after their passage and collected for after-grazing nutrient values.
No difference (P>.lO) in nitrate content was found between pas-
tures for the same period of sampling (table 7). However, higher
(Pq.01) nitrate level occurred in the second period of collection
than for the rest of the sampling periods in both pastures.
This
might be the effect of precipitation just before the second sampling
period, which leads to an increase in nitrates drawn from the soi1 by
the plant.
Oxalate content was higher (Pc.01) for the first sampling
collection in the east pasture.
There was a gradua1 decrease (P<.Ol)
in oxalate content in the west pasture as the experiment progressed.
There was a difference (Pc.01) in oxalate content between the two pas-
tures during the third period of sampling with higher values for
e$W$pasture forage (table 7).
':
. t
:
,;
,, ' "Nitrate after grazing for the second period of sampling was
,' ,;
.$&$%r (Pc.01) than the rest of the sampllng times either before
$':$fter grazing (table 8).
This difference may also be the effect of
." :,
a',
precipitation before the second after-grazing collection time which
increases the nitrate drawn from the soil, and it was at a time when
there were not as many leaves available to utilize it due to grazing;
.
therefore, nitrate will accumulate in the plant.
Oxalate content was higher (Pc.OJ.) for the first perfod of
sampling in both before and after grazing than for the rest of the
sampling periods either before or after grazing (table 8). However,
m
there was no difference (P>.lO) in oxalate content between before and
after grazing for a particular sampling time.
t
1 7
Table 7.
Nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent) content of esophageal-
fistula Kochia during growing season for the two pastures.f
St.
Sample
June 3rd July 1st July 29th Sept. 16th err.
size
NITRATE
East Pasture
44.5a
261.2'
14.0a
50.2a
53.97
1 5
West Pasture
47.25a
244.5b
50"7a
25.5a
66.10
1 6
OXALATE
East Pasture 1.9'
1.2d
1.6d
0.14
1 2
West Pasture 2.3'
1,5d
O.ge
0.14
1 2
ayb Means for nitrate values with different superscripts differ (P<.Ol).
c,d,e Means for oxalate values with different superscripts differ
(PC.01).
f
LS Means were used, interaction between time of collection and
pasture was significant (PC.01) for nitrate.
Tab;le 8.
Grazing effect on nitrate (ppm) and oxalate (percent) con-
tent of esophageal-fistula-collected Kochia during growing
'.
seaaon.e
:, _.
St.
Sample
June 3rd July 1st July 29th Sept. 16th err.
size
*
Before
21.2a
21.7a
32.5a
54.5a
53.97 15
Grazing
After
70.5a
484.0b
32.2a
21.2a
66.10 16
Grazing
OXALATE
Before
2.P
1.4d
l.ld
0.14
1 2
Grazing
After
2.P
1.3d
l.4d
0.14
1 2
Grazing
-
asbMeans for nitrate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
'*dMeans for oxalate values with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
@ LS Means were used, interaction between time of sampling and after
and before grazing was significant (P<.Ol) for nitrate.
_.,
_..
_.
_
.- _.. ,_... ._._ ._-
..- - -__.
1 8
Crude'protein and lignin values from hand clipping (tables 1 and
2) were higher (Pc.01) than those from esophageal fistula (tables 5
and 6).
Fiber'values from esophageal fistula were higher (Pc.01)
than those from hand clipping.
Although these findings are not in
accord with early reports from Barth et al. (1970) and Scales et al.
(1972); they might have been due to the effect of salivary contamina-
tion and leaching on esophageal samples which decrease the crude pro-
tein level, as suggested by Scales et al.
(1974) in their later report.
The high fiber level in esophageal fistula samples may be due to the
effect of high drying temperature which has an increasing effect on
fiber value, as suggested by Barth et al. (1970) snd Scales et al.
(1974).
These differences in nutritive value between hand-clipped
samples and esophageal fistula samples may also result from a decrease
in animal selectivity leading to the intake of low nutritional forage
i\\
3.
v&li.ie .
Animal Performance
Crossbred yearling steers grazed the Kochia pastures from June
3rd to September 16th.
Steers in the east pasture gained weight
(table 9) during the first two periods (average daily gain from 1.53
kg to 1.82 kg), followed by a gradua1 Poss of weight the remainder of
the experiment (daily loss 0.23 kg to 0.11 kg). In the west pasture,
steers gained 1.21 kg to 1.42 kg daily in the first two periods
followed by a slight increase in weight (0.41 kg daily) for 28 days
and then a drastic loss of weight (daily loss of 1.17 kg) during the
last 21 days of the experiment.
Steers in the east pasture gained
more overall compared with steers grazing the west pasture.
”
_. .
_.
.
^
Sodium
Potassium
I-WI.\\
Chloride
I -a,...
. .
Calcium Phosphorus
,.
” _ .._... “., ” -.__.. ,. .- ..-
. .._. “_. .--..-.__ -__.... _ .._--_
1 8
Crude'protein and lignin values from hand clipping (tables 1 and
2) were higher (Pc.01) than those from esophageal fistula (tables 5
and 6).
Fiber'values from esophageal fistula were higher (Px.01)
than those from hand clipping.
Although these findings are not in
accord with early reports from Barth et al. (1970) and Scales et al.
(1972); they might have been due to the effect of salivary contamina-
tion and leaching on esophageal samples which decrease the crude pro-
tein level, as suggested by Scales et al.
(1974) in their later report.
The high fiber level in esophageal fistula samples may be due to the
effect of high drying temperature which has an increasing effect on
fiber value, as suggested by Barth et al. (1970) and Scales et al.
(1974).
These differences in nutritive value between hand-clipped
samples and esophageal fistula samples may also result from a decrease
in animal selectivity leading to the intake of low nutritional forage
,*L
wtltie *
Animal Performance
Crossbred yearling steers grazed the Kochia pastures from June
3rd to September 16th.
Steers in the east pasture gained weight
(table 9) during the first two periods (average daily gain from 1.53
kg to 1.82 kg), followed by a gradua1 loss of weight the remainder of
.
the experiment (daily loss 0.23 kg to 0.11 kg). In the west pasture,
steers gained 1.21 kg to 1.42 kg daily in the first two periods
followed by a slight increase in weight (0.41 kg daily) for 28 days
and then a drastic loss of weight (daily loss of 1.17 kg) during the
last 21 days of the experiment.
Steers in the east pasture gained
more overall compared with steers grazing the west pasture.
1 9
Table 9.
Average daily gain variation of animals grazing Kochia
during the experiment in the two pastures.
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4-
(6/3 - 7/1)
(7/1 - 7/29)
(7/29 - 8/26) (8/26 - 9/16)
ADG (period) kg
East
1.53
1.82
- 0.23
- 0.11
West
1.21
1.42
0.41
- 1.17
ADG (overall) kg
East
1.53
1.68
1.02
0.79
West
1.21
1.32
1.01
0.60
Table 10.
Blood minera1 variations during the period animal8 were
grazing on Kochia.d
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium Phosphorus
(mm)
bw1)
(dl)
(mM/dl)
(mM/dl)
&a~ 1st
145.4a
10.la
8Ja
$tly' 29th
144.7a
5.4b
95. ob
ll.lb
6.0b
ii&, 16th
142,0a
5.qb
91.3'
ll.Ob
6,2b
- '-
Standard
1.68
0.22
1.48
0.48
0.27
error
6ample size
4 1
4 1
4 1
41
41
a,b,c Means in the same column with different superscripts differ
(Pc.01).
d
LS Means were used
..,
_- J. -.
.-
‘Y-
--
20
Serum sodium (Na) concentration (table 10) did not differ (P>.ZO)
among the three sampling periods while a gradua1 decrease (Pc.01) in
potassium (K), chloride (Cl) and phosphorus (P), and a gradua1 increase
(Pc.01) in calcium.
Comparison between animals which gained weight and
those which lost weight during the time of the experiment only showed
a difference (Pc.01) in blood sodium and chloride level with higher
values for animals which gained weight (table 11).
Serum enzyme
analysis (table 12) showed a decrease (Pc.01) in alkaline phosphatase
(AP) concentration during the last sampling time, a gradua1 increase
(P<.Ol) in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SG~T) level from
the beginning to the end of the experiment, and an increase (Pc.01)
in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) at the middle of the experiment followed
by a decrease (Pc.01) in LDH at the end of the experiment, although
LDH:.was higher (Pc.01) than the level at the beginning of the exper-
::
Increased (Pc.01) blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin
Aw$it
l
(TBTLI) and "direct bilirubin" (DBILI) occurred for animais grazing
the west pasture during the last period of the experiment (table 13),
Comparison of blood parameters (BUN, TBILI and DBILI) between animais
which gained weight and those which lost weight in the two pastures
showed an increase (Pc.01) in those blood measurements for the animals
which lost weight and grazing in the west pasture (table 14). Compar-
ison of blood measurements (BUN, TBILI and DBILI) between animals
which gained wefght and those losing weight, during the time of the
experiment,
showed an increase (Pc.01) in blood parameters for the
animais losing weight during the last period of the experiment (table
15).
<..
_ . . -- ..- -_
--
_---_^ _._.__.. _._ _ ,.
2 1
Table 11.
Blood minera1 variations between animais losing weight and
animals gaining weight during the time of grazing on Kochia.C
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium
Phosphorus
bwl)
@vu
bwl)
hg/dl)
bg/dl)
Animal gainers 146.4a
6.0a
97.4a
Il.la
6.8a
Animal losers
141.7b
5.8a
93.1b
ll.oa
7.0a
Standard error
1.41
0.18
1.25
0.40
0.23
Sample size
41
41
41
41
41
"bMeans in the same column with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
' LS Means were used.
Table 12.
Blood enzyme levels in animals grazing Kochia. d
Alkaline phosphatase Serum Glutamic oxaloacetic
Lactic
transaminase
dehydrogenase
(IU/l)
(IU/l)
(IU/l)
149. 6a
113.7a
904.3*
JuXy 29th
145.ga
149.3O
1227.Bb
@@$. 16th
129.3b
198.6'
985.6’
Standard error
15.60
25.20
99.24
.
Sample size
41
4 1
4 1
"byCMeans in the same column with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
d
LS Means were used.
2 2
Table 13.
Variation between pastures during time of grazing of blood
urea nitrogen (BUN) and bilirubin (TBILI; DBILI).g
June 1st
July 29th
Sept. 16th Standard Sample
error
sise
.
EAST
BUN (mg/dl)
17.3a
14.0a
ll.oa
3.18
2 1
TBILI (mg/dl)
o.2c
o.3c
O.lC
0.56
2 1
DBILI (mg/dl)
0. Ole
0.02e
0.02e
0.11
2 1
WEST
BUN (mg/dl)
16.1a
9.7a
38.1b
3.41
2 0
TBILI (mg/dl)
O.lC
0.f
3.7d
0.60
2 0
DBILI (mg/dl)
0. ooe
0. Ole
0.71f
0.12
2 0
"bMeans for BUN with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
"4leans for TBILI with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
eyfMeans for DBILI with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
g LS Means were used, interaction between time of sampling and pasture
was significant (Pc.01).
Tabfe 14.
Variation between animals losing or gaining weight in the two
pastures of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and bilirubin (TBILH;
DBILI).g
EAST
WEST
Standard error
Sample
size
GAINERS
BUN (mg/dl)
14.8a
14.6a
2.78
1 8
TBILI (mg/dl)
0.2'
O.lC
0.49
1 8
DBILI (mg/dl)
O.Ole
0. ooe
0.09
1 8
LOSERS
BUN (mg/dl)
13.8a
28.0b
2.41
2 3
TBILI (mg/dl)
0.2'
2.Sd
0.42
2 3
DBILI (mg/dl)
0.03e
o.47f
0.08
2 3
"bMeans for BUN with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
'*dMeans for TBILI with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
e'fMeans for DBILI with different superscripts differ (Pc.01).
g LS Means were used, interaction between pasture and variation of weight
was significant (PX.01).
2 3
Table 15.
Variation between animals gaining or losing weightRfor the
grazing time on Kochia for BUN, LDH and bilirubin.
Standard Sample
June 1st July 29th Sept. 16th
error
sîze
GAINERS
BHN (mg/dI)
17.5a
13.3a
13.3a
3.41
1 8
LDH (IU/l)
934.0c
1029.7d
1164.0d
145.17
1 8
TBILI (mg/dl)
O.le
0.2e
0.2e
0.60
1 8
DBILI (mg/dl)
o.oog
o*oog
0.01g
0.11
1 8
LOSERS
BUN (mg/dl)
16.0a
10,4a
36.4b
3.18
2 3
LDH (IU/l)
874.4'
1425.ga
807.2'
135.35
2 3
TBILI (mg/dl)
O.ze
0.3e
3.7f
0.56
2 3
1 $ML1 bg/dl)
0.01g
0,01g
0.72h
0.10
2 3
:,i
e-f
“’ a ‘i,'..Means for BUN with different superscripts differ (P < ,Ol).
cydMeans for LDH with different superscripts differ (P -C .Ol).
!; e,f Means for TBILI with different superscripts differ (P c .Ol).
g'hlrieans for DBILI with different superscripts differ (P < .Ol).
kL S Means were used, and interaction between time of collection and
variation of weight was significant (P < .Ol),
---- ----.------- - . . ..- - .-_-_ ~ --.-_. ..-. -... .”
24
A comparison in LDH level between animals gaining weight
and those losing weight during the experiment showed only a decrease
(Pc.01) in LDH level for the animals losing weight during the last
period of the experiment, following a trend for an increase in LDH
m
level (Pc.01) (table 15).
The overall daily gain showed that forage production'of Kochia
cari sustain an animal in production during its early growing stage
but will only sustain an animal for maintenance or less during later
stages of maturity.
The high level of BUN compared to the normal
range given by Galyean and Hallford (1983) (Appendix table), in the
last period of the experiment especially in the animals which lost
weight, may be an indication of kidney disfunction.
Also the levels
of TBILI and DBILI found in the last period of the experiment and es-
pecially for the animais which lost weight are high compared with the
nor$al range given by Galyean and Hallford (1983) (Appendix table).
@%:'T;DH levels throughout the experiment in a11 animals, were in thti:
,..
normal range given by Galyean and Hallford (1983).
SGOT level was
in the normal range given by Galyean and Hallford (1983) only at the
beginning of the experiment and then increased (Pc.01) throughout the
experiment.
Increased LDH is found during necrosis and high level of
TBILI, SGOT and DBILI during hepatic disfunction; therefore, animals
which lost weight during the last period of the experiment might have
.
liver problems.
These liver and kidney disfunctions, found in some
i
animals grazing on Kochia pasture, corroborate with the findings of
Dickfe and Berryman (1979) and Sprowls (1981). The high incidence
of liver and kidney disfunction in the west pasture suggested that
there was a greater toxicity effect from forage in the west pasture.
2 5
Possibly the forage in the west pasture had a more rapid growing rate
e
than the forage in the east pasture, and SO the animals would spend
.
more time in the west pasture after maturation of Kochia forage.
Long-
time exposure to the mature plants may explain the severity of effects
in animals grazing the west pasture.
A correlation between length of
grazing time and severity of toxicity was also suggested by Sprowls
(1981).
SWRY AND CONCLUSION
Forage samples of Kochia scoparia collected by hand-clipping and
esophageal fistula showed a high nutritive value of Kochia during the
growing stages which decrease at maturity, and selective grazing habit
in animals for a high nutritive value forage.
Animais grazing Kochia
showed an appreciable weight gain at the early growing stage of Kochia,
and a loss of weight at Kochia maturity.
Increases in blood urea ni-
trogen, serum enzymes and bilirubin during the last period of grazing
may be indicative of kidney and liver disfunction.
Kochia scoparia, because of its high nutritive value and the per-
formance of animals grazing it, cari be used as a forage trop for live-
stock.
However, because of its potential toxin content, especially at
maturation, its use has to be restraîned to its early stage of growth
end$or a short period of time.
‘..
.
i
2 6
:
--
_
LITERATDRE CITED
A.Q.A.C. 1980.
Methods of Analysis (13th Ed.). Association of
Officia1 Agricultural Chemist. Washington, D.C,
Barth, K. M., J, E. Chandler, M. E. Fryer and H. C. Wang.
1970.
Effects of saliva and drying temperature on composition and di-
gestibility of forage samples collected through esophageal fis-
tulas.
J. Anim. Sci. 31:794.
Barth, K. M. and N. T. Kazzal. 1971.
Separation of true selective
grazing by cattle from effects of the esophageal fistulas. J.
Anim. Sci. 33:1124.
Coxworth, E. C. M., J. M, Bell and R. Ashford.
1969.
Preliminerv-
evaluation of Russian thistle, Kochia and Garden atriplex as
potential high protei'n content seed crops for semiarid areaa,
Can. J. Plant Sci. 49:427.
Davis, A, M.
1979.
Forage quality of Prostate Kochia compared wikh
three browse species.
Agro, J. 71:822.
,
Dickie, C. W. and J. R. Berryman, 1979. Polioeneephaloaalacia.'~
photosensitization associated with Kochia scoparia consua@&@
in range cattle.
Am. Vet. Med. Assn. J. 175:463.
4 ',
.;Y ..,
Erickson, E. L. 1947. Forage from Kochia. I - Some plant charac-
teristics and forage production.
SO. Da. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.
384.
Finley, L. G. and L. B. Sherrod.
1971.
Nutritive value of Kochia
scoparia. II - Intake and digestibility of forage harvested
at different maturity stages.
J. Dairy Sci. 54:231.
Galitzer, S. J. and F. W. Oehme.
1979.
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad
toxicity in cattle:
A literature review.
Toxicol. Lett. pp.
421.
Galyean, M. L. and D. M. Hallford.
1983.
Bovine,hematology:
Serum
profiles of beef steers in different production situations.
Agri-Practice. 4:33
Grings, E. E. and J. G. Morris.
1977.
Effects of length of fasting
and stocking,rate on the chemical composition of esophageal fis-
tula samples collected by cattle.
Proc. West. Sect. Am. Soc.
Anim, Sci. 28:152.
James, L. F.
1980.
Toxicological effects of oxalates- containing
plants on livestock.
Toxicol. Res. Proj. Dir. pp. 10107.
Jefferies, N. W. and R. W. Rice.
1969.
Nutritive value of clipped
and grazed range forage samples.
J. Range Manage. 22:192.
2 7
.Y
2 8
Lodhi, M. A. K.
1979.
Germination and decreased growth of Kochia
scoparia in relation to its autoallelopathy.
Can. J. Botany.
57:1083.
Phillips, T. G., J. T. Sullivan, M. E. Loughlin and V. G. Sprague.
1954.
Chemical composition of some forage grasses, 1 - Changes
with plant maturity.
Agro. J. 46:361.
Scales, G. H., C. L. Streeter and A. H. Denham.
1972.
Chemical com-
position of esophageal fistula samples. Proc. West. Sec. Am.
Soc. Anim. Sci. 23:192.
Scales, G. H., C. L.- Streeter, A. H. Denham and G. M. Ward.
1974.
Effects of mastication, salivary contamination and leaching on
the chemical composition of forage samples collected via esoph-
ageal fistulae.
J. Anim. Sci. 38:1278.
Sherrod, L. B.
1971.
Nutritive value of Kochia scoparia. 1 - Yield
and chemical composition at three stages of maturity.
Agro. J.
63:343.
Sherrod, L. B.
1973.
Nutritive value of Kochia scoparia.
III -
Digestibility of Kochia hay compared with alfalfa hay. J. Dairy
Sci. 56:923.
SprFls, R. W. 1981.
Problems observed in horses, cattle and sheep
1k grazing Kochia. Amer. Assn. Vet. Lab. Diag. 24th Annual Pro.
.
i"pp. 397.
I
.b
w;flliams,
D. H, 1977.
Weather observations at the Northeastern
Branch Station, 1905-1975.
New Mex. State Uni. Agr. Exp. Sta,
Res. Report No. 351.
c
c
APPENDIX:
Supplementary Data
.
.
.y---
._-.-- ~-.
3 0
Appendix Table 16,
Reference range of serum constituents.
Reference
Reference
Items
(Galyean & Hallford)
(Vet-Path)
Ca, mg/dl
9.5
-
10.6
9.9 -
12.5
P, mg/dl
5.0
-
7.0
3.4 -
6.7
k, mM/liter
4.6
-
6 . 4
2.8 -
5.6
Na, mM/liter
127.9
-
142.1
1 3 3
I 143
C l , mM/liter
95.0
-
105.5
9 1 ‘ - 1 0 5
BUN, mg/dl
8.0
-
21.8
5
-
2 1
SGOT, IU/liter
75.1
- 137.0
9
- 67
Alkaline Phosphatase,
IUjliter
18.6 -
56.2
1 8
- 97
LDH, IU/liter
899.0
- 1404.4
3 5 7
- 756
Total Bilirubin,
mg/dl
0 . 1 -
0 . 5
0
-
0.8
Pîr&t Bilirubin, mg/dl
0.04 -
0 . 1
0
-
0.3
%UN - Blood Urea Nitrogen; SGOT = Serum Glutamic-oxaloacetic
transaminase; LDH = Lactate Dehydrogenase.
Q
L
-.
-
.--1.
.
.
.
-“_.-_
. . - .
_
_.--
_.-.-
_,._^_..
.-_
. . . . - . . .
I .._..
.-.-._.
--..-_-___-
.
.
.
- .
_.
._.,