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INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON
“CROP RESIDUES IN SUSTAINABLE MIXED CROP/LIVESTOCK FARMING
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SYSTEMS
Organized by ICRISAT (INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR
THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS), and held ffrom Aprii 22 to 26, 1996, in Patancheru,
Asia _
USE OF CROP-RESIDUES IN THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS OF SENEGAL.
A Country Report
Jyitational paper
Cissé Maimouna
Institut !G?ndgalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP 2057, Dakar
This study involved a survey of animal production systems and an inventory of trop by-
products available in the farming sector in Senegal. Cattle are the dominant class of
livestock, followed by sheep and goats, although both contribute to the cash economy. The
major factor affecting iivestock production is feed shortage during the dry season.
Overgrazing leading to degeneration of vegetal caver, and the recent drought conditions,
bave made the situation worse. Several trop residues and agro-industria by-products were
identified as alternative feeds and potential supplements. The constraints associated with
their efficient use are emphasized. More collaborative research between NARS within the
eco-region ai;J strengthened partnerships with IARCs are needed to make better use of these
feed resources for increased animal production of benefit to the population, without adverse
effects on the environment.
INTRODUCTION
. Senegal is situated in West Africa, on the atlantic toast, in the intertropical
zone between latitude 12O3O’and 16O30’N and longitude 11°30’ and 17O30’ W. R-fias a
land area of 196, 722 km2 and a population estimateu at 8 million inhabitants. Twr!
ecological zones cari be distinguished according to rainfall patterns, the Sahelian zone in the
North and the Sudano-Guinean zone in the South of the country . Rainfall is unimodal,
.
occuring betwen July and September, and ranges in average from 200 mm in the North to
1500 mm in the South. This short rainy season is followed by a long dry season from
October to June during which rain never occurs.
The basis of Senegal economy is agriculture. Agriculture employs more than
70% of the population, accounts for 13 % of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and makes
an important contribution to export eamings (Etude sectorielle de l’aevage, 1982). The
livestock sector, although characterised by low productivity, contributes to about 6.5% of
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the GDP and 32% of the Agricultural GDP (Ministère des Ressources Animales, 1988) and
traditionally plays an important socio-cultural role in the country GDP (Ministere des
Ressources Animales, 1988; Ly, 1989). The major constraints that affect ruminant livestock
include health, genetics, management, nutrition and socioeconomics (Cissé, 1991). The
country is faced with food shortages, and is struggling to sustain food security.
Per capita annuel meat consumption per capita has consistently decreased
over years, from 21.5 kg in 1960, 13 kg in 1974, 12.5 kg in 1985, and 9.5 kg in 1987
(Mi&&e des Ressources Animales, 1988). Local milk production in 1987 was estimated
to 1 1oQ 000 N per year, with 1 300 000 hl o-h milk being imported to make good the defïcit
(M’Baye, 1988). Ruminant livestock supply 77% of locally produced meat and 29% of the
milk and dairy products consumed (Richard et al., 1989). With the present human
population gruwth of 2.7% per year, increases in meat and milk production are a political-
economic priority . Tbc: objective is to produce 183 000 tons of milk and 121 600 tons of
meat in order to reach at least the targeted per capita meat consumption of 15.7 kg by the
year 2000 (Ministere des Ressources Animales, 1988).
1. IMPORTANCE AND ROLE OF LIVE?TOCK IN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
1. Importance of livestosk
During the last two decades, the trend was a slight increase in the cattle
population because severe drought affected the large ruminants more titan the small
ruminants in the 1970s (Table 1). The rate of small ruminant increase was higher than that
of any other species, due to their better resistance to drought and their selective feeding
behaviour (specially goats) on pastures, when compared to cattle which are grazers (G&in
et al., 1988, Cissé et al., 1993).
The came population increased by only 6% from 1970- 1977 to 1990- 1994,
while the sheep and goat numbers increased by over 44.7% during the same period (cattle
2,462,OMl in 1970-1977 to 2,612,OOO in 1990-1994; sheep and goats 2,647,OOO in 1970 to
3,83 1 ,ooO in 1990) (Direction de l’Elevage, 1970- 1994). This trend is also a result of the
actual increased pressure on land for cropping .
2. Role of livestock in major agricultural systems
Animal production mvolves bath non-ruminants and ruminants, and a variety
of systems more or less integrated with crops (Table 2). Three major agricultural systems
closely related to agro-ecological zones have been identifïed:
.the pastoral system in the sylvo-pastoral zone in the North and East,
.the agro-pastoral system in the Centre and in the South,
.the peri-urban system.
-The pastoral system
The livestock management consists of a transhumant pastoralism practiced by
the Peuh1 ethnie group whose major means of livelihood is almost exclusively cattle
production on extensive grazing land area (Diop, 1989). Household income and food supply
depend mainly on livestock.
Cattle are reared on natural pastures with sheep and/or goats and have to trek
great distances in search of fodder and water (Diop, 1987; Diop 1991). Nutrition is a major
limiting factor in pastoral systems. Availability and adequacy of feeds fluctuate with
seasons. Pasture productivity varies from 100 to 2,000 kg of dry matter per hectare from
year to year, and from 500 to 1,800 kg dry matter according to the types of pastures
(Boudet, 1984; Richard et al., 1989). Nutritional value of natural forage has been
extensively investigated in Casamance, in the South of the country (Boudet, 1970) and in
(Boudet, 1984; Richard et al., 1989). Nutritional value of natural forage has been
extensively investigated in Casamance, in the South of the country (Boudet, 1970) and in
the sylvo-pastoral area (Guérin, 1987) and, recently, in Sangalcam, in the periurban zone of
Dakar (Cissé et al., 1993) (Figure 1). When rainfall is adequate, there is abundant forage
which however matures quickly and enters dry-dormancy at the end of the dry season. The
result is feed inadequacy in terrns of both quant@ and quality (Richard et al., 1989). Crop
production is marginal in this livestock production system.
-The agro-pastoral system
The farming system is predominantly based on the rainfed agriculture
producing grouudnut, cereals, and livestock, using few external rnputs and based on mainly
family labour and animal draught power (Fall, 1986; Lhoste, 1987; Fayé, 1993). Livestock
are kept in semi-sedentary mixed farming systems, where people do not shift homesteads
during the year. This system is practiced by local groups such as Ouolof and Serere in the
Center and Diola, Mande and Fulani in the South of the country, and their main activity is
agriculture.
The major crops grown are groundnut, cereals such as maize, millet,
sorghum and rice, and cotton. Other crops include beans and Palm-trees. Rice is produced
both in the north in the valley of the Senegal river, and in the Casamance region in the
South (Figure 1). Sugar cane is produced only along the Senegal river. Most people
operating within the system cultivate by hand and rarely with tractors. Cultivation of fodder
plants remains very limited. Oxen are widely used for cropping and transport (Fall, 1986;
Faye, 1993) and overall integration of livestock is rare. The integration of trop and
livestock sectors involves not only the use of draught animals but also the use of trop
residues and manure deposit into cropping areas. Another form of integration is the income
transfert From one sector to the other.
Livestock have crucial importance to the farming system which benefited
from a certain level of trop-livestock integration (Faye and Landais, 1985). The main
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sources of smallholders income are trop sales (smal1 proportion of total grain and a large
proportion of groundnut produced), wage employment, ans sales of livestosck and livestock
products. Livestock are purchased and sold according to the farmer’s cash flow needs.
Some ruminant and poultry (Buldgen et al., 1992b) are also kept for home consumption and
to meet other socio-cultural needs. In this system, a migratory pastoral component is
maintained to a certain extent, particularly with cattle which do migrate over long distances
during the dry season, whereas sheep and goats are kept near the homestead with access to
household and kitchen wastes when available.
Animal nutrition during part of the dry season depends mainly on cereals
straws, more or less associated with browsing, and with supplementation provlded by
certain fat-mers or extension agencies. The main supplements used are groundnut haulms,
artisanal or industrial groundnut cake, and cotton seed to a lesser extent.
-The peri-urban system
There is a specific type of livestock production system in the periurban zone
which is the main area for agribusiness in the for-m of extensive (Diao, 1991; Cissé et al.,
1996c) or intensive (Diop et al., lÇP2) dairy, and poultry entreprises (Arbelot, 1994). The
intensive daii cattle production uses imported breeds in order to meet the ilcreased
demand for milk. Exotic breeds such as Pakistanese cows were introduced in 1963,
Montbeliard in 1976, Jersey in 1988 (Diop et al., 1992), and Holstein cows more recently ,
in 1994. Today the major unit of milk production is SOCA (Société Agro-alimentaire) using
jersey cows in the periurban zone of Dakar (Sow, 1991). Animais are fed with green
(heans) or ensiled forages (maize, sorghum) from irrigated plots. Lactating cows are
supplemented with locally purchased agro-industrial by-products such as groundnut cake,
cereal brans, and cotton seed.
Vegetable (onions, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, green vegetables, carrot) and
fruit production (mangoes, oranges, water melons, papayas, etc...) (Seck, 1991) generate
important quantities of by-products in the periurban zone mainly in Dakar, and in Saint-
Louis (Figure 1).
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3. Impact of mechanization on the use of Iivestock in agricultural systems
In the Senegalese peanut basin, population growth and the extensive use of
animal traction have favored the excessive expansion of cultivated land to the detiment of
the pastoral land area. Traditional practices of maintaining soi1 fertility have been disturbed
by pastoral land restrictions (Faye, 1993). Pressure on land and the encroachement of
cropping lands on pastures has caused a reduction in the cattle population in the groundnut
bassin and a shift to the use of cows for draught purposes. The use of horses and donkeys
for cropping and transport has increased.
Agricultural production in the country has been better organised over the past
two deeades and more and more development plans give priority to food production for
domestic use, with resultant increase in the agriculture-based industries.
With the decline and degradation of grazing lands through overgrazing and
the expansion of arable cropping, agricultural by-products take on greater significance. For
example, Lotton production increased f!rom 1,000 tons in 1987 (Plan d’Actioe pour
l’Elevage, 1988) to 50,000 tons in 1991-1992 (Direction de l’Agriculture, 1992).
Cocsequently, the use of cotton seed, a major protein source, greatly increasëd for beef and
sheep fattening in the Center and in the South ol the country. In 1986, 887,820 tons of
maize, millet, snrghum and rice grain were harvested. The estimated straw output is
4,800,OOO tons (Fall et al., 1989). An increase in available quantities of straws could be
expected with the development of irrigated cropping in the Senegal river valley and
mechanisation .
II. USE OF CROP RESIDUES AS LIVESTOCK FEED RESSOURCES
1. Farmer’s current practices on utilizing trop residues as a source of
livestock feed in major agricultural systems.
Natural pastures and trop residues are the primary feedstuffs at the disposa1
of animals (Adegbola and Smith, 1982). The trop residues include almost a11 post-harvest
remains of crops grown within the farming systems and their utilization differ according to
the residue and the system. Rice straw is bumed, not fully used in the Senegal river valley,
and grazed in situ, in the South. Other cereal straws (millet, maize and sorghum stovers)
are cutted ans stocked in the Diourbel zone for later use, or freely grazed in sim on trop
fields alter harvest, in other regions. Legume haulms (beans, groundnuts etc.. .) are fed near
the homesteads where they are stored after threshing. Maize is harvested in September
while pastures are still green. At this period, since animais are not yet allowed access to
trop lands, it cari be assumed that important quantities are lost (Fall, 1986). With the
population groom5, use of trop residues Will take on greater importance with intensification
of cropping and of livestok production.
The feeding of trop residues is common in certain farming systems. Some
farmers practice supplementation using tree-crops (green or dry leaves or pods) with agro-
forestry species including Leucaena leucocephala, Guiera senegalensis; Acacia SP.,
etc.. (Fall, 1993). Browses species occupy an important place in small ruminant feeding,
particularly during the dry season (Guérin et al., 1988; Ci& et al., 1993). This is because
most browse species are drought resistant and provide proteins, vitamins and minerals
which are lacking in herbage species. Other supplementary feeds are obtained from agro-
industrial by-products such as residues of oil extracted from oil bearing seeds (groundnut,
palmkemel, cotton seed), by-products of grain processing (millet, rice, wheat, sorghum,
maize), peelings of crops (yams, sweet potatoes, etc.. .) and industrial by-products
(brewers’dried grains, fruit cannery by-products, molasses etc.. .). The types and quantities
available tend to be location and season specific.
2. Availability of the trop residues
Quantitative estimates of trop residues are not usually reported in national
statitics. Groundnut and millet are the major crops in Senegal. Groundnut haulms are
therefore the most abundant trop residue (Table 3). Millet straws are second in importance.
There are widely used as animals feed. The other trop residues and agro-industrial by-
products (Table 2) include cereal and legume straws, wheatbran, dried brewers’grains
(spent grains from the breweries), oilseed cakes, cottonseed cake and palmkernel) and
cereal bran. Without the availability of trop residues, ruminants could hardly survive the
long dry season.
In years where statistical data on agro-industria by-products have been
reported, large quantities are found. High q&.ntities of them (groundnut cake, cotton seed,
palmkernel cake, molassis) are however exported (Etude sectorielle de 1’6Ievage au Sénégal,
1982).
3. Current practices used in processing trop residues
CereaI straws and groundnut haulms are scattered on the farms after
harvesting the grains. Sorghum stalks retain a better quality if harvested early, dried and
stored off the ground on mari made storage facilities. Bundles of rice straw, weighing lO- 13
kg, and groundnut haulms are marketed as animal The main customers are transport
businesses with draft animals, and the peri-urban milk and meat producers.
Most of the groundnut grown in the country is locally processed into oil. The
remaining cake is a valuable source of energy and protein. The industriaI cake is exported.
The domestic cake and cereal bran are the major by-products useful as animal feed which
are produced at the village level. There is a certain import of wheat processed 1ocaIly into
fleur. However, the quant.@ of wheat bran appears to be limited.
are produced at the village level. There is a certain import of wheat processed locally into
flour. However, the quantity of wheat bran appears to be limited.
.
Cereal trop residues are important feed resources in the mixed farmïng
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systems. However these residues are high in lignocellulose compounds and are
characterized by low protein content, and low digestibility and voluntat-y intake (Sall, 1984;
Fall et ai., 1989). When fed atone to ruminants, as practiced by several farmers, they cari
not support maintenance requirements.
A great deal of research on forages has been done in various research centres
and feeding recommandations were formulated for farmers. Improvement in the nutritional
value of straws with physical treatments and supplementation with other by-products (Table
5), and good animal performances were reported with on station-research. Chemical
treatment of straws (Blancou and Calvet, 1977) is restricted by costs, technical ability and
safety. However, urea seems 2romising (Fall et al., 1989; Cisