BULLETIN OF EPIZOOTIC DISEASES l 0.A.UJS.T.R.C....
BULLETIN OF
EPIZOOTIC DISEASES
l 0.A.UJS.T.R.C. l
March
1974
Vol. XXII
Mars
No. I
DIRECTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS
illustrations are reproduced only at the
author’s expense.
Contributions to the Bulletin are invited
on subjects relevant to the control of animal
Bibliographical references should be listed
disease with particular reference to Africa
in alphabetical order of first author or coun-
and papers should conform to the following
try (if annual report) at the end of the paper,
conditions.
c
and not numbered. Only those cited in the
text should be included. References cited in
A paper accepted for publication in the
the text should be inserted, as e.g. (Richards,
Bulletin of Epizootie Diseases of Africa is
1950) or “Richards (1950) showed”.
done SO on the understanding that it has not
previously been published nor Will be sub-
If the same author is cited more than once,
mitted for publication elsewhere without
his publications should be arranged in chro-
prior agreement with the Editor.
nological order in the list of references, and if
more than one publication of the same author
Papers should be typewritten on one side
in the same year of publication is included,
of the paper only in English or French.
the letters “a, b, c” should be added after
Double line spacing and adequate margins
the date in both the list of references and in
are desirable. The original and one carbon
the text.
copy are required.
References should include, in the following
Papers are accepted on the understanding
order, surname, initial of author(s), year of
that they are subject to minor editorial revi-
publication (in parentheses), World List ab-
sion to conform with the general principles
breviation of title of periodical (dotted under-
of format adopted by the Bureau.
line), volume number (arabic numerals
underlined), first page number. The title of
The title should be concise. The initials
the article should not be included.
and name of author(s) without professional
qualifications should be followed by the title
References to books should include name
of his post and the organisation and country
and initials of author(s), year of publication
in which the work described was carried out.
(in parentheses), the exact title (underlined),
town of publication, page number (if page
Papers should contain a summary, which
number specifically cited).
should be factual, should convey the contents
of the paper and should draw attention to
References to annual reports should state
new information and to the main conclu-
the country, year of reference, followed by
sions.
the name of the department or organisation,
e.g. Kenya (1955) An. Rep. Dept. Vet.
Headings and sub-heads should not be
Services, p. 50 (if specific page cited).
underlined. Binomial specific names and
other words to be printed in italics should
have a dotted underline.
Tables should be limited and be typed on
separate sheets of paper numbered conse-
Twenty-jive reprints of each article pub-
cutively, Table 1, Table II, etc. Figures, in-
lished Will be supplied free of charge. Order
cluding photographie prints, graphs, maps,
for reprints required in addition to the
etc., should be numbered consecutively,
author’s 2.5 free copies must be submitted
Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc., and attached at the end of
togerher with the manuscript. Original
the text. References to tables and figures in
articles should be sent to the Editor, Bulletin
the text should be by number and not to
of Epizootie Diseases of Africa; P.O. Box
“table below” or “figure below”. Coloured
30786, Nairobi, Kenya.
THE HELMINTHIC INFESTATIONS AMONG CATTLE IN THE
SENEGAL RIVER BASIN
G. VASSILTADES
Revue d’Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicau.x, 10, Rue Pierre-Curie, 94700 Maisons-
Alfort (Val-de-Marne).
For several years, the Senegal River
(2)
The Delta or the Lower Senegal re-
Basin has been the subject of various
gion: Above Dagana, the river breaks
applied research studies in every scientific
into
several
ltributaries-Lampsar,
field with the view lto exploring the econo-
Grorom, Kassak Djeuss, etc., and re-
mit potentials of the region.
joins in one main mouth just before St.
Some important agricultural projects have
Louis. The Delta ie associated with
already been carried out, while others, such
Lake Guiers which connects the main
as ,the rice and sugar cane industries, are
bed of the Senegal river at Richard-
being developed in the delta area. On the
Toll through Taod (see map).
river itself, highly ambitious schemes are
With the exception of the Northern
under consideration in order to control the
coastal zone, the entire region is within the
water entirely : Construction of dams and
sahelian zone known for its long dry sea-
canais, maintenance of ponds SO that they
son, lasting from November ,till June; and
have water a11 year around, etc.
the rainfall is particularly unfavourable
In the implementation of this compre-
(385 mm in St. LouPs; 300 mm in Podor;
hensive development programme, aotion to
500 mm in Matam (2).
further animal husbandry is also planned,
This hot and dry climate-under the in-
and in some areas, especially those sur-
fluence of the harmattan during the greater
rounding the newly constructed dams (l),
part of the year, favours a correspondingly
this programme could become part of the
scanty vegetation, mostly of thorny trees,
agricultural scheme.
dominated by different species of Acacia.
