Republique du Senegal
Ministère de I ‘Agriculture
United Nations
Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles
Laboratoire National de I ‘Elevage et de
Food and Alimentation Organisation
Recherches Agricoles
F.A.0
BP 2057
Dakar-Hann
Dr Yaya Thiongane,
TCDC Consultant, TCP/RAF/8821 (E)
Rift Valley fever Surveillance in Kenya and Tanzania
Decem ber 1999

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REPUBLIQUE DU SENEGAL
MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE
INSTITUT SENEGALAIS DE
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
RECHERCHES AGRICOLES
ORGANISATION
LABORATOIRE NATIONAL DE L4ELEVAGE
F.A.O.
ET DE RECHERCHES VETERINAIRES
BP 2057
Dakar-Hann
Tel:221 8323678&221 821 3679
Fax: 221 832 21 18
E Mail: !nerv@svfed.refer.sn
REPORT
Dr Yaya Thiongane, TCDC Consultant, TCP/RAF/8821(E)
Rift Valley Fever Surveillance in Kenya and Tanzania
December 1999

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1.
INTRODUCTION:
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, cattle and
man in many areas of Africa including Egypt. The disease is characterised by a short
incubation period, a definite but short febrile episode and focal to diffuse necrosis of
liver. Early studies showed that the mortality rate is high among Young animals like
Young lambs and calves and abortions are common in sheep and cattle.
Severe epizootic and epidemic manifestations have occurred during the past two
decades in Africa. Epizooties are precursor manifestations of epidemics. In Livestock,
RVF appears when infected mosquitoes bite susceptible hosts (Cattle, sheep, goats,
camels, ). Many mosquito species have been implicated as epizootic vectors. In East
Africa, the spread of RVF is attributed to two subgenera of aedes mosquitoes:
Aedimorphus and Neomelaniconion.
The human populations, living in close association with their animals appear to be
most likely affected because they cari be infected by direct contact with sick animals,
theirs fœtus, excretions or infected tissues. The clinical picture for human disease
ranges from febrile illness to fatal hemorrhagic fever, and late complications of
encephalitis or ocular disease are associated with considerable human morbidity and
-
mortality.
In East Africa, RVF epizootics have been related to rainfall. Annually flooded dambos
are a favourable breeding site for mosquitoes. In West Africa and Egypt, they are
more associated to agricultural developments following the construction of dams. In
the Senegal River Basin, for example, the rural activities have been largely modified
since the construction of dams: Diama in 1985 and Manantali in 1990 which permits
the irrigation of extensive areas for rice production. The dams modified the water
flow, attracted pastoralists and increased vector-borne diseases such as Rift valley
fever in this sahelian zone.
According to the risk for livestock and human population, a surveillance network was
established through sentine1 herds after the 1987 epizootic in the Senegal river
Basin. The objective of the network was to detect RVF cases by regularly conducting
I
serological surveys in sentine1 herds and human populations.
This sero-survey of RVF conducted in domestic ruminants in Senegal allows us to
annually assess the risks for the non immune populations. It showed during a period
of heavy rainfall (1994-1995) that RVF activity re-emerged as epizootics among
herds in the lower Senegal River basin, attested by both the high prevalence of IgG
and IgM. A specific RVF diagnosis was chosen with ELISA assay. Moreover, this
diagnostic tool permits separation of IgG and IgM; and IgM are a valuable indicator of
recent infections.
In East Africa, the 1997-1998 FVR epidemic was associated with heavy rains that be
related to the El Nino event. From September 1997 to January 1998, the region
received torrential rains resulting in flooding. Areas remained flooded for 3-6 months
compared to 6 weeks in normal year. These effects were ideal conditions for
I
breeding of insect vectors of animal and human diseases in Kenya, Tanzania and
Somalis. Mosquitoes and other vectors appeared in numbers never seen before.
The presence of RVF was first observed in December 97 when hemorrhagic
diseases was confirmed in people in the North-Easthem Kenya, Livestock losses up
to 70% in goats and sheep, 20-30% in cattle and camels in the same areas. There
were some delays in the confirmation of Rift valley fever in the affected areas. Many
factors are responsible of this, such as the lack of diagnosis capacity of disease
locally and slow disease reporting. SO, The samples collected for confirmation of the
disease were tested outside Kenya, in South Africa and in the U S.A.

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After this epizootic, the TCP/RAF/882l(E) was initiated in order to develop the
capacity for early warning including to strenghten surveillance activities in RVF prone
areas of Kenya and Tanzania and to enhance the capacity for early laboratory
diagnosis of Rif? Valley fever.
The present study aims to meet ohe of the objectives of the project that is to
establish an early warning system through sentinels herd located in areas considered
at risk because they have faced the last RVF outbreak in 1997-1998 in Kenya and
Tanzania. This system must be able to detect early signs of a probable epidemic of
Rift Valley fever and permit to take control measures like vaccination and insect
control.
II.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS:
2.1. Livestock systems in East Africa
2,l.l. Kenya covered a area of 580,367 km2. The livestock population is estimated
as 12 million cattle, 8 million sheep and 10 million goats. Farming systems include
pastoralism and mixed farming.
The control and the eradication of all animal diseases including zoonoses and
diseases vectors are the responsibility of the Department of Veterinary Service
(D.V.S) of the Ministry of Agriculture. Diagnostic investigations for the whole country
were done in the Central Veterinary laboratory in Kabete and five regional
laboratories (named Veterinary investigation Laboratory or V.1.L).
Considered as notifiable disease, RVF is endemic in Kenya and regular vaccinations
are carried out in exotic and grade animals. The last RVF outbreak, consecutive to
excessive rains and floods in 1997-1998, has been reported in Kenya’s North-
eastern, Rift valley, Central and Coastal Provinces. These areas include some
national parks. The RVF vaccine consumption in 1998 was the highest during the last
ten years (see annexe X).
2.1.2. Tanzania is the largest country in East Africa covering a area of 945,087 km2.
The livestock population is estimated as 15.6 million cattle, 9 million goats and 3.6
million sheep. The majority of this stock is kept under a pastoral husbandry system
characterized by extensive uncontrolled movement within Tanzania and between its
neighbouring countries. SO, the country is highly vulnerable to transboundary
diseases like the mosquito borne disease (e.g. Nairobi Sheep Disease, Rift Valley
fever).
The diagnosis of animal diseases is conducted in the Central Veterinary Laboratory
in Dar-es-Salaam and in the Veterinaty Investigation Centres in the regions. Tanzania
had experienced periodic outbreaks of RVF characterised by an abortion storm in
domestic ruminants in 1977-78, in 1987-88 and in 1997-98. Vaccination against RVF
have not been petformed in Tanzania during the last outbreak.
2.2. Diagnostic activities in Kenya and Tanzania.
The diagnosis of animal diseases is carried out in the Central and the Regional
laboratories.
In the central Laboratories, the activities are performed through the following
services: pathology, virology, bacteriology, helminthology; acariology and chemistry.
The regional laboratories handle all diagnosis of bacterial and helminthic diseases
but viral diseases are only diagnosed in the Central laboratories in Kabete (Kenya)
and in Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania).
3

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In 1998, the following activities were reported about the viral diseases:
2.2.1. In Kenya:
(a)
Diagnosis of Rabies:
The capacity of the laboratory for rabies diagnosis is by performing Fluorescent
Antibody Test (FAT) and mice inôculation. In 1998, a total of 88 cases were
,
submitted for diagnosis as compared to 110 cases in 1997.
(b)
Diagnosis of Rinderpest:
In 1998, a total of 9378 bovine sera tested using the Competitive Elisa (cElisa) for
post vaccination antibody to rinderpest in 1998 and 5442 sera were found positive,
equivalent at 58.0 %.
(c)
Diagnosis of Rift Valley fever:
In 1998, a total of 842 sera from domestic ruminants collected from 19 districts within
Kenya were tested by Indirect Fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and 396 sera were
found positive. The seroposivity in RVF specific antibodies were different between
the animal species: for camels: 100% (N=5 X=5), for cattle: 54.12% (N= 667, X=361),
for sheep:18.86% (N=I06 X=20) and goats: 15.64% (N=64 X=10).
2.2.2. In Tanzania:
(a)
Diagnosis of Rabies:
In 1998, 7 samples from cattle, dog, cat and leopard were tested and 4 were found
positive.
In 1999, 5 samples were submitted for diagnosis with 1 considered positive.
(b)
Diagnosis of Rinderpest:
In 1998, a total of 14069 bovine sera, 3206 sera from small ruminants and 20 sera
from wildlife were tested for rinderpest antibody using the competitive elisa.
cc>
Diagnosis of RVF:
During the months of January and February 1998, symptoms of RVF were observed
in cattle, sheep, goats and camels in 7 different districts (Arumera, Ngorongoro,
Monduli, Kiteto, Simanjiro, Mwanga and Tanga) of the Northern zone.
In the Arumera District, camels were particulary affected, with 31 aborting out of 40
pregnant ones and 16 deaths out of a total of 216 camels.
194 sera collected from camel, goats, sheep in the 7 above affected districts and
sent to South Africa for testing were positive for Rift Valley fever (using tests like HAI,
PCR, Elisa IgG and IgM) (Table 1). In humans, RVF was also confirmed positive in
three districts (Monduli, Ngorongoro and Hai).
11 out the 194 sera were positive in IgM antibodies, indicating recent RVf infection in
humans (2 IgM+), goats (5 IgM+) and sheep (4 IgM+). No IgM were found in the
came1 sera.
In 1997-1998, 1230 sera coliected in several districts from cattle, goat and sheep
have not yet been totally tested during our visit.

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Table 1: Results of Analysis of sera collected amongst humans and domestic
animals in the Northern zone of Tanzania during the El nino rains in 1997-I 998.
Species
Number of sera
Number of
% of
Tested -
positive sera
positive sera
Human
1 3
3
23.07
Came1
*
48
36
75
Goat
69
27
39.13
Sheep
64
28
43.75
Total
194
94
48.45
L
2.3. The capacity of the veterinary laboratories to diagnose Rift Valley fever:
2.3.1. The RVF cari be diagnosed by virus isolation and virus identification from liver,
spleen, blood, lymph nodes in Vero cells, BHK cells, embryonated chickens’ eggs, by
animal inoculations in hamster and in mice and by serological techniques (Serum
neutralisation, Complement fixation test, Fluorescent antibody test, Hema-
agglutination inhibition test and Elisa test).
2.3.2. The two central Veterinary Laboratories in Kabete and in Dar-es-Salaam have
the adequate equipment for virus isolation and identification (see appendix) such as
Class II Hood, CO2 incubator, Microscopes, histopathology and animal inoculation
fa’cilities. The staffs have the basic competency in performing the virological
techniques which are necessary to diagnose the RFV in the laboratory and to confirm
a field diagnosis. In Kabete Laboratory, staff vaccinated against RVF (Drs Mbugua
and Macharia and their teams) cari safely carry out the tests in P2 facilities and cari
make an accurate primary diagnosis of the disease. In Dar-es-Salaam, the staff (Dr
Buza and his team) involved in RVF laboratory work must be vaccinated against
RVF. They must receive 2-3 inoculations with the killed human vaccine.
During our visit, we noticed that the two laboratories have temporarily lost the
capacity to carry out tissue culture based work due to the lack of some reagents
(media for tissue culture, enzymes buffers, antibiotics) and usual consumables
(flasks, filters, glassware, )
2.3.3. For the serological techniques, we recommend to test the sera by fluorescent
antibody test (FA test), the virus neutralisation test (VN test) and Elisa test.
A serological response to RVF virus infection cari be detected within 3 days of
infection by VN test. The other tests reveal antibodies within 6-7 days of infection.
The VN tests are performed with live virus and are not recommended outside an
endemic area. The VN test is quite specific and cari be used to confirm any sero-
diagnosis that is doubtful.

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The Elisa test is specific and permits separation of IgG and IgM. IgM are a valuable
indicator of recent viral infections. In cattle, the duration of IGM is estimated at 2-3
months after a natural infection. The Elisa is recommended as a reliable and
sensitive method to detect either infection or vaccine antibodies.
In Kenya and in Tanzania, the central laboratories have the basic competency in
performing the serological tests liké Elisa. They also possess also the adequate
equipment for carrying out Elisa tests (reader, computer and software, printer,
distilled water used for Rinderpest serology). During our visit, they have not
developped the capacity for laboratory confirmation of IgG and IgM seropositivity of
RVF virus using IgM Elisa test by the lack of reagents (RVF specific antigens,
antibodies, conjugate, etc, ).
The acquisition of a Elisa Kit Will make possible to determine the IgM antibodies,
indicative of recent RVF virus infection in the selected sentine1 herds and to
determine the overall seroprevalence of RVF in the countries.
2.3.4.The capacity of these two laboratories for viral diseases diagnosis must be
improved and for Dr Macharia, head of virology section in Kabete since 1992, the
main problems are the followings:
(a)
the virus isolation in tissue culture is dependent on cells, eggs supplies from
the Vaccine Production unit (or KEVEVAPI),
(b)
the power failures were the cause of losses of reference viruses, diagnostic
reagents, serum bank, tissue culture and equipment breakdown,
(c)
during our visit, the virology section was in renovation(painting) and all the
equipment and activities were moved to the pathology building. For the next
move to the virology section, we proposed a lay out (see annexe)after
discussion with Dr Macharia, head of the section in order for him to carry out
safely RVF diagnostic in the laboratory.
And we propose the following improvements:
(d)
for the virus isolation in tissue culture, the virology section should be sufficient
through provision of a small tissue culture unit and a vehicle for collection of
primaiy cell cultures,
(e)
The purchase of RVF IgG and IgM Elisa Kit is the unique obstacle to carry out
the Elisa test in Kabete and Dar-es-Salaam veterinary laboratories,
(9
For the constant electrical power failures, the installation of generator or the
connection with the Vaccine Production Unit’s generator Will be very helpful.
In spite of these problems, the diagnostic and investigations activities in the virology
section continued in parternship with the Kenya Agriculture Research Institute or
KARI (Drs Soi and Ngichabe) for confirmation for RVF (virus isolation and Elisa test),
Lumpy Skin Disease (PCR test , Dr Binepal). In KEMRI (Kenya Medical Research
lnstitute), they are facilities for diagnosis of human specimens by Elisa IgG and IgM.
In Tanzania, there is no facilities for RVF diagnosis or animal viral diseases outside
the Central Veterinary Laboratory in Dar-es-Salaam.
2.4.Selection and sampling sentine1 herds:
2.4.1. RVF surveillance cari be accomplished by a variety of approaches including
case finding, serological survey, aftempts at virus isolation in animal or entomological
specimens, and geographical and meteorological information systems.
Data obtained from satellite imagery Will help to predict and prevent future RVF
epizootics or epidemics; however, such data is expensive and Will therefore be used
in association with classical serosurveys based on domestic ruminants which are
sensitive, inexpensive detection tools. We chose a serological surveillance system
according to
local conditions,
specially herdowners agreement,
cost a n d

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effectiveness. herds are selected SO as to be representative of the areas under study
and enough sensitive to detection of RVF virus re-emergence.
2.4.2. The serosurvey of domestic ruminants appeared for us to be the most
convenient way to detect any RVF virus activity even at a low ievel. Cattle herds were
selected from the Central, Eastern, Rift valley provinces of Kenya and from the
Arusha region (Monduli, Ngorongoro, Simanjiro districts) and the Kilimanjaro region
,
(Hai District) of Tanzania. The cattle was preferred to the other domestic ruminants
(sheep and goats) because the farmers are more prompt to report abor-tions and still
births in cattle.
The owners were asked to participate in the surveillance of the Rift valley fever. In
return for their help or their motivation , they receive a free veterinary service and a
limited amount of veterinary drugs, like anti-helmintics and antibiotics.
For each herd, 30 animals were selected for bleeding and periodic rebleeding. The
owners were asked to provide Young animals (of one year old) which had no
experience of the last 1997-1998 Rift valley fever outbreak. SO, these animals must
be born after September 1998 and not infected by the RVFV (be without specific
antibodies and sero-negative). Cattle are ear-tagged for identification and their ages
are estimated by teeth examination.
The animals are bleeded from external jugular vein and visited four times (with re-
bleeding) throughout the year, during the two raining seasons, March to May and
October to December in order to investigate the evolution of RVF viral IgM and
neutralizing antibodies and clinical signs like abortions and still births. Vaccination
history,
environmental and geographical informations (rainfall, presence of
mosquitoes,) were taken.
Migration movements and purchase of animals histories must be obtained on all
herds and these information must be confirmed by local veterinary offices.
During the visit, the selected herds were the followings:
(a)
In Kenya:
Eastern province, near Tanzania border
Herd 1: Machakos Veterinary farm:
altitude: 2124 m, latitude: 1” 40 00 South, longitude: 37” 20 00 East
Rift Valley Province
Herd 2: Naivasha NAHR veterinary farm:
Altitude: 1899 m, latitude: 0” 60 00 South, longitude: 36” 50 00 East
North Rift Valley Province, near Uganda border
Herd 3: Macheo farm Ltd:
Altitude:1893 m, latitude: 1” 00 00 North, longitude: 35” 00 00 East
Central Province, near Nairobi district
Herd 4: Sukari ranch :
Altitude: 2146 m, latitude: 1” 00 00 South, longitude: 37” 00 00 East
In Kenya, we selected exotic breeds of exotic livestock (Friesian, Aryshire croos)
which are considered to be more susceptible than indigenous breeds (Zebu).
The North-eastern province was not visited because some of the districts were
insecure and required armed escort to visit their rural areas.
(b)
In Tanzania:
Arusha Region, near Kenya border
Herd 1: Longido village:
Altitude: 2629 m, latitude: 2” 00 00 South, longitude: 36” 00 00 East
Herd 2: Olbabal village
Altitude:1484 m, latitude: 03” 00 08 south, longitude: 35”30 04 East
Herd 3: Terat village
Altitude:1472 m, latitude: 03” 54 61 South, longitude: 36”34 64 East

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Kilimanjaro Region, near kenya border
Herd 4: KNCU Molomo farm:
Altitude: 1276 m, latitude03” 09 25 South, longitude:37”02 21 East
In Tanzania, except the Molomo farm with exotic breed (Aryshire), the animals
tagged were indigenous (Tanzania short horn zebu)
Table2: Sentine1 herds established through bleeding and tagging animals in areas at
*
risk of Rift Valley fever in Kenya.
-
Provinces
Districts
Villages
Date of visit
Nb of animals
-
<II
Eastern
Machakos
Machakos
1/12/1999
30
-
Veterinarv farm
Rift valley
Naivasha
Naivasha NAH
2/12/199
30
---.
Veterinarv farm
North Rift
Eldoret
Nabwera’s farm
3/12/1999
Not done
Valley
_--- ~-
Central
Thika
Sukari Ranch
4/121199
30
-
-
-
-
Total
1 4 districts 4 villages 4 days 90 animals
I
-
Table 3: Sentine1 herds established through bleeding and tagging animals in areas at
risk in Tanzania.
Regions
Districts
Villages
Nb of animals
Arusha
Monduli
Longido
Ngorongoro
Olbalbal
~-
Simanjiro
Terat
14/12/1999
30
-~~-
Kilimanjaro
Hai
KNCU Molomo
14/12/199
farm
-
Total
4 Districts
4 villages
4 days
/
1
123
/
.i
-
---_-I--.--- ~-----__,
x

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In conclusion, to determine wether RVF virus continues to circulate among domestic
ruminants in Kenya and Tanzania, individual calves from herds throughout the
I
affected areas were sampled sequentially and RVF viral antibodies measured. The
analysis of the 123 sera collected in Tanzania by RVF IgM Elisa and VN tests in
Laboratoire national de I’Elevage et -de Recherches Vétérinaires de Dakar, Sénégal
revealed no IgM antibodies, indicative of recent viral infection but some of sera were
positive in VN antibodies.
111.
CONCLUSIONS:
3.1.
Sentine1 herds have been established in areas at risk in Kenya and Tanzania
for an early warning system for RVF and other TADs. They have already
produced results showing that there is no recent RVF virus circulation ( 123
bovine sera negative for IgM antibodies) in the regions of Arusha and
Kilimanjaro of Tanzania.
3.2.
In Kenya, exotic breeds are chosen because they are considered to be more
susceptible to RVFV infection, SO outbreaks are likely to be more severe when
they are involved in the epizootics. Moreover, the owners are more prompt to
report abortion and still births in cattle.
3.3.
Some Villages or sites were chosen (e g longido village) to be close to
country’s borders because of the uncontrolled animal movements, the
countries are vulnerable to trans-boundary diseases. A consideration is given
to survey the wildlife (olbalbal village located in the Ngorongoro Conservation
Area).
3.4.
The Central Veterinary Investigation Laboratory in Kabete and The Virology
Department of Animai Diseases Research Institute in Dar-es-Salaam have the
laboratory equipment of performing the RVF techniques which are required for
isolation and serology.
3.5.
A specific RVF diagnosis was chosen with Elisa assay. This diagnostic permits
separation of IgG and IgM; and IgM are a valuable indicator of recent
infections with or without abortion in the herds. The acquisition of Elisa is the
only obstacle to carry out this test in the East-african visited veterinary
laboratories. They are used to perform this test for rinderpest surveillance
since many years.
I
3.6.
The Vaccine production Unit (KEVEVAPI) at Kabete is capable of preparing a
modified live RVF virus vaccine in adequate quantities to meet the
requirements of Kenya and Tanzania. This could be done in relatively short
time. The vaccine (Smithburn strain) is totally safe in cattle and non pregnant
sheep and goats.
IV.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
We recommend:
4.1.
That emergency TCP funding be maintained to meet the urgent needs for the
current situation, which follows the 1997-1998 RVF epidemic on livestock in
East Africa.
4.2. That FAO should consider maintaining the funding of this TCP project to
sustain the early warning system established with the sentine1 herds, and to
continue the epidemiological investigations to understand the real effects of
the El Nino rains of 1997-I 998 in Kenya and Tanzania.

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4.3.
That FAO should consider the acquisition of RVF IgG ang IgM Eiisa Kit as the
main obstacle for establishing the RVF Elisa diagnosis in Ëast Africa. A Elisa
RVF IgG and IGM Kit from South Africa is available and the test was recently
conducted successfully in some west african veterinary laboratories (in
Bamako and in Dakar). This test permits to detect IgM antibodies, valuable
indicator of recent viral infections in the sentine1 herds. One kit cari test 1000
Sheep, Goat and Bovine sera for IgG or IgM antibody detection.
4.4.
That testing of serum samples collected for Rinderpest or RVFsurveillance that
could provide an indication of geographical distribution of RVF in the country
and could be used to assist in identifying areas at of future outbreaks.
4.5.
That funding be given (if requested) for a vaccination campain against (early
interventions cari be undertaken and major outbreaks avoided)
4.6.
That consideration should be given to establish the Central Veterinary
Investigation taboratoty of Kabete as Regional FAO Collaborating Center for
Rift Valley in East Africa. There is no active veterinary laboratory in East Africa
to investigate problems caused by RVF. It cari provide laboratory and
manpower expertise for the region.
4.7.
That national governments should provide enough financial support with
operational funds for field studies and also to caver expenses for electricity,
water and telecommunication facilities, and to maintain rehabilitation of
laboratory facilities e g the virology section in kabete Veterinary t-aboratory.
4.8.
That co-ordinating group (with veterinarians, physicians, entomologist,
farmers, etc, ) for RVF be established to facilitate the rapid planning, co-
ordination and implementation of surveillance and control activities.

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V.
ANNEXES:
Annexe 1.
Terms of Reference
Annexe II.
Activities during the mission in Kenya and in Tanzania
Annexe Ill.
List of personnel in Virology sections in Central Veterinary
Laboratory Kabete and Animal Diseases Institute in Dar-es-
Salaam
Annexe IV.
List of equipement in Virology sections in Central Veterinary
Laboratory Kabete and Animal Diseases Institute in Dar-es-
Salaam
Annexe V.
Proposed layout in Virology sections in Central Veterinary
Laboratory Kabete and Animal Diseases Institute in Dar-es-
Salaam
Annexe VI.
Herd Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever surveillance by
sentine1 herds in Tanzania and Kenya
Annexe VII. Technics for diagnosis of Rift Valley fever
Annexe VIII. Photograh of scene of bleeding Aryshire calves in Machakos
Veterinary Farm, Eastern Province , Kenya
Annexe IX.
Photograph of scene of bleeding Massai Zebu calves in Longido
viliage, Arusha Region, Tanzania
Annexe X.
Consumption of RVF live vaccine in Kenya from 1989 to 1999.
Annexe Xl.
RVF surveillance project in Kenya and Tanzania (2000-2004)

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Annexe 1.
Terms of Reference
Under the overall supervision of the Chief, TCOR and the technical guidance of the
Chief, AGAH, Headquarters and in close collaboration with the Project Co-ordinator,
I
the incumbent Will:
(1)
Investigate the possibilities for the establishment of a sero-monitoring program
in sentine1 herds/flocks in RVF prone areas of Tanzania and Kenya and draw
1
up concrete plans for the initiation and management of such a program;
(2)
Draw up work plans according to which such program Will function, including
costs: over a period of five years;
(3)
Indicate the needs , both at laboratory and field level for the successful
execution of these programs;
-
(4)
In collaboration with the project co-ordinator, in vestigate the possibility of
establishing a sero-monitoring program in Uganda, and make appropriate
recommendations;
(I
(5)
Provided a detailed report on the findings of the mission and on further
recommendations to secure seromonitoring programmes in the region to the
project Co-ordinator and the Chief:AGAH for Distribution to the Veterinary
Services concerned.

---

Annexe II.
Y
Activities during the mission in Kenya and in Tanzania
25111 II 999
m
Departure from Dakar to Nairobi (via Addis Ababa), Flight ET 942,
2611 III 999
I
Arrivai at Nairobi, Flight ET 851,
Visit to the Project Co-ordinator Office in Centrai Veterinary Laboratory of
*
Kabete,
Discussion with Dr Maurice Kalunda, Regional Project Co-ordinator
(TCPIRAF/8821), on the RVF epidemiology in the region and identification of
‘I
possible areas for establishing sentine1 herds in Kenya,
27/1 I/l999
Discussion with Dr M Kalunda for a program for the fields visits for establishing
sentine1 Herds in four Districts (Thika, Machakos, Naivasha and Kitale) in
Kenya,
Departure of Dr M Kalunda to Rome (FAO Headquarters),
29111 II 999
Visit to the FAO Representation Office in Kenya
Discussion with MI- Mungay, Administrative Officer of FAOR in Kenya
Visit to Central Veterinary Laboratory of Kabete and presentation of the terms
of mission to Drs H.C.W. Mbugua, Senior Veterinary Officer and J.M.
Macharia, Head of Virology Section, and adoption of a definitive program and
the costs of fields visits in Kenya for establishing sentine1 herds in Kenya,
30/11/1999
Visit to the FAO Representation Office in Kenya with presentation and
I
agreement of the field visits program by the FAO-R of Kenya (Mr Mungay),
Visit to Coopers Pharmacy in Kabete for purchasing in ear tags, Vacutainer
tubes, needles and disinfectants,
Visit to the Thika District Veterinary Office, Discussion with Dr Mbutiti, Deputy
DVO and Planning of bleeding and tagging animals in the 4th sentine1 herd in
Kenya on Saturday 4, December by Dr Mbugua and his team of Central
1111
Veterinary Laboratory of Kabete,
I/l211999
Visit to the Machakos Veterinary Farm for bleeding and tagging animals in the
first FVR sentine1 herd in Kenya and discussion with Mr Pius M. Ndosi, Farm
manager,
Visit to The Machakos District Veterinary Office and meeting with Dr N.J
Mwang, D.V.0, T.M.Mwololo, Veterinary Officer Clinics and Hygien, Mrs F
Wambua, Animal Health Assistant and Mr D.Mutiso, Animal Health Assistant,

---

, i l
*
2/12/1999
il
Visif to the National Animal Husbandry Research Centre (N.A.H.R.C) of
Navasha for for bleeding and tagging animals in the second FVR sentine1 herd
in Kenya and discussion with Dr S.N.O. Sinkeet, Centre Director, Mr Sitinei,
-
Livestock Officer and Mrs J. Kira, Animal Nutritionist,
Visit to the Naivasha Veterinary Office and review of animal diseases in the
-
district of Naivasha (Dr V. Wanjohi, Naivasha D.V.O. and Mr P. Mbau, Filing
Officer),
-
Visit to Veterinary Investigation Laboratory (V.I.L)of Nakuru and Review of
technics ,analysis results, animal diseases in the Rift valley Province with Dr
R.M Muriithi, Head of the VIL,
-
Visit to the Koibatek District Veterinary Office, District Head quarter in Eldama
Ravine, and discussion with the Dr Cheruiyot, D.V.0,
-
311211999
Visit to the Kitale Veterinary Office and discussion with Dr P.N. Ndungire,
I
Veterinary Officer Clinics, Dr Jacob Okumu Wangala, Animal Health Officer
and Dr C.N Nyongesa, Veterinary Officer In charge the Macheo Farm LTD and
planning of bleeding and tagging animals in the 3d sentine1 herd in Kenya on
II
Monday 6, December by Dr Nyongesa,
4l1211999
-
Departure from Nairobi to Dar-es-Salaam, Flight KQ 840,
6/1211999
Visit to the FAO Representation Office in Tanzania,
Discussion with Mr J.Yonazi, National Program Office; and J.P. Snell,
Administrative Officer of FAOR in Kenya,
Visit to National Veterinary Service of Tanzania and presentation of the terms
of mission to Drs Pomela, Epidemiologist, Dr K.M.Majaliwa, Tanzania PARC
Project Co-ordinator, Dr J.Buza, Head of Virology Department and C.M.
Ngeleja,
Visit to the Directory of National Veterinary Service of Tanzania and meeting
with Dr K.M. Majaliwa, Officer-In-Charge Vet Services
7112199Visit to the Virology Department with Drs J Buza and C.M. Ngeleja,
Presentation of the Terms of Reference, Review of the activities on RVF in
Tanzania and adoption of a definitive program and the costs of fields visits in
Kenya for establishing sentine1 herds in Tanzania,
Visit to the Tanganika Farm Association (TFA) in Dar-es-Salaam,
I-l

---

8J12/1999
Visit to the Animai Diseases Reseach Institute and meeting with Drs P.
Mkonyi, Director, L.Kagaruki, entomologist,
Visit to the FAO Representation in Tanzania and Contact by phone to F.A.0
Headquarters for authorisation of Funding the Field visits Program in Arusha
Region for establishing sentine1 herds in Ngorongoro, Simanjiro, Monduli and
Mwanga Districts.
-
911211999
Tanzania Independence Day
Review of the virology Department activities with Dr J Buza
1011211999
-
Visit to FAO Representation in Tanzania and Contact by phone to F.A.0
Headquarters (Mrs Niggeman) for authorisation of Funding the Field visits
Program in Arusha Region for establishing sentine1 herds in Ngorongoro,
Simanjiro, Monduli and Mwanga Districts.
Visit to Chemolab Diagnostics Limited for buying Tubes and needles
Departure From Dar-es-Salaam to Harusha With Dr J Buza, Head of Virolgy
111
Department,
Visit to Dr Kimaro, National consultant in TCP RVF. DVO Of Moshi, Tel 0811
-
65 1465,
11/12/1999
-
Visit to Dr Kimaro, National Consultant of The TCP Rift Valley Fever in
Tanzania, DVO of Moshi,
<I
Visit to Dr Morrel J.0, Officer in charge veterinary Investigation Centre,
Northern Zone, Arusha
Visit to Tanganika Farmers Association LTD in Arusha,
Visit to the DVO of Munduli District
1
12/12/1999
Visit to Longido Village, near kenyan border, for bleeding and taging the first
-
sentine1 herd in Tanzania with Reginalid Swai, Animal health Officer,
13/12/1999
I
Visit to Olbalbal village, in Ngorongoron district, For bleeding and taging the
second sentine1 herd with Dr Patrice Mattay, Veterinary field Officer;
Ii

---

14/12/1999
Visit to Terat Village, Simanjiro District, for bleeding and taging the third
sentine1 herd
Visit to Farm LTD Hai district, ior bleeding and taging the fourth sentine1 herd.
1 !SI 211999
Review field sampling procedures with Dr Morrel, Officer-In-Charge VIC
Arusha and all the participants to the field visits Dr Buza, Head of virology
Department and Mr Bwanga, Technician in Arusha VIC
Departure from Arusha to Dar-es-Salaam
16/12/1999
Collecting of field serum samples in the Virology Laboratory in Dar-es-Salaam
Visit to FAO Representation In Tanzania for final activities review with Mr
Monazi,
1711211999
Departure from Dar-es-Salaam to Dakar (via Nairobi and Addis Ababa)
181121199
Arriva1 in Dakar (Flight ET 963)

---

Annexe III.
list of personnel in Virology sections in Central Veterinary Laboratory Kabete
and Animal Diseases Institute in Dar-es-Salaam
A) Viroiogy Department, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar-es-Salaam;
(1)
Dr J. Buza, Veterinary Doctor, PhD Immunology, Head of the Virology
Department
(2)
Dr P. Wambura, Veterinary Doctor, Doing PhD Immunology in Australia
(3)
Dr C. Ngelaja, Veterinary Doctor, Msc Veterinary Public Health
(4
Mr G. Joshua, Senior Laboratory Technician,
(5)
Mr S. Bureta, Laboratory Technician,
(6)
Mr P. Mosha, Laboratory Technician,
Mr Z. Issa, l-aboratory Technician,
18;
Mr A. Meela, Laboratory Technical Assitant
(9)
Mr V. Mtalemwa, Genenra Worker
(10) Mr K. Msangi, General Worker
B) Virolgy Section, Central Veterinary Laboratory of Kabete, Kabete
(1)
Dr Joseph M. Macharia, Senior Veterinary Officer, Head of the Section,
(2)
Dr Jane M. Mbura, Veterinary Officer 1, Rabies Diagnosis and Elisa Serology,
(3)
Dr Jacqueline L. Kasiiti, Veterinary Officer II, Egg work, Elisa Serology and
Diagnosis of NCD, RVF and Gumboro Disease,
(4)
Mr Jack L. Omolo, Animal Health Assistant, Senior Laboratory technician,
Tissue culture and virus isolation,
(5)
Mr Stephen G. Gachem, Animal Health Assistant, Laboratory technician, Elisa
serolgy Rinder Pest,
(6)
Mrs Virginiah W Karinki, Animal Health Assistant, Laboratory technician, Egg
Work, virus isolation and harvesting, Elisa Serolgy,
(7)
Mr Eliud Muhia J, Laboratory Technician, Washing and Cleaning Glassware,
(8)
Mr Simon S. Sande, Laboratory technician, Tissue Culture,
(9)
Mr Joseph K. Kamau, Laboratory Technician, learning on the job,
(10) Mr Wachire, Laboratory Technician, learning on the job,
(11) Mr Elfasi A.Karani, Animal Health Assistant, Laboratory Technician, learning
on the job,
C) Budget for one field visit for Rift valley fever surveillance by sentine1 herds in
Kenya
(1) Activities Program
Day one:
Visit to the District Veterinary Office of Thika (Central Province)
Visit to the Sukari Ranch for bleeding ear-tagged animals
Day Two
Visit to Machakos Veterinary Office (Eastern Province)
Visit to Machakos Veterinary Farm for bleeding ear tagged animals
17

---

Day Three
P
Visit to Naivasha Veterinary Office
Visit to NAHRS Veterinary farm for bleeding ear-tagged animals
Visit to Nakuru Veterinary Investigation laboratory
II
Day Four
Visit to the District Veterinary Office of Kitale
Visit to the Macheo Ltd Farm for bleeding ear-tagged animals
Day Five
Review of Rift valley fever field samples with the DVOs of Kitale and Nakuru
Return to Kabete Central Veterinary Laboratory, Nairobi
il.
(2) Date of Visits of sentine1 herds throughout a Year in Kenya during the two raining
seasons (long rains and short rains):
First Visit on the first week of October
Second Visit on the third week of December
Third Visit on the first week of March
Fourth Visit on the third week of May
(3) Participants :
1 Scientist
1 Technician
1 Driver
1 Field Veterinary Office
(4) Travelling Expenses:
Vehicle Type 4X4 (Land Rover, Pajero)
Estimated distance to be covered
-
3,800 km
Fuel at a rate of 4 km/litre
950 litres
Cost of fuel at 49 Kshllitre
Ksh. 46,550
111
Estimated vehicle maintenance contigency
Ksh. 5,000
Sud total
Ksh. 51,550
(5) Subsistence allowances
d
3 persons at a rate of Ksh. 2,500 each for Five days
Ksh 37,500
-
1 person at a rate of Ksh. 3,500 each for Five days
Ksh 17,500
Subtotai
Ksh55,OOO
-
(6)
Equipment and Consumables
Cost Ksh.
1 apparatus GPS
1,000
-
200 plain Venojet Tube
3,000
1 Box of 100 Venoject needles
800
3 needle holders
60
II
1 box of disposable obstretrical glove
1,000
1 box surgical glove
800
1 roll cotton wool
500
200 Adhesive Label
1,000
IX

---

200 cryo-vials
3,000
100 polypots
1,000
10 litres of antiseptics
2,000
10 litres Plastic cool box
4,000
1 ear tag applicator
3,500
200 ear tad
20,000
200 doses of Antibiotics
500
200 doses of Anthelimintics
500
Sub total
42,660
-
Total estimate of monetary expenses
149210 Ksh.
(Equivalent at 2,487 US dollars)
I
D) Budget for RVF surveillance in Kenya
(1) Field visit
-
- 4 field visits to the sentine1 herds (5 days per visit) per year: 10,000 US Dollars
(at a rate 2,500 US Dollars per visit)
- 2 fieid visit per year to suspect FVR outbreaks: 5,000 US Dollars
Subtotal:
15,000 US Dollars
-
(2) Purchase of FVR Elisa IgG and IgM Kit
- 1 Kit IgG per Year
2,500 US Dollars
I)
- 1 Kit IgM per Year
2,500 US Dollars
Su btotal:
5,000 US Dollars
-
(3) Purchase of RVF reagents for virus isolation and identification:
- Reference antibody and antigen for Fluorescent and Neutralization tests
1,000 US Dollars
- Media for tissue culture
2,000 US Dollars
- Chemicals
1,000 US Dollars
- Glassware
2,0000 US Dollars
Subtotal:
6,000 US Dollars
(4) Equipment
1 Freezer
1,500 US Dollars
1 GPS apparatus
2,000 US Dollars
Subtotal
3,500 US Dollars
(5)
Vehicle repair
3,000 US Dollars
Total budget per year :
32500 US dollars
Total budget for 5 years:
162,500 US Dollars

---

Annexe IV.
List of materiel in Virology sections in Central Veterinary Investigation
Laboratory of Animal Diseases Institute in Dar-es-Salaam
A) Virology Department, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar-es-Salaam:
(1)
Single Channel Micropipettors, IO-100~1, 50-200 ul and 100-1000 ul
(2)
Multi Channel Micropipettors, 5-50 ul (12 channels), 50-250 ul (12 channels),
and 5-50 ul (8 channels),
(3)
Shaker incubator
(4)
Orbital shaker,
(5)
Analytical Balance,
(6)
PH meter
(7)
Elisa Reader, Titer-teck Multiscan PLUS type 314,
(8)
Computer with Elisa Software, IBM PC 300 PL,
(9)
Magnetic Stirrer,
(10) Bench Centrifuge, Jouan C312,
(11) Bench Centrifuge, Heraeus Christ Laborage A,
(12) Pump, Millipoer XX 5522050,
(13) Pump, Arthur Pfeiffer Hochvakuum Technik,
W) Water bath, Memmert,
(15) Water Distiller, Fistreem Cyclon,
(16) De-ioniser, Elgastat Option 4 Water Purifier with reservoir,
(17) Generator,
(18) Balanec, Harvard Trip 2 Kg Ohaus,
(19) Walking Incubator,
(20) Sonicator, Soniprobe Type 7530A
(21) Laminar flow Safety cabinet, Glass II, InterMed MDHX2,
(22) Sterilizer fish Kettle, Caenaho B CCCP 1968 l-l,
(23)
Autoclave, Express Equipment,
(24)
Autoclaves, Webeco All X2,
(25)
Hot-air Oven, Gallenhamp,
(26)
Deepfreezer (-2OC),
(27)
Freezer (2OC),
(28)
Cold rooms,
(29)
Tissue culture incubator,
(30)
Microscopes,
(31)
Motor roller machine for tissue culture,
(32)
Equipment not available:
Elisa Washer,
Micro-Heamatocrit centrifuge,
Haematocrit reader,
Freeze-drier,
HomogeneiserlStomacher,
Incinerator
6) Virology Section, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Nairob
70

---

F V R
Isolation
Store-Roo
F V R
Office
S+*ra-Rnntnl
-_-.- . .- -...
Drvinn
-.J...~
- - --. .” ‘J
and
(ex Hot Room)
Elisa
and
I
and
I
Identification Virus
Computer
Isferilizing 1
1
---W--LI,,I..I..1
Out-Sidc
Bacteriology
Section
Side
F V R
SpecimenRoom
FAT
Rinder-Pest Media
Cell culture and
and
Elisa
Preparation
Inoculation
Animal Inoculation
Figure N”I :
Proposed lay out of Central Veterinary
Investigation laboratory, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya

---

Annexe V.
Proposed layout in Virology sections in Central Veterinary Laboratory
Kabete in Nairobi
77
--

---

.,
Annexe Vi.
Herd Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever surveillance
Animal Diseases Research Institut?
Virology Department
P.O.BOX 9254
Dar-es-Salaam
Tel: 255 015 864369
E mail: Virolo~v(il).raha.com
*I
HERD Investigation Form for Rift Va Iley Fever Surveillance
1.
Date: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Il.
Owner information:
A) Name: .........................................................................................................................
B) Residence: Village or Farm:, .........................................
..District:. ........................................
Province or Region:. ........................................................................................
Ill.
Herd information:
A) Total Number: ...............
B) Species:
Goat: ............ ..Sheep: : ............ ..Cattle: ............. ..Other:. ................................
C) Production:. ...................................................................................................................
IV.
Environment information:
A) Climate or Vegetation: .................................... Rainfall: .......................................................
Latitude: .........................................................
Longitude: ..............................................
Altitude: ..........................................................
Temperature:. ...............................................
B) Presence of Mosquito: .....................................................................................................
C) Others faetors: ................................................................................................................
VI.
Clinical Information on Herd:
A) Number of animais affected: .............................................................................................
B) Signs and Symptoms observed:
Fever: ....................................................................................................................
Vomiting: ..............................................................................................................
Diarrhoea................................................................................................................
Bleeding: ...............................................................................................................
Nasal Discharge: .....................................................................................................
Cough: ...................................................................................................................
Jaundice: ...............................................................................................................
Anemia:. .........................................................................................
....... .........
Q
Abortion:. ............. ........ .......................................................
...........
............... ...
Lameness: ...........................................................................
..... .......
..........
Other Symptoms:. ....................................................................
.....
........ ............
C) Received Treatment or Vaccination: ..................................................................................
D) Other informations :__, .............................................
................................
........ ..........
VI. Laboratory Specimen Information:
A) Type of Specimen:
Blood (for serology): ..............................
......................
.....
........
.......
Blood (for virus isolation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....................
.........
..........
Organs:. ....................................
................. ......................
... ...............
.........
Others:. ............................................................
.........................
... ... ........

---

4
B) List Of sera for RVF serology for sentine1 Herd:
Lab No.
Tag No.
Species
Age
S e x e
C) Notes:
This Form Was completed by : Name et Function:
.................................................................................................
, ............. .............. .........
.................... .........................................................................................................
.........
..................
.............................

---

”
.
. .
..._““__._“”
.,..._
“_
..--,
---,
Annexe VII.
Technics for Laboratory diagnosis of Rift Valley fever
The RVF diagnosis cari be done in the field and by using laboratory methods.
1.
Field Diagnosis of RVF.
The features indicative of an outbreak of RVF are:
High mortality rate in lambs, calves and kids but a lower one in adults of those
species
High abortion rate among cows and ewes
Liver lesions at necropsy
An influenza like viral illness in man, specially in persons handling infective
material,
Suitable conditions for mosquitoes.
Laboratoty methods must be used to confirm the field diagnosis.
Ii.
Laboratory Diagnosis of RVF:
The specimens to be sent to the laboratory are:
The whole blood or paired serums
Tissue like liver, spleen and brain.
The specimens must be shipped frozen and packaged with wet ice at + 4°C.
2. ‘F . The Virus Isolation:
The samples are made into 10% suspension in nutrient broth containing
antibiotics(200 units of penicillin, 200 ug of streptomycin and 5 ug fungizone per ml)
and clarified by low speed centrifugation.
A sample of material is stored below -70°C for confirmation of any virus isolation.
The fresh material is inoculated intracerebrally (0,05 ml) into alitter (up tosix)one or
two days old suckling mice for each sample; or into tissue culture tube of vero cells or
BHK celis (0,l ml per tube) and rolled at 37°C.
The brain is harvested from ill mice or after 10 days and is repassed through suckling
mice. If a cytopathic effect (CPE) develops, the cells and fluids are harvested and
repassed (after storing a sample at - 70°C) through tissue culture tubes.lf no
cytopathic effect develops, the material is repassed after 5 to 7 days. Virus isolated is
identified by FAT test or virus neutralisation test.

---

.
..x
-.
_.” . . . .._
-.
2.2. Virus neutralisation test (VN test)
The VN test for RVF is carried out with sterile techniques in 96 well microtitre plates
treated to allow the growth of tissue culture.
2.2.1. Serum for test:
Inactivate the sera at 56°C for 30 mn-
Predilute the sera at 1/20(mix 10 ul of serum with 190 ul of medium used as diluent)
Dilute each serum at 1/40, 1/80 and 1/160(use 3 Welles fro each serum(serum test;
serum control positive and serum control negative)
2.2.2. Virus :
The virus to be used is Smithburn strain which is diluted to contain 100 TCIDSa per 50
ul.
2.2.3. Diluent:
The diluent is MEMG +lO% fœtal calf serum(FCS.)
2.2.4.: Cells:
The tissue culture cells are Vero cells at a concentration of 2.105 cells per ml.
2.25. Controls:
(a)
Cells control: These Wells receive cell suspension and diluent only
(4
Positive serum control: These Wells receive positive serum serum diluted at
1140, 1180 and I/l 60, plus virus and cells.
(4
Negative serum control: These Wells receive negative serum diluted at
1/40,1/80,1/160,
plus virus, plus cells.
(dl
Virus control: These Wells receive virus diluted at 1 Oo, 1 O’, 1 02, 1 03, 1 04’ , four
Wells per dilution, the concentration used in the test being 10’ .
2.2.6. sequence of test:
The reagent are added to microtiter plates in the following order:
(a)
50 ul of serum diluted at 1/40,1/80, 1/160.
(b)
50 ul of virus with 100 TCID50
( c ) S h a k e .
Cd)
Incubate 60 mn at 37°C.
ce>
100 ul cells at 2.105 cells per ml.
(9
Incubate five days at 37°C in a carbon dioxide incubator.
(9)
Cytopathic effect (CPE) should be clearly observed in negative serum control
and virus control.
(h)
Calculate 50% endpoints using the method of Reed and Muench.
(0
A positive is considered positive when no CPE is observed at dilutions
1140,1/80,1/160.
2.3. Elisa test
(Method using for the RVF Elisa Kit of National Institute for Virology, South Africa)
23.1. IgG antibody detection
2.3.1 .l. Reagents and Chemicals
Anti RVF Hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluid(HMAF),
RVF antigen
Control antigen,
Anti-sheep IgG conjugate(HPRO0)
Positive serum control
Negative serum control
PBS
Skimmed Milk Powder
Wash buffer
TMB substrate

---

. -
. ~
_
__
- , _

_^.
. -
-
_
.-
...__”

_
, . . . ”

.,,.-_
Stop solution
2.3.1.2. Sequence of the test:
(a)
Coat plate with 100 ul coating antibody(HMAF) diluted at 1/2000 and incubate
ovemight at +4”C and wash three times.
(b)
Block using 200 ul well 10% skimmed milk/PBS and incubate 1 h at 37°C and
wash three times.
(c)
Add 100 ul of RVF and negative control antigen diluted at 11400 and incubate
1 h at 37°C and wash three times.
(d)
Add 10 ul test and serum diluted at I/l00 to RVF and control antigen and
incubate 1 h at 37°C and wash three times.
(e)
Add 100 ul anti-sheep IgGHPRO conjugate diluted at 1/4000 and incubate 1 h
at 37°C and wash three times.
(9
Add 100 ul of TMB substrate and place 10 mn in dark at 22°C.
(SI
Add 100 ul of Stop solution.
v-c
Read the Optical Densities at 450 nm.
A net OD value of >=0.400 is considered positive in IgG.
2.3.2.lgM antibody detection:
2.3.2.1. Reagents and Chemicals:
Anti-sheep IgM antibody
RVF antigen
Control antigen
Anti RVF hyper-immune mouse ascitic fluid (HMAF)
Anti-mouse immunoglobuli conjugate (HPRO)
Positive seruni
Negative control serum
PBS
Wash buffer
TMB substrate
Stop solution
2.3.2.2. sequence of the test:
(a)
Coat plates with 100 ul capture antiboby (anti-sheep IgM) dikrted I/l000 and
incubate overnight at +4”C and wash three times.
(4
Block with 200 ul with 10% skimmed milk with PBS and incubate 1 h at 37°C.
(4
Add 100 ul of test ant control sera diluted at I/l 00 and incubate 1 h at 37°C
and wash three times.
(4
Add 100 ul of RVF and control antigen diluted at 11400 and incubate 1 h at
37°C and Wash three times.
(e)
Add 100 ul anti-RVF HMAF diluted at 1/4000 and incubate 1 h at 37°C and
wash three times.
(9
Add 100 ul anti-mouse IgG HPRO conjugate and incubate 1 h at 37°C and
wash three times.
(9)
Add 100 ul TMB and place 10 mn in dark at 22°C.
(h)
Add 100 ul of Stop Solution.
(0
Read at 450 Nm.
The optical density value recorded for each serum dilution with control antigen is
substrated from OD value recorded with RVF antigen to obtain net ajusted OD value.
Net OD values of >= 0.44 are considered positive.
77

---

Photograph N”I :
Scene of contention of croosbreed calves in Machakos Veterinary
Farm, Machakos District, Eastern Province, Kenya

---

Photograph N”2:
Scene of bleeding of Zebu calves in longido Masai’s
village, District of Mondulo, Arusha region,Tanzania

---

Annexe X
Rift valley fever vaccine annual consumption in Kenya
1989
26,000 Doses
Districts (6)*:
Isiolo, Laikipia, Naivasha,
Nakuru, Nanyuki, Kisii
1990
48,900 Doses
Districts (8):
Nakuru, Naivasha, Narok,
Kiambu, Laikipia, Thika,
Machakos, Neiryuki
1991
34,300 Doses
Districts (6):
Nairobi, Nyahururu, Nanyuki,
klambu, Naivasha, Nakuru.
1992
2,000 Doses
District (1):
Nakuru
1998
170,600 Doses
Districts (11):
Nakuru, Kimabo, Koibatek,
Kitale, Mandera, Tana River,
Ngong, Maraguc, Mayale,
isiolo, Nyeri
1999
8,200 Doses
Districts (4):
Thika, Nakuru, Laikipia,
Naivasha
* Districts (number of Districts)

---

m
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION
Cour-dry: Kenya, Tanzania
Project Title: Emergency Support For Rif? Valley Fever Surveillance and Control
Project Number: TCPIRAF18821 (E)
II)
Starting Date: January 2000
Completion Date: December 2004
m
Government Ministry responsible for Execution: Ministry of Agriculture
FAO Contribution:
327,000 US Dollars
(without Direct Operations Expenses)
p

---

JUSTIFICATION:
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, febrile, contagious arthropod-borne zoonotic
disease caused by a bunyavirus of the genus of Phlebovirus. It causes high rates of
abortion and neonatal rnortality in “sheep, goats and cattle. Other species are
II
susceptible to a much lesser extent. Susceptibility to infection and to disease
decreases with age; a high mortality rate of 95-100 % may occur in lambs and kids
less than 1 week old. Man are susceptible and cari be infected by direct contact with
ill animals or infected materials (blood, organs, etc, )
The disease is confined to Africa in areas associated with dense populations of
-
vector mosquito species. Periodic outbreaks have been described in East Africa
since the 1930’s. The cost of these was enormous in the taurine breeds, improved
cattle and the sheep breeds which have been developed in this region.
I
The most recent RVF epizootic in Kenya (1997-1998) was associated with heavy rain
related to an El Nino event. The rains were 60-100 times the seasonal average and
provided ideal conditions for breeding of insect vectors of animal and human
II
diseases. Livestock losses of up to 70% in goats and sheep and 20-30% in cattle
were observed. During this epidemic, WHO reported that as many a5 360 persons in
Kenya and 460 in Somalia have died and noted a lack of disease surveillance and
laboratory diagnosis capacity.
These recent epidemic and epizootic manifestations in East Africa prompt us to star-t
a serosurvey of RVF in domestic animal from Kenya and Tanzania to annually
assess the risk for animal and to detect any RVF virus activity even at low level.
II.
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT:
The main objectives of the project are:
,a
(a)
to establish technical base for RVF diagnosis and research in the veterinary
laboratories in the region,
(5)
to continue to monitor EVF virus activity in East Africa by the establishment of
a system of identified sentine1 animais in areas at risk of Kenya and Tanzania.
I)
Ifl.
WORK PLAN OF THE PROJECT:
The current TCP/RAF/8821(E)
is in place and the objectives would be apply during
the extension period (2000-2004):
3.1. Year 2000:
(a) January to March:
-
Introduction of the diagnosis tool of RVF by Elisa method using the Elisa FVR IgG
and IgM Kit purchased from South Africa,
-
Testing of the first serum samples collected from the sentine1 herds during the
initial visits in December 1999 in order to determine wether RVF virus continues
to circulate among domestic ruminants in Kenya and Tanzania after the 1997
1998 outbreak.
(b) March to May (Long rains):
Visiting and Bleeding of sentine1 herds during the first week of March,
Testing of serum samples to define the RVF virus activity at the beginning of
the raining season,
37

---

Visiting and Bleeding of Sentine1 herd during the third week of May,
Testing of serum samples to define the RVF virus activity at the end of the
raining season,
(c) June to September:
Study Visit to the Senegalese RVF surveillance program during the raining
season in West africa,
Vaccination of the staff involved in the RVF surveillance in Kenya and
Tanzania with 2-3 inoculations of killed human vaccine,
(d) October to December (Short rains):
Visiting and Bleeding of sentine1 herds during the first week of October,
Testing of serum samples to define the RVF virus activity at the beginning of
the raining season,
Visiting and Bleeding of Sentine1 herd during the third week of December,
Testing of serum samples to define the RVF virus activity at the end of the
raining season,
Mission of RVF consultant to assist RVF Surveillance planning, to review the
results and to assist with technical problems and introduce tissue culture
methods in the central laboratories.
3.2. Year 2001:
Continue with the RVF surveillance through visiting and bleeding sentine1
herds during the raining seasons, periods at risk,
testing sampies collected from sentine1 herds or collected for Rinderpest
surveillance,
Participation in a Scientific Meeting for the 2 project heads in Kenya and
Tanzania with presentation of the results of RVF surveillance
Mission of the consultant,
-
3.3.
Years 3 to Year 5
Continuation with the RVF surveillance through visiting and bleeding sentine1
herds during the raining seasons, periods at risk,
Participation in a Scientific Meeting or Workshop for the 2 project heads in
Kenya and Tanzania with presentation of the results of RVF surveillance
Mission of the consultant for evaluation of the RVF surveillance activities.
IV.
INPUTS TO BE PROVIDED BY FAO:
4.1. Personnel:
(a)
Consultants: A one month consultancy per Year to assist the RVF Surveillance
Planning, to assist with technical and other problems, to review the results
obtained and to help in the evaluation of the Project would be recommended.
w
Local staff: The project which operate with local Scientific and Technical Staff
!
f 1
would benefit from the availability of independent transport. The old vehicles
(ISUZU in Kabete, PAJERO in Dar-es-Salaam) could be allocated to the
.
project. These vehicles need reparation in order to run in the targeted areas
for RVF surveillance in Kenya and Tanzania. The estimated cost for vehicle
maintenance and reparation is 3,000 US Dollars per year per Vehicle (a total
of 30,000 US dollars for 2 vehicles for 5 years).

---

4.2.
Officia1 Travel:
(4
A study Visit,for the 2 .project heads (Drs Mbugua and Mbuza) in the
Senegalese RVF surveillance program by sentine1 herds would be
recommended.
(b)
Attendance at a scientific meeting would be useful.
4.3.
Equipment and supplies
(a>
2 Freezers: 3,000 US Dollars
2 GPS Receiver: 4,000 US Dollars
ib;
C
4 Elisa RVF IgG and IgM Kits per year 10,000 US Dollars
(2 Kits per year and per laboratory, a total of 50,000 US Dollars in 5 years)
Cd)
Laboratory consumables: 6,000 US Dollars per year and per laboratory
(a total of 60,000 US dollars for the two labs for 5years):
Media; biological reagents (reference sera and antigens, enzymes, buffers),
Glassware, etc.
4.4.
General and Operating Costs:
(a) 6 Field Visits per year and per laboratory: 2,500 US Dollars per visit
(a total of 150,000 US Dollars for the two labs in 5 years)
(b) Vehicie reparationand maintenance: 3,000 US Dollars per vehicle and per year.
v.
REPORTING:
The Project heads, Dr Mbugua in Kenya and Dr Mbuza in Tanzania, Will prepare six
monthly reports on their activities and the results obtained, giving any conclusions
and recommendations. They Will also prepare terminal reports, in accordance with
TCP procedures for finalkation and submission io the governments of Kenya and
Tanzania.
VI.
GOVERNEMENT CONTRIBUTION:
The governments of Kenya and Tanzania Will provide the laboratory facilities and
services for the execution of the project at the Central Veterinary Investigation
Laboratories of Kabete and Dar-es-Salaam.
These are :
Buildings and laboratories facilities at Kabete and Dar-es-Salaam,
[bi
Some laboratory materials
w
Some transport facilities,
Cd)
General services for water, electricity and telephone,
(4
scientific and technical staff

---

. . . _
.._....-.. -.
VII. PROJECT BUDGET COVERING THE FAO INPUTS
(IN US DOLLARS)
Countries: Kenya and Tanzania
Project No: TCP RAF 8821 E
Duration: 2000-2004
Budget:
Personnel (Consultants):
20,000
Officia1 Travel:
10,000
General Operating Expenses:
180,000
(field visits, vehicle maintenance)
Supplies and Materials:
II 7,000
(Elisa Kits, Lab consumables, equipments)
Direct Operating Expenses:
Total:
.327,000 US DOLLARS
(except direct operating expenses):
--

---

Annexe VI.
Herd Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever surveillance
Animal Diseases Research Instituted
Virology Department
P.O.BOX 9254
Dar-es-Salaam
Tel: 255 0 15 864369
E mail: Vii-C7iC)~i--raha.corn
Ic
HERD Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever Surveillance
1.
Date:...12.12.199 9.. ........................................................................
II.
Owner information:
A) Name:Reginald Swai .....................................................................................................
B) Residence: Village or Farm:, .. Longido .................. ..District:Monduli .........................................
Province or Region:Arusha ... ,__. ......................................................................
Ill.
Herd information:
A) Total Number: ...............
B) Species:
Goat: 5331
Sheep:1378 ............. ..Cattle:7149 ............. ..Other:16 Camels ...
C) Production: Agropastoral... ..........................................................................................
IV.
Environment information:
d
A) Climate or Vegetation: Savanna, near a mountain ...... Rainfall: 96 mm(from 1 to 12 Dec 99). ........
Latitude:2”43 South .................................... Longitude:
..... .35”58 East ..................................
Attitude: .............................
........................... .Temperature: ................................................
B) Presence of Mosquito:Low presence of mosquitos .................................................................
.
C) Others factors:, ., High presence of ticks ..............................................................................
1.
Clinical Information on Herd:
A) Number of animals affected: ..............................................................................................
B) Signs and Symptoms observed:
Fever: ....................................................................................................................
Vomiting:. ...............................................................................................................
Diarrhoea: Yes (in kids): ...........................................................................
Bleeding: .................................................................................................................
Nasal Discharge: Yes............................................................................................
Cough:Yes ............................................................................................................
Jaundice: ................................................................................................................
Anemia:. ................................................................................................................
Abortion:Yes (in small scale) ....................................................................................
‘I
Lameness: ...............................................................................................................
Other Symptoms: ......................................................................................................
C) Received Treatment or Vaccination:Treatment for CCPP mainly using tetracyciles, anthelmintic
treatment
D) Other informations :. .........................................................................................
VI. Laboratory Specimen Information:
-
A) Type of Specimen:
Blood (for serology): 33 sera were collected from tagged zebu, Ayshire and Fresian cattle
and tested by VN and Elisa tests in Virology Service in Dakar, Senegal
Blood (for virus isolation). ...........................................................................................
Organs:. ..........................................................................................
.....................
Others:. ..................................................................................................................

---

...I.
. I _.-..
..-_
_
B) List Of sera for RVF serology for sentine1 Herd:
C) Notes:
Movements of animals insearch of pasture during dry season from August to September. Animals cari move
between 60-70 km from the village of origin
And all sera tested were negatlve rn IgM but 4 sera were positive in VN test, indicative no recent viral infection
This Form Was completed by : Name et Function: Reginald Swai, P.O.BOX 53 Longido, Monduli,
A r u s h a , T a n z a n i a . ._ .._
_. . . . . . . .
.__
_.

---

.
. *“.^-“..ss__
Annexe VI.
Herd Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever surveillance
Animal Diseases Research Institute
Virology Department
P.O.BOX 9254
Dar-es-Salaam
-
Tel: 255 0 15 864369
E mail: Vil-olo~y(li.~aha.conl
rl
HERD Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever Surveillance
II.
Date:...13.12.199 9.. ........................................................................
Owner information:
A) Name: Patris Mattay, P.O.BOX 1 Ngorongoro Crater, Arusha, Tanzania ........................
B) Residence: Village or
Farm:Olbaibal... .......................................
..District:Ngorongoro .................................
Province or Region:Arusha .....................................................................
Ill.
Herd information:
A) Total Number: ...............
6) Species:
Goat + Sheep: 53000 ............... Cattle:29 0 0 0 ......... Other: 19 camels, 3000
donkeys, wild life
C) Production:Pastoralits and movement of the animals to highlands during the dry season for good
pasture. .................................................................
.................................................
IV.
Environment information:
A) Climate or Vegetation:Savanna with forest and highlands
Rainfall: raining (but not records) ...
Latitude: 03”OO 08 South ...................... ..Longitude: 351~30 04 East ........................................
Altitude: 1484 Metres............... ..................... ..Temperature: ................................................
B) Presence of Mosquito:a lot of mosquitoes ........................................................................
C) Others factors:within ngorongoro conservation area and high presence of wildlife .....................
II.
Clinical Information on Herd:
A) Number of animals affected: 10 animals ..................................................................
......
B) Signs and Symptoms observed:
Fever:Yes. ..............................................................................................................
Vomiting:. ..................................
.............................................................
.........
Diarrhoea:Yes .............................................................................................
......
Bleeding:. ..................................
............................................................................
Nasal Discharge:Yes ...............................................................................................
Cough:Yes ...................................................................................................
.......
Jaundice: ...................................
........................................
.....................
.........
Anemia:Yes ..............................
................................................................
.....
-
Abortion:Yes .............................
...............................................................
Lameness:. ...............................
..............................................................
.........
Other Symptoms:Papilloma;
emaciation in calves .........................................................
C) Received Treatment or Vaccination: .......................................................................
..........
D) Other informations :RVF Outbreak late 1597 after el nino.. ....................................................
VI. Laboratory Specimen Information:
A) Type of Specimen:
Blood (for serology): 30 sera from Young zebu female and tested by VN and Elisa IgM rests in
Virology Service in Dakar, Senegal
Blood (for virus isolation) .........................
...........................................
__ __ ._
Organs:. ............ ..................
Others:. ..................................
................. ....................
....................
.......
-

---

B) List Of sera for RVF serology for sentine1 Herd:
C) Notes:
Mixed grazing between wildlife and domestic ruminants
Ail sera tested were negative for IgM antibodies but 4 were positive in VN antibodies, no indicative of recent
infection.
f
This Form Was completed by : Name et Function: Patrice Mattay, Veterinary field Staff, P.O.BOX 1,
Ngorongoro Crater, Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authorization, Arusha, Tanzania... _._ ._. ,_._

---

..-_
.-.,_
. _
.”
“._
___._--

.-_-
.._,‘..
,.
__
.
.._.a**,_
____
Annexe VI.
Herd Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever surveillance
Animal Diseases Research Institute
Virology Department
P.O.BOX 9254
Dar-es-Salaam
Tel: 255 015 864369
E mail: Virolo~~~~~.ïal7;i.col~~
HERD Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever Surveillance
III.
Date:...14.12.199 9.. ........................................................................
II.
Owner information:
I
A) Name:Maulid Yusuf Msuya ...............................................................................................
i
B) Residence: Village or Farm:Terat Village.. ................... ..District:Simanjiro ..............................
i
Province or Region:Arusha .............................................................................
III.
Herd information:
A) Total Number: ...............
B) Species:
Goatl6 0 0 0 .. .Sheep: 17 OOO:Cattle:20 OOO...Other: 70 Donkeys ........................
C) Production:Agro-pastoralist............................................................................................
IV.
Environment information:
c
A) Climate or Vegetation:Dry savannna (Steppe) ....... ..Rainfall: Normal ....................................
Latitude: 03’54 61 South ........................... Longitude:36”34 64 East .......................................
Altitude: 1472 Mettes ..................................... Temperature: ................................................
B) Presence of Mosquito: Moderate presence of mosquitoes ...................................................
C) Others factors: High tick challenge, Short rains from Nov to 1” Week January and Long rains from
Mid March to June ...............
3j ’
Ill.
Clinical Information on Herd:
A) Number of animals affected: ..............................................................................................
B) Signs and Symptoms observed:
Fever:Yes. ..............................................................................................................
Vomiting:. ...............................................................................................................
Diarrhoea:Yes, some cases ....................................................................................
Bleeding: .................................................................................................................
Nasal Discharge:Yes................................................................................................
Cough:Yes ............................................................................................................
Jaundice: ................................................................................................................
Anemia:Yes .................................................................................................
__, .........
Abortion:Yes (in cattle and goats) .................................................................................
Lameness:. ..............................................................................................................
Other Symptoms:L N Swelling .................................................................................
C) Received Treatment or Vaccination: Treatment with butalex and Antibiotics...........................
D) Other informations : Presence of wildlife(wildebeeste, Zebra) ................................................
VI. Laboratory Specimen Information:
A) Type of Specimen:
Blood (for serology): 30 sera of Young zebu Cattle and were tested in Virilogy srevice in
Dakar, Senegal
Blood (for virus isolation). ..........................................................................................
Organs:. .................................................................................................................
Others:. ...............................................................................

---

..<.
..,_,
.
._
_
. .._ __
6) List Of sera for RVF serology for sentine1 Herd:
C) Notes:
Poor condition of animals due to draught... ._. .__ ..__..... . .._._ .._ . . . . . . .._.. .__ . . . .._ ___._, ._. ,,_... .._.__ _., . .
All sera tested were negative in IgM antibodies and two sera were positive in VN antibodies, no
indicative of recent viral disease
This Form Was completed by :,Name et Function: Maulidi Yusufu P.O.BOX3044, Simanjiro Emberet,
Arusha, Tanzania... .,. ,,. .__
,.. .
__.
._,
.._
._.
.__
_..
_.. ___
.,. ___

---

^--
. .
Annexe VI.
-
Herd Investigation Forni for Rift Valley Fever surveillance
Animal Diseases Research Institute.-
I
Virology Department
P.O.BOX 9254
Dar-es-Salaam
Tel: 255 015 864369
E mail: Virolo~~(l~.ralla.coln
L
HERD Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever Surveillance
-
IV.
Date:...14.12.1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._...........................................
Il.
Owner information:
A) Name:Donald Tilisho. ....................................................................................................
8) Residence: Village or Farm:KNCU Molomo ..................... .District: Hai .................................
Province or Region:Kilimanjaro .....................................................................
Ill.
Herd information:
A) Total Number:. ..............
B) Species:
Goat:O ...... Sheep:O : ............... Cattle:280 ............. ..Other:. ................................
C) Production:Dairy Production (Ayshire breed) .....................................................................
IV.
Environment information:
A) Climate or VegetationForest and Grassland...Rainfall: 500-750 mm (et nino 900-1200 mm) .........
Latitude: 03”09 25 South ........................ Longitude:37”03 21 East ............................
Altitude:1 276 metres .......................................
Temperature: ................................................
B) Presence of Mosquito:High Challenge ..............................................................................
C) Others factors:High Tick Challenge ..........................................................................
IV.
Clinical Information on Herd:
A) Number of animals affected: ..............................................................................................
B) Signs and Symptoms observed:
Fever:Yes ...............................................................................................................
Vomiting:. ...............................................................................................................
Diarrhoea:Yes (in calves) ..........................................................................................
Bleeding:. ................................................................................................................
Nasal Discharge:Yes................................................................................................
Cough: ...................................................................................................................
I
Jaundice:Yes .........................................................................................................
Anemia:Yes ............................................................................................................
Abortion:Yes (during el nino). ......................................................................................
Lameness:Yes (in weaners and heifers) .....................................................................
Other Symptoms: ...................................
C) Received Treatment or Vaccination:vaccination for ECF, Treatmant for Anaplasma and babesia
D) Other informations :Mixed farm including Dairy, Coffe, Wheat and maize ...........................
VI. Laboratory Specimen Information:
A) Type of Specimen:
Blood (for serology):30 sera of Young dairy cattle Ayshire breed and were tested for ElisalgM
and VN tests in Virology Service in Dakar, Sénégal
Blood (for virus isolation).. .__ ._. _,
._ __
._.
._.
_.
._. ._
_.
_.
_.
Organs:. ._ ._ . ._. _. ._. __, ._ ._. _. _. ._ ._. _. ._ .__ __. ___ .__ ___ _. __. __
Others:... _. ___ ._. _._ ._. _.. .__ .__ __. .,_ _.
___ _._ .._ _.. ~.. ,.. _._ _.. ._. ._
-

---

a,*u_---.-.
_.*.
.,.a..
.
..-_
_I_.
6) List Of sera for RVF serology for sentine1 Herd:
Tag No.
Species
Age
Sexe
Serology Fvr
Observations
Do IgM (Titer VN)
/
1
9 0 2 3
Ayshire
1
F
0.051 ( 320)
2
160
Ayshire
1
F
0.105
3
159
Ayshire
1
F
0.014
4
5 0 2 6
Ayshire
1
F
0.019
1
5028
1
Avshire
l
1
1
F
I
0.02
/ Ayshire
1
F
0.053
Ayshire
1
F
0.045 (320)
, Ayshire
1
F
0.046
j Ayshire
1
F
0.027
1Avshire
1
F
0.059
I
/
11
19 0 2 0
1Ayshire
1
1
F
0.048
1 2
1 7 8 2 6
/ Avshire
I l
’ F
0.016
1 3
158
Ayshire
1
F
0.040
1 4
7825
Ayshire
1
F
0.025 (160)
1 5
5 0 2 2
Ayshire
1
F
0.032
1 6
7 8 2 7
Ayshire
1
F
0.072
1 7
157
Ayshire
1
F
0.013
1 8
147
Ayshire
1
l=
n w!
1 9
8 0 2 5
Avshire
1
F
0.051
179
1
F
0.025
178
1
F
0.005
I
33
l
1762
1
F
0.083
II”
t-5?---
/
Awchirn
1
F
0.027
, <”
I \\,U,“‘b
164
t Ayshire
1
F
0.023
1
Avchiw
1

/ 1’
t / F’
I

, n i-n2
Y.“,%”
’ *, “’ ‘.’ ”
2 6
1025
Ayshire
1
F
0.038
/-
2 7
165
Ayshire
1
F
0.004
2 8
166
Ayshire
1
F
0.019
2 9
177
Ayshire
1
F
0.009
3 0
168
Avshire
1
F
0.051
/I
3”;
Serum
1 .ooo
Positive
33
-
Negative
0.020
Serum
’
3 4
3 7
3 8
I
39
I
,
I
/
I
I
C) Notes:
The farm was very affected the 1997 RVF outbreak
All sera tested were negative in Elisa IgM but three sera were positive in VN tests at high tevef. no indicative of
recent viral infection
This Form Was completed by : Name et Function: Donald M Tilisho (L.F.0) Ltd, P.O.BOX 28,
Sanyajuu, Tanzania

---

___” ,__._t_.__,
“_”
.)___
“,_“”
_,,.___--
.._
_..

..-,._”
. - < . . - .
1----”
. ..._...”
.I..

*^““.“.
“*.<-_._
.
_““_dhi_._
.
Annexe Vl.
Herd Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever surveillance
I
Central Veterinary Laboratory
Virology Section, P.O.BOX Kabeté
II.
Nairobi, Kenya Tel: 2554 0 2 63 13 90, Fax 254 0 2 63 1 2 73,
E mail: machariajoeph-mwangi@hotmail.com
HERD Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever Surveillance
I
v.
Date:...1.12.1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II.
Owner information:
I
A) Name:Puis M Ndosi, Farm Manager, veterinary Farm of Machakos, P 0 BOX 311, Machakos,
Kenya, Tel 0145 21 500 ........................................................................................................
B) Residence: Village or Farm:Veterinary Farm of machakos ... ..District:Machakos .........................
I
Province or Region:Eastern ........................................................
III.
Herd information:
A) Total Number: ...............
B) Species:
Goat:O ............. ..Sheep:ll4 :...Cattle:99 ............. ..Other: ................................
C) Production:Dairy Cattle(Breed Gemsey, Ayshire, sahiwal) ................................................
IV.
Environment information:
A) Climate or Vegetation:Savanna and galery forestRainfall: .......................................................
Latitude: 1’ 30 00 South ............... Longitude: 37”20 00 East ....................................................
Altitude: 1646 metres .......................................
.Temperature:. ...............................................
B) Presence of Mosquito:High mosquitoes challenge ..................................................................
C) Others factors:Presence of tse-tse flics ............................................................................
-
V .
Clinical Information on Herd:
A) Number of animals affected: ..............................................................................................
B) Signs and Symptoms observed:
I
Fever: ....................................................................................................................
Vomiting:, ...............................................................................................................
Diarrhoea.................................................................................................................
Bleeding:. ................................................................................................................
Nasal Discharge: ......................................................................................................
Cough:. ..................................................................................................................
Jaundice: ................................................................................................................
Anemia:. .................................................................................................................
Abortion:. .................................................................................................................
Lameness: ...............................................................................................................
Other Symptoms: ......................................................................................................
C) Received Treatment or Vaccination: .....................................................................................
D) Other informations :. .......................................................................................................
VI. Laboratory Specimen Information:
A) Type of Specimen:
Blood (for serology): 30 sera-of Young dairy cattle (cross breed) born after september 1998
and are kept at -20 “C in Kabete Veterinary Laboratory and not tested yet.
Blood (for virus isolation)... . _. . . ___ ._. .._ ___. __ ._ .._ _. ._. .._ __. ._
Organs:. _.. .__ _. __. ._. ._ ___ _, ,_. _. ._. .__ . ._ __ _. __. ___ __. _. ___ .._ ___
Others:.
_.
_.
_.
_.
_.
_.

---

.,

..I.

“..^..
.
. . - ..‘-..m*
. N
”
. ”
._.
_w____,_:-I
6) List Of sera for RVF serology for sentine1 Herd:
I
C) Notes:
The 1997-1998 RVF outbreak caused abortions and mortalities in this dairy farm. The 30 sera are not
tested.
_
_.
__.
. . . .
__ _. . . . . . . _. ._. _. _._ . . . . . . . __ _~ . .
_.
_.
This Form Was completed by : Name et Function: Mr Pius M Ndosi, farm Manager, Veterinary Farm of
Machakos, P 0 Box 311, Machakos, Kenya, Tel 0145 21 500

---

Anm!xeVl.
Herd Investigation For-m for Rift Valley Fever surveillance
Central Veterinary Laboratory
Virology Section, P.O.BOX Kabete
Nairobi, Kenya Tel: 2554 02 63 li 90, Fax 254 02 63 12 73,
E mail: machariajoeph~mwangi@hotmail.com
HERD Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever Surveillance
1.
Date:...02.12.199 9.. ........................................................................
II.
Owner information:
A) Name:Samuel N Ole Sinkeet Hsc, Centre director, NAHRC, Naivasha, P 0 Box 25, Naivasha,
Kenya., ........................................................................................................................
B) Residence: Village or Farm:NAHRC Veterinary farm.. .. District:Nakuru ...............
Province or Region:Rift Valley .................................
Ill.
Herd information:
A) Total Number: ...............
B) Species:
Goat: ............... Sheep: : ............. ..Cattle: ............... Other: .................................
C)
Production:Dairy ...............................................................................................................
......
IV.
Environment information:
A) Climate or Vegetation:Savanna .................................. ..Rainfall:
.......................................................
Latitude: .........................................................
Longitude:
....................................................
Altitude: .........................................................
.Temperature: ................................................
B) Presence of Mosquito:high mosquitoes challenge ...............................................................
C) Others factors: a iot of ticks .............................................................
II.
Clinical Information on Herd:
A) Number of animals affected: ..............................................................................................
B) Signs and Symptoms observed:
Fever:. ...................................................................................................................
Vomiting:. ...............................................................................................................
Diarrhoea-...........................................................................................
....................
Bleeding:. ................................................................................................................
Nasal Discharge:. .....................................................................................................
Cough:. .........................................
.......................................................................
Jaundice: ...........
................
.............
... ................................................
,
/
Anemia: ...........................................................................................
......................
Abortion:. .............................................................................
__, ... .............................
Lameness:. ............. ................................................................................................
Other Symptoms: .................................................................................
,._ ..................
C) Received Treatment or Vacc++--’
I au”,, ......................................................................................
D) Other informations :. .......................................................................
................................
VI. Laboratory Specimen hiformation:
A) Type of Specimen:
Blood (for serology):30 sera were collected but not tested yet. They are kept at -20°C in
Kabete Veterinary Laboratory ,Nairobi
Blood (for virus isolation) ........................................................
.... ...... ......................
Organs:. ........................................................................................
.......................
Others: .......................
..........................................................
................................

---

_ , _
.I.ul-
.
...”

.
.<_.
I.
, . . . .
l_,.
I ’
, . ,
.
.
. . . ”

..”
, ,
_
B) List Of sera for RVF serology for sentine1 Herd:
Lab No.
Tag No.
Species
Age
Observations
I
I
I
1
1 2029
1Friesian
2
12031
1 Friesian
I 1
I
I
3
1
2034
1
Friesian
I
1
4
2 0 2 8
Friesian
1
5
2 0 3 5
Friesian
1
6
2071
Friesian
1
F---l-
7
2 0 3 9
Friesian
1
I

~ ~ ~ ~
I
12 0 4 2
1Friesian
1 1
8
9
1 2 0 4 6
/ Friesian
/ 1
I

--~
1 0
2 0 5 0
Friesian
1
-ï7
2051
Friesian
1
12
2 0 5 2
Friesian
1
I
1 3
2 0 5 5
Friesian
1
F
1 4
, 2 0 5 6
Friesian
1
F
ii
2 0 6 5
Friesian
1
F
1 6
8 3 7 5
Sahiwal
1
1 7
8 3 8 0
Sahiwal
1
la
8 3 8 4
Sahiwd
1
1 9
8 3 9 0
Sahiwal
1
2 0
8 3 9 9
Sahiwal
1
2 1
8 4 8 7
I Sahiwal
1
1
I
t
2 2
-
1 8 4 1 8
1Sahiwal
1 1
2 3
/ 8 4 3 3
1Sahiwal
F
I
2 4
8 3 6 7
Sahiwal
1
2 5
8 3 2 5
Sahiwal
1
-
-
-
2 6
8408
Sahiwal
1
2 7
8342
Sahiwal
1
2 8
8 4 2 3
Sahiwal
1
-
-
3 5
3 6
3 7
-----+-
3 8
3 9
4 0
-
C) Notes:
RVF outbreak in 1997-I 998 in the rift Valley
The sera were not tested.
This Form Was completed by : Name et Function: Dr S.N.O. Sinkeet, Hsc, Centre director, NAHRC,
Naivasha, P 0 Box 25, Naivasha, kenya... . . .__ . . .._.. . .._ ._. .._ .__ ______ .._

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P
Annexe VI.
Herd Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever surveillance
Central Veterinary Laboratory
Virology Section, P.O.BOX Kabeté
Nairobi, Kenya Tel: 2554 0 2 63 13 90, Fax 254 0 2 63 1 2 73,
E mail: machariajoeph-mwangi@hotmail.com
HERD Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever Surveillance
VI.
Date:...04.12.1999 . . . . . . . .,........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._...............
II.
Owner information:
A) Name: Dr Lucy Kamou, DVO Of thika or Dr Mbutiti, Deputy DVO, Thika, Kenya ............
B) Residence: Village or Farm:Sukari Ranch ..................... ..District:Thika ...................................
Province or Region:Central... .............................................................................
Ill.
Herd information:
A) Total Number................
B) Species:
Goat:. ............. .Sheep: :. .............. Cattle:. .............. Other:. ................................
C) Production: .....................................................................................................................
IV.
Environment information:
A) Climate or Vegetation: .................................. ..Rainfall: ......................................................
Latitude: 1 o 00 00 south ................................. Longitude: 37” 00 00 East ...............................
Altitude: .........................................................
.Temperature: ...............................
................
B) Presence of Mosquito: ..........................................
_, ..........................................................
C) Others factors: .........................................................................................................
......
Ill.
Clinical Information on Herd:
A) Number of animals affected: ..............................................................................................
B) Signs and Symptoms observed:
Fever:, ...................................................................................................................
Vomiting: ................................................................................................................
Diarrhoea’...........................................................................................
.....................
Bleeding:. ................................................................................................................
Nasal Discharge: ......................................................................................................
Cough: ...................................................................................................................
Jaundice: ................................................................................................................
Anemia:. .................................................................................................................
Abortion: ..................................................................................................................
Lameness:. ..............................................................................................................
Other Symptoms: ......................................................................................................
C) Received Treatment or Vaccination: .....................................................................................
D) Other informations :,__. .....................................................................................................
VI. Laboratory Specimen Information:
A) Type of Specimen:
Blood (for serology): 30 sera of Young tagged cattle born after the 1997-I 998 RVF outbreak
and are kept at -20°C in Kabete Veterinary Laboratory In Kabete...
Blood (for virus isolation).. ._ .._ .__ _. _._ ___ _.. ._. . ._. ._ _. _._ ._
Organs:.
_.
_.
_,
_.
_.
._
_. .
Others:.
_.
_.
_.
_.
_.
_,
_.
_.
_.
-

---

. .
.
.
.
^..
, . .
.
.
. ’
.“...

- . > .
.
._”

‘-*.lr~-_r.
Y
B) List Of sera for RVF serology for sentine1 Herd:
Sexe
2
3
4
I
I
5
6
l-7-----
.
7
8
-
9
-~
1 0
71
--~
1 2
1 3
111
1 4
.-
1 5
~ _-
1 6
~-.
17
r
2 0
2 1
-
77
t
- - - - - Y - -
-
-
C) Notes:
The site ws visted by the team the November 30th, 99 but not sampled during the visit.
These 30 animals are bleeded and tagged by Dr Mbugua and his team after my de parture from Kenya to
tanzania
The list of sera are kept in Laboratory Veterinary Laboratory in Kabete (with Dr Mbugua, investigation Officer)
The sera are kept in -20°C in kabete Veterianry Laboratory and not tested yet.
This Form Was completed by : Name et Function:
The informations are avalaible in Veterinary Laboratory in Kabete , Dr Mbugua, Investigation Officer, P
0 BOX Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya.

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Annexe VI.
Herd Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever surveillance
Animal Diseases Research Institute
Virology Department
P.O.BOX 9254
Dar-es-Salaam
Tel: 255 015 864369
E mail: ~irolo~yi~i)raha.com
HERD Investigation Form for Rift Valley Fever Surveillance
VII.
Date:...3.12.1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II.
Owner information:
A) Name:... DVO of kitale... .__ ,_. ,,. ___ _., . . ._. . . . .._
B) Residence: Village or Farm: Macheo Farm Itd. _. ..District: Eldoret-Kitale
Province or Region: North Rift Valley
III.
Herd information:
A) Total Number: ...............
B) Species:
Goat: ............. ..Sheep: : ............... Cattle: ............... Other:. ................................
C) Production: ....................................................................................................................
IV.
Environment information:
i
A) Climate or Vegetation: .................................... Rainfall: .......................................................
Latitude: 1” 00 00 North .................. .::..Longitude:.~35” 00-00 eassi .........................
Altitude: 1893 metres..................................... Temperature: ...............................................
B) Presence of Mosquito: .....................................................................................................
C) Others factors: ................................................................................................................
IV.
Clinical Information on Herd:
A) Number of animals affected: ..............................................................................................
B) Signs and Symptoms observed:
Fever: ....................................................................................................................
Vomiting:. ...............................................................................................................
Diarrhoea.................................................................................................................
Bleeding:. ................................................................................................................
Nasal Discharge:. .....................................................................................................
Cough:. ..................................................................................................................
Jaundice:. ...............................................................................................................
Anemia:. .............
. . .... ....................................................................................
Abortion: ..................................................................................................................
Lameness:
........................................................................................
......................
Other Symptoms: .......................................................................................
............
C) Received Treatment or Vaccination: ....................................................................................
D) Other informations :.__ .....................................................................................................
VI. Laboratory Specimen Information:
A) Type of Specimen:
Blood (for serology):... . _..
._ _.
._ __
.__ _.
._ __. _.
_.
Blood (for virus isolation)... _._ ._. _., ._. .__ .,. ._. _._ ._. ___ __. ._. ._. .._ ._
.._ ___ __.
Organs:. .
_.
_.
_.
_.
_,
Others:. _. . . . __ ___ _. . _.. _. _. _. _. _. _.
_.
_.

---

6) List Of sera for RVF serology for sentine1 Herd:
Lab No.
Tag No.
Species
Age
Sexe
Serology
Observations
(VN,
Elisa IgG-
Elisa IgM,
IHA)
1
2
3
C) Notes:
The animals in this private farm are tagged and are surveyed by the DVO of Kitale.The aniamls are bleeded by
the DVO of Kitale who is equiped in tubes and needles during our visit on December 3 th 99 in Kitale
This Form Was completed by : Name et Function:
The list of samples are kept by Dr Mbugua in Kabete veterinary laboratory, in Nairobi.

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