With this in view, a detailed study of hel-
During wintering, continuous caver of gra-
minthic infestations in cattle of fthis area, be-
minaceous graas develops, and this consti-
came necessary. Preliminary investigations
tutes the main pasture for the cattle (2).
have indeed led to the conclusion that para-
The livestock of the River Area is made
sitic diseases such as distomiasis, thelazia-
up of Senegalese zebu Peuls or Gobras, jthe
sis and digestive strongylosis very seriously
number of which is estimated, by the vete-
rinary services, at 720,000 head for the three
affect animals in the River area due to the
regions of Dagana, Podor and Matam (1).
particularly unfavourable ecological condi-
From 1963 (3) the Parasitological Depart-
tions.
ment of the National Laboratory for Vete-
The region under review consists of:
rinary Research in Dakar, conducted a
(1) The Fouta Senegalese or the “Fouta
Systematiç Survey of helminthic Iparasistic
toro”. This is the flooded area ot mthe
diseases in the Senegal River Area. These
Senegal River, from Bakel to Dagana,
epidemiological surveys which were carried
including the irrigated lands of Gualo
ont in the field, established the inventory
and the areas of Dieri, usually, at the
of helminthic parasites and their geograph-
mercy of seasonal rains.
ical distrinbution. The statistical evaluation
70
of the frequency and degree of parasitism,
The bovine ocular thelaziasis, transmitted
as well as 4he economical implications of
by the Spiruridae nematode, Thelazia
the infestation affecting development were
rhodesi is very rare. Its effect on the health
determined (4, 5, 6). The conclusions which
of cattle in this area cari be considered low.
were drawn from these investigations are
In January 1971, several cases of Thelazia
presented in the present paper.
infestation were recorded among calves in
Due to the existence of the fundamental
Thille-Boubacar. In Octdber 1971, only one
ecological differences (nature of the soil,
death due to blindness was reported in
hydrology, etc.), it is more convenient to
N’Dimbou. At M’Bane and Dagana, about
present the results in two parts; one dealing
20% of the animals suffered from thelazi-
with the Delta and ,the other with the River
ssis (5).
valley.
(2) Cestodes in Helminthiasis.
1. The Delta of the Senegal River
They are very rare. Only a few cases of
(1) Nematode helminths are particularly
monieziasis (Moniezia SP.) were diagnosed
widespread and the degree of paras&
in ‘M’Bane ‘(4% in calves) (5). ‘Some cases of
infestation is often very high.
cysticercosis (Cysticerus bovis) were record-
In October 1971, the following percent-
ed in slaughter houses.
ages of infestation were recorded: (5)
(3) Trematode Helminthiasis.
Cahes
Adults
The main nematode helminthiasis en-
Trichostrongylus Sp.
72%
47%
countered were the distomiasis, the pramph-
Haemonchus Sp.
88%
47%
isltomiasis and the schistosomiasis. These
Oesophagostomum
Sp. 56 ‘j%
41%
infestations
are
especially
widespread
Cooperia Sp.
56%
29%
among adult cattle and particularly Fasciola
Bonustomum Sp.
20%
17%
gigantica which attains 58 to 66% of infes-
Strongyloides Sp.
20%
0 %
tation (5).
(Eimeria Spp.)
7 6 %
34%
Statistics for October 1971 (5):
Strongylosis,
oesophagostomiasis and
calves
Adulis
bunostomiasis are common in calves and
Fasciola gigantica
4 %
58%
Paramphistomes S p p . 470
adult cattle, while Nstrongyloidosis mainly
35%
attaoks calves, in which intestinal coccidi-
Schistcwoma Sp.
0%
5 %
osis is ah0 very frequent.
With ispecial reference to F. gigantica, the
Calves therefore present a very serious
infestatiqn frequency during our investiga-
polyparasitism caused by lthe “strongyles-
tion in the regional slaughter houses varies
coccidia” association, a parasitic complex
according to the origin of the animals. The
which
is particularly pathogenic and
infestation frequency is either ni1 or very
undoubtedly responsiible for the high death
low among animals which drink directly
rate recorded each year among the calves of
from the Senegal River, upstream of
this region (10 to 20%). The pathogenic
Richard-TO11 : it is very high among animals
and harmful effects of this parasitic com-
frequenting the banks of Lake Guiers and
plex become apparent towards the end of
the Delta, and also among animals from
the dry season and at the beginning of the
Mauritania (see map).
wintering season, as the resistance of the
These observations are in agreement with
Young animals begins to weaken and rhe
the findings, obtained by way of systematic
intestinal parasites start to multiply.
coprological analysis which confirmed the
71
presence of F. gigantica in the Delta and
calves
AdZdfS
around Lake Guiers and also with the re-
Trichostrongylus Sp.
75%
30%
sults of the malacological investigation. In
Haemonchus Sp.
85%
55%
fact, lymnaea (intermediate hosts of F.
Oesophagostomum Sp. 45 %
30%
gigadca) and also “Bulinus” (intermediate
Cooperia Sp.
20%
5 0 %
a
hosts of schistosomes) were shown to exist
Bunmllomurn Sp.
5 %
5 %
around Lake Guiers, especially in Keur-
Strongylaides Sp.
10%
0 %
Momar-Sarr and in G’Nitu, and in the
(Eimeria Spp.)
95%
50%
Delta at tthe level of the dams leading to
Similar to the Delta region, this state of
Bound-oum (Lampsar, and Kassak) (5). It is
serious chronic polyparasitism is the cause
quite evident that the construction of dams
of the high death rate which is encountered
in these areas provided favourable breeding
especially in calves weakened each year by
grounds for the molluscs.
the hardship of ,the long dry season, to-
gether with the disastrous climatic condi-
II. The Senegal River Vdley.
tions.
(1) Nematode helminthiasis :
On the contrary, thelaziasis is of a most
The results obtained during our investi-
serions importance in the Senegal River
gations were essentiahy the same as those
Valley. It is very widespread among herds
recorded in the Delta with regards to tri-
inhabiting the areas stretching from Podor
chostrongylosis, oesophagostomiasis, buno-
to Matam, and its effects on the health of
stomiasis and strongyloidosis, all of which
the cattle cari be considered as serious. As
are associated with coccidiosis. However, in
it is evident from the Table below, the in-
spite of the higher incidence infestation, the
festation percentage of T. rhodesi cari be as
degree of parasitism is slightly lower.
high as 60% in an entire herd, with, in
Statistical Record for 1972 (6):
some cases, mass infestation containing up
Localities
Dates
%Of
I
Ocular infestations
infestation
Conjunctivitis
Karatitis
~-
Pador
15.3.72
0
Few cases
0%
Gamadji
15.3.72
20
4 0 %
Few cases
Haér&Lao
16.3.72
25
Widespread
F e w cases
-
Golkrré
16.3.72
50
Widespread
F e w cases
Thilogne
17.3.72
60
100%
10%
Ourossogui
17.3.72
60
100%
F e w cases
M a t a m
18.3.72
25
Widespread
10%
72
to 54 adult worms in the eyes of one calf
Strongyloidae: Strongyloides Sp.
in Ourossogui (6).
Thelaziidae: Thelazia rhodesi
(2) C&odes helminthiasis
Setariids : Setafiia lrbiatopapillowa
Only cysticercosis cari be considered as
(Slaughter houses).
widespread.
2-Geographical distribution and econo-
(3) Trematode helminthiasis
mit implications.
Like in the Delta region, the main nema-
The following nematode infestations are
tode helminthiasis are distomiasis, param-
widespread in the entire Senegal River
phistomiasis and schistosomiais but the
Area, from St. Louis to Bakel trichost-
frequency of their infestastions is much
rongylosis, oesophagostomiasis,
bunostomi-
lower.
asis and strongyloidosis. Their pathogenic
Fasciola gigantica
is only prevalent
effect in calves acts in synergism with the
among adults with a 20% infestation, but
intestinal coccidiosis and constitutes a very
the degree of parasitism is always very low.
serious parasitic complex.
Paramphistomiasis reach 35% in adults
Thelaziasis is more common in the River
and 30% in calves, while ‘bovine schistoso-
Valley where it cari be considered as one of
miasis is relatively rare (6). In a11 cases,
the most serions helminthic parasites. Real
however, the outbreaks are generally benign,
Kerato-Conjunctivitis enzootics rage among
centred around Podor, Thilogne-Kaedi, and
herds in this region, causing the infested
Ourossogui-Matam.
animals to be seriously weakened.
This situation is associated with the exis-
Cestode infestations are rare in the
tence of an extremely poor malacological
entire River Valley and their incidence on
fauna as was revealed by the malacological
livestock cari be considered as very low.
investigations conduoted in 1963 (3), and in
Only cysticercosis is relatively important
1972 (6). During these studies, however, it
due to tthe risk of human contamination and
had not bleen possible to discover real
meat condemnatioa in slaughter houses.
breeding grounds of gastroped molluscs
Trematode infestations, especially dis-
along either the banks of the rivers or
tomiasis, are very frequent in the Delta
around the nearby pools.
Region and around Lake Guiers, where a11
Distomiasis is also not as prevalent in the
the ecological conditions, furthering their
River Valley, from Dagana to Bakel, as it
proliferation, prevail. In particular, the
is around the Delta and the Lake Guiers
existence of a dense network of rivers pro-
areas, where at least 60% of the animals
vides unique breeding grounds for gastro-
suffer from distomiasis with a very high
pod molluscs, the intermediate hosts. The
rate of infestations.
construction of the dams has also encour-
CONCLUSION
* Using corprological techniques for identification
purposes, thus only the names of the genera
l-Summary : Identified parasites in the
are given.
Senegal River Area:
(b) Cestodes
Taeniidae: Cysticercus bovis (Larvae) of
-IIBLMINTHS-
human Taenia Suginata (slaughter houses)
Anoplocephalidae : Moniezia Sp.
a) Nematodes
(c) Trematodes
Trichostrongylidae: Haemonchus Sp.
Paramphistomidea : Paramphistomea S~U.
*
Fasciolidae : Fusciolu gigunticu
Trichostrongylus Sp: Bunostomum Sp.
Schistosomidae : Schistosoma Sp.
Strongylidae : Oesophagostomum
Sp.
Protozoa
Ankylostomidae : Bunastomum Sp.
Sporozoa. Eimeridae : Eimeria Spp. Emeria
Spp. (Coccidies)
.
1
MAURITANIE
thilogne
<
+ F. g i g a n t i c a
‘.* ‘f. r hodesi
74
aged their spread. It is therefore important
mostly located in the valley region.
to emphasize that the construction of an
(b) Cestida: Cysticercus bovk (Cysti-
irrigation network in order to develop an
cercosis) and Moniezia SP.
area, provides favourable breeding grounds
( c ) Trematoda:
Paramphistomum sp.
for molluscs, risking, in this way, the crea-
(Paramphitiomia&),
Schistosonra
tion of new endemic areas causing distomi-
sp. (Schistosomiasis) and Fusciola
asis infestation in animais and bilharzia in
gigantica (Distomiasis); the latter :
humans.
being mostly prevalent in the Delta
Annex: Map of the Republic of Senegal-
and Guiers Lake areas.
the River Area.
Scale : 1 / 1 ,OOO,OOO.
Geographical distribution of dis-
REFERENCES
tomiasis
(Fig. gantica) and
Anonyme. (1970). “Elements pour un programme
national de développement intégré de l’Ele-
thelaziasis (F. rhodesi).
vage sfxiégalais”. Direction du Service de
l’Elevage et des Industries animales. Mini-
stère du Développement rural. République du
SUMMARY :
Sénéfal, Dakar, novembre 1970, 183 pages.
Deschamps H. (1968). “Le Sénégal et la Zambie”.
During survey on helminthic diseases
,.“Oue sais-ie?” n”597. Presses Umversitaires
deFrance? Paris, 125 pages.
occurring in cattle in the northern part of Rappots de missions :
Senegal, the following species were found
Gretillat, S. (1963). “Prospections parasitologiques
effectuées dans la région du Lac de Guiers et
to be the most important:
dans celle de la vallée du Fleuve Sénégal”.
(a) Nematoda: Haemonchus sp., Tricho-
in Rappot sur le fonctionnement pour l’année
1963. Lab. nat. Elev. rech. vét., Dakar,
strongylus SP., Cooperia sp. (Tricho-
Sénégal, 98-104 pages.
strongylidosis);
Oesaphagostomum
Gretillat, S. et Vassiliades, G. (1965). “Rapport
sur une mission effectuée dans le Delta du
sp. (Strongylidosis); Bunowtomum SP.
Fleuve Sénéeal du 10 au mai 1965”. Lab. nat.
(Ancylostomiasis); Strongyloides sp.
ËiéG.. kch-m;et., Dakar, Sénégal, 10 pages.
Vassiliades. G. (1971). “Rapport sue une mission
(Strongyloidosis). The frequency of
eqectuee dàns lé départëment de Dagana et
these parasitic species was high in a
la région du Lac de Guiers (Région du
Fleuve), du 11 au 16 octobre 1971”. Lab. mi.
large area of Senegal River region.
Elev. rcch. vét., Dakar, Sénégal, 19 pages.
In calves, intestinal coccidiosis
Vassiliades, G. (1972). “Rapport une mission
effectuée dans la vallée du Fleuve Sénégal,
(Eimeria
SPPJ
was
endemic.
dans les départements de Podor et Matam, du
Thelazia rhodesi (Thelaziasis) was
13 au 18 mars 1972”. Lab. nat. Eh. rech.
vér., Dakar, Sénégal, 12 pages.
EPIZOOTIC DISEASES
l 0.A.UJS.T.R.C. l
March
1974
Vol. XXII
Mars
No. I
DIRECTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS
illustrations are reproduced only at the
author’s expense.
Contributions to the Bulletin are invited
on subjects relevant to the control of animal
Bibliographical references should be listed
disease with particular reference to Africa
in alphabetical order of first author or coun-
and papers should conform to the following
try (if annual report) at the end of the paper,
conditions.
c
and not numbered. Only those cited in the
text should be included. References cited in
A paper accepted for publication in the
the text should be inserted, as e.g. (Richards,
Bulletin of Epizootie Diseases of Africa is
1950) or “Richards (1950) showed”.
done SO on the understanding that it has not
previously been published nor Will be sub-
If the same author is cited more than once,
mitted for publication elsewhere without
his publications should be arranged in chro-
prior agreement with the Editor.
nological order in the list of references, and if
more than one publication of the same author
Papers should be typewritten on one side
in the same year of publication is included,
of the paper only in English or French.
the letters “a, b, c” should be added after
Double line spacing and adequate margins
the date in both the list of references and in
are desirable. The original and one carbon
the text.
copy are required.
References should include, in the following
Papers are accepted on the understanding
order, surname, initial of author(s), year of
that they are subject to minor editorial revi-
publication (in parentheses), World List ab-
sion to conform with the general principles
breviation of title of periodical (dotted under-
of format adopted by the Bureau.
line), volume number (arabic numerals
underlined), first page number. The title of
The title should be concise. The initials
the article should not be included.
and name of author(s) without professional
qualifications should be followed by the title
References to books should include name
of his post and the organisation and country
and initials of author(s), year of publication
in which the work described was carried out.
(in parentheses), the exact title (underlined),
town of publication, page number (if page
Papers should contain a summary, which
number specifically cited).
should be factual, should convey the contents
of the paper and should draw attention to
References to annual reports should state
new information and to the main conclu-
the country, year of reference, followed by
sions.
the name of the department or organisation,
e.g. Kenya (1955) An. Rep. Dept. Vet.
Headings and sub-heads should not be
Services, p. 50 (if specific page cited).
underlined. Binomial specific names and
other words to be printed in italics should
have a dotted underline.
Tables should be limited and be typed on
separate sheets of paper numbered conse-
Twenty-jive reprints of each article pub-
cutively, Table 1, Table II, etc. Figures, in-
lished Will be supplied free of charge. Order
cluding photographie prints, graphs, maps,
for reprints required in addition to the
etc., should be numbered consecutively,
author’s 2.5 free copies must be submitted
Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc., and attached at the end of
togerher with the manuscript. Original
the text. References to tables and figures in
articles should be sent to the Editor, Bulletin
the text should be by number and not to
of Epizootie Diseases of Africa; P.O. Box
“table below” or “figure below”. Coloured
30786, Nairobi, Kenya.
THE HELMINTHIC INFESTATIONS AMONG CATTLE IN THE
SENEGAL RIVER BASIN
G. VASSILTADES
Revue d’Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicau.x, 10, Rue Pierre-Curie, 94700 Maisons-
Alfort (Val-de-Marne).
For several years, the Senegal River
(2)
The Delta or the Lower Senegal re-
Basin has been the subject of various
gion: Above Dagana, the river breaks
applied research studies in every scientific
into
several
ltributaries-Lampsar,
field with the view lto exploring the econo-
Grorom, Kassak Djeuss, etc., and re-
mit potentials of the region.
joins in one main mouth just before St.
Some important agricultural projects have
Louis. The Delta ie associated with
already been carried out, while others, such
Lake Guiers which connects the main
as ,the rice and sugar cane industries, are
bed of the Senegal river at Richard-
being developed in the delta area. On the
Toll through Taod (see map).
river itself, highly ambitious schemes are
With the exception of the Northern
under consideration in order to control the
coastal zone, the entire region is within the
water entirely : Construction of dams and
sahelian zone known for its long dry sea-
canais, maintenance of ponds SO that they
son, lasting from November ,till June; and
have water a11 year around, etc.
the rainfall is particularly unfavourable
In the implementation of this compre-
(385 mm in St. LouPs; 300 mm in Podor;
hensive development programme, aotion to
500 mm in Matam (2).
further animal husbandry is also planned,
This hot and dry climate-under the in-
and in some areas, especially those sur-
fluence of the harmattan during the greater
rounding the newly constructed dams (l),
part of the year, favours a correspondingly
this programme could become part of the
scanty vegetation, mostly of thorny trees,
agricultural scheme.
dominated by different species of Acacia.
With this in view, a detailed study of hel-
During wintering, continuous caver of gra-
minthic infestations in cattle of fthis area, be-
minaceous graas develops, and this consti-
came necessary. Preliminary investigations
tutes the main pasture for the cattle (2).
have indeed led to the conclusion that para-
The livestock of the River Area is made
sitic diseases such as distomiasis, thelazia-
up of Senegalese zebu Peuls or Gobras, jthe
sis and digestive strongylosis very seriously
number of which is estimated, by the vete-
rinary services, at 720,000 head for the three
affect animals in the River area due to the
regions of Dagana, Podor and Matam (1).
particularly unfavourable ecological condi-
From 1963 (3) the Parasitological Depart-
tions.
ment of the National Laboratory for Vete-
The region under review consists of:
rinary Research in Dakar, conducted a
(1) The Fouta Senegalese or the “Fouta
Systematiç Survey of helminthic Iparasistic
toro”. This is the flooded area ot mthe
diseases in the Senegal River Area. These
Senegal River, from Bakel to Dagana,
epidemiological surveys which were carried
including the irrigated lands of Gualo
ont in the field, established the inventory
and the areas of Dieri, usually, at the
of helminthic parasites and their geograph-
mercy of seasonal rains.
ical distrinbution. The statistical evaluation
70
of the frequency and degree of parasitism,
The bovine ocular thelaziasis, transmitted
as well as 4he economical implications of
by the Spiruridae nematode, Thelazia
the infestation affecting development were
rhodesi is very rare. Its effect on the health
determined (4, 5, 6). The conclusions which
of cattle in this area cari be considered low.
were drawn from these investigations are
In January 1971, several cases of Thelazia
presented in the present paper.
infestation were recorded among calves in
Due to the existence of the fundamental
Thille-Boubacar. In Octdber 1971, only one
ecological differences (nature of the soil,
death due to blindness was reported in
hydrology, etc.), it is more convenient to
N’Dimbou. At M’Bane and Dagana, about
present the results in two parts; one dealing
20% of the animals suffered from thelazi-
with the Delta and ,the other with the River
ssis (5).
valley.
(2) Cestodes in Helminthiasis.
1. The Delta of the Senegal River
They are very rare. Only a few cases of
(1) Nematode helminths are particularly
monieziasis (Moniezia SP.) were diagnosed
widespread and the degree of paras&
in ‘M’Bane ‘(4% in calves) (5). ‘Some cases of
infestation is often very high.
cysticercosis (Cysticerus bovis) were record-
In October 1971, the following percent-
ed in slaughter houses.
ages of infestation were recorded: (5)
(3) Trematode Helminthiasis.
Cahes
Adults
The main nematode helminthiasis en-
Trichostrongylus Sp.
72%
47%
countered were the distomiasis, the pramph-
Haemonchus Sp.
88%
47%
isltomiasis and the schistosomiasis. These
Oesophagostomum
Sp. 56 ‘j%
41%
infestations
are
especially
widespread
Cooperia Sp.
56%
29%
among adult cattle and particularly Fasciola
Bonustomum Sp.
20%
17%
gigantica which attains 58 to 66% of infes-
Strongyloides Sp.
20%
0 %
tation (5).
(Eimeria Spp.)
7 6 %
34%
Statistics for October 1971 (5):
Strongylosis,
oesophagostomiasis and
calves
Adulis
bunostomiasis are common in calves and
Fasciola gigantica
4 %
58%
Paramphistomes S p p . 470
adult cattle, while Nstrongyloidosis mainly
35%
attaoks calves, in which intestinal coccidi-
Schistcwoma Sp.
0%
5 %
osis is ah0 very frequent.
With ispecial reference to F. gigantica, the
Calves therefore present a very serious
infestatiqn frequency during our investiga-
polyparasitism caused by lthe “strongyles-
tion in the regional slaughter houses varies
coccidia” association, a parasitic complex
according to the origin of the animals. The
which
is particularly pathogenic and
infestation frequency is either ni1 or very
undoubtedly responsiible for the high death
low among animals which drink directly
rate recorded each year among the calves of
from the Senegal River, upstream of
this region (10 to 20%). The pathogenic
Richard-TO11 : it is very high among animals
and harmful effects of this parasitic com-
frequenting the banks of Lake Guiers and
plex become apparent towards the end of
the Delta, and also among animals from
the dry season and at the beginning of the
Mauritania (see map).
wintering season, as the resistance of the
These observations are in agreement with
Young animals begins to weaken and rhe
the findings, obtained by way of systematic
intestinal parasites start to multiply.
coprological analysis which confirmed the
71
presence of F. gigantica in the Delta and
calves
AdZdfS
around Lake Guiers and also with the re-
Trichostrongylus Sp.
75%
30%
sults of the malacological investigation. In
Haemonchus Sp.
85%
55%
fact, lymnaea (intermediate hosts of F.
Oesophagostomum Sp. 45 %
30%
gigadca) and also “Bulinus” (intermediate
Cooperia Sp.
20%
5 0 %
a
hosts of schistosomes) were shown to exist
Bunmllomurn Sp.
5 %
5 %
around Lake Guiers, especially in Keur-
Strongylaides Sp.
10%
0 %
Momar-Sarr and in G’Nitu, and in the
(Eimeria Spp.)
95%
50%
Delta at tthe level of the dams leading to
Similar to the Delta region, this state of
Bound-oum (Lampsar, and Kassak) (5). It is
serious chronic polyparasitism is the cause
quite evident that the construction of dams
of the high death rate which is encountered
in these areas provided favourable breeding
especially in calves weakened each year by
grounds for the molluscs.
the hardship of ,the long dry season, to-
gether with the disastrous climatic condi-
II. The Senegal River Vdley.
tions.
(1) Nematode helminthiasis :
On the contrary, thelaziasis is of a most
The results obtained during our investi-
serions importance in the Senegal River
gations were essentiahy the same as those
Valley. It is very widespread among herds
recorded in the Delta with regards to tri-
inhabiting the areas stretching from Podor
chostrongylosis, oesophagostomiasis, buno-
to Matam, and its effects on the health of
stomiasis and strongyloidosis, all of which
the cattle cari be considered as serious. As
are associated with coccidiosis. However, in
it is evident from the Table below, the in-
spite of the higher incidence infestation, the
festation percentage of T. rhodesi cari be as
degree of parasitism is slightly lower.
high as 60% in an entire herd, with, in
Statistical Record for 1972 (6):
some cases, mass infestation containing up
Localities
Dates
%Of
I
Ocular infestations
infestation
Conjunctivitis
Karatitis
~-
Pador
15.3.72
0
Few cases
0%
Gamadji
15.3.72
20
4 0 %
Few cases
Haér&Lao
16.3.72
25
Widespread
F e w cases
-
Golkrré
16.3.72
50
Widespread
F e w cases
Thilogne
17.3.72
60
100%
10%
Ourossogui
17.3.72
60
100%
F e w cases
M a t a m
18.3.72
25
Widespread
10%
72
to 54 adult worms in the eyes of one calf
Strongyloidae: Strongyloides Sp.
in Ourossogui (6).
Thelaziidae: Thelazia rhodesi
(2) C&odes helminthiasis
Setariids : Setafiia lrbiatopapillowa
Only cysticercosis cari be considered as
(Slaughter houses).
widespread.
2-Geographical distribution and econo-
(3) Trematode helminthiasis
mit implications.
Like in the Delta region, the main nema-
The following nematode infestations are
tode helminthiasis are distomiasis, param-
widespread in the entire Senegal River
phistomiasis and schistosomiais but the
Area, from St. Louis to Bakel trichost-
frequency of their infestastions is much
rongylosis, oesophagostomiasis,
bunostomi-
lower.
asis and strongyloidosis. Their pathogenic
Fasciola gigantica
is only prevalent
effect in calves acts in synergism with the
among adults with a 20% infestation, but
intestinal coccidiosis and constitutes a very
the degree of parasitism is always very low.
serious parasitic complex.
Paramphistomiasis reach 35% in adults
Thelaziasis is more common in the River
and 30% in calves, while ‘bovine schistoso-
Valley where it cari be considered as one of
miasis is relatively rare (6). In a11 cases,
the most serions helminthic parasites. Real
however, the outbreaks are generally benign,
Kerato-Conjunctivitis enzootics rage among
centred around Podor, Thilogne-Kaedi, and
herds in this region, causing the infested
Ourossogui-Matam.
animals to be seriously weakened.
This situation is associated with the exis-
Cestode infestations are rare in the
tence of an extremely poor malacological
entire River Valley and their incidence on
fauna as was revealed by the malacological
livestock cari be considered as very low.
investigations conduoted in 1963 (3), and in
Only cysticercosis is relatively important
1972 (6). During these studies, however, it
due to tthe risk of human contamination and
had not bleen possible to discover real
meat condemnatioa in slaughter houses.
breeding grounds of gastroped molluscs
Trematode infestations, especially dis-
along either the banks of the rivers or
tomiasis, are very frequent in the Delta
around the nearby pools.
Region and around Lake Guiers, where a11
Distomiasis is also not as prevalent in the
the ecological conditions, furthering their
River Valley, from Dagana to Bakel, as it
proliferation, prevail. In particular, the
is around the Delta and the Lake Guiers
existence of a dense network of rivers pro-
areas, where at least 60% of the animals
vides unique breeding grounds for gastro-
suffer from distomiasis with a very high
pod molluscs, the intermediate hosts. The
rate of infestations.
construction of the dams has also encour-
CONCLUSION
* Using corprological techniques for identification
purposes, thus only the names of the genera
l-Summary : Identified parasites in the
are given.
Senegal River Area:
(b) Cestodes
Taeniidae: Cysticercus bovis (Larvae) of
-IIBLMINTHS-
human Taenia Suginata (slaughter houses)
Anoplocephalidae : Moniezia Sp.
a) Nematodes
(c) Trematodes
Trichostrongylidae: Haemonchus Sp.
Paramphistomidea : Paramphistomea S~U.
*
Fasciolidae : Fusciolu gigunticu
Trichostrongylus Sp: Bunostomum Sp.
Schistosomidae : Schistosoma Sp.
Strongylidae : Oesophagostomum
Sp.
Protozoa
Ankylostomidae : Bunastomum Sp.
Sporozoa. Eimeridae : Eimeria Spp. Emeria
Spp. (Coccidies)
.
1
MAURITANIE
thilogne
<
+ F. g i g a n t i c a
‘.* ‘f. r hodesi
74
aged their spread. It is therefore important
mostly located in the valley region.
to emphasize that the construction of an
(b) Cestida: Cysticercus bovk (Cysti-
irrigation network in order to develop an
cercosis) and Moniezia SP.
area, provides favourable breeding grounds
( c ) Trematoda:
Paramphistomum sp.
for molluscs, risking, in this way, the crea-
(Paramphitiomia&),
Schistosonra
tion of new endemic areas causing distomi-
sp. (Schistosomiasis) and Fusciola
asis infestation in animais and bilharzia in
gigantica (Distomiasis); the latter :
humans.
being mostly prevalent in the Delta
Annex: Map of the Republic of Senegal-
and Guiers Lake areas.
the River Area.
Scale : 1 / 1 ,OOO,OOO.
Geographical distribution of dis-
REFERENCES
tomiasis
(Fig. gantica) and
Anonyme. (1970). “Elements pour un programme
national de développement intégré de l’Ele-
thelaziasis (F. rhodesi).
vage sfxiégalais”. Direction du Service de
l’Elevage et des Industries animales. Mini-
stère du Développement rural. République du
SUMMARY :
Sénéfal, Dakar, novembre 1970, 183 pages.
Deschamps H. (1968). “Le Sénégal et la Zambie”.
During survey on helminthic diseases
,.“Oue sais-ie?” n”597. Presses Umversitaires
deFrance? Paris, 125 pages.
occurring in cattle in the northern part of Rappots de missions :
Senegal, the following species were found
Gretillat, S. (1963). “Prospections parasitologiques
effectuées dans la région du Lac de Guiers et
to be the most important:
dans celle de la vallée du Fleuve Sénégal”.
(a) Nematoda: Haemonchus sp., Tricho-
in Rappot sur le fonctionnement pour l’année
1963. Lab. nat. Elev. rech. vét., Dakar,
strongylus SP., Cooperia sp. (Tricho-
Sénégal, 98-104 pages.
strongylidosis);
Oesaphagostomum
Gretillat, S. et Vassiliades, G. (1965). “Rapport
sur une mission effectuée dans le Delta du
sp. (Strongylidosis); Bunowtomum SP.
Fleuve Sénéeal du 10 au mai 1965”. Lab. nat.
(Ancylostomiasis); Strongyloides sp.
ËiéG.. kch-m;et., Dakar, Sénégal, 10 pages.
Vassiliades. G. (1971). “Rapport sue une mission
(Strongyloidosis). The frequency of
eqectuee dàns lé départëment de Dagana et
these parasitic species was high in a
la région du Lac de Guiers (Région du
Fleuve), du 11 au 16 octobre 1971”. Lab. mi.
large area of Senegal River region.
Elev. rcch. vét., Dakar, Sénégal, 19 pages.
In calves, intestinal coccidiosis
Vassiliades, G. (1972). “Rapport une mission
effectuée dans la vallée du Fleuve Sénégal,
(Eimeria
SPPJ
was
endemic.
dans les départements de Podor et Matam, du
Thelazia rhodesi (Thelaziasis) was
13 au 18 mars 1972”. Lab. nat. Eh. rech.
vér., Dakar, Sénégal, 12 pages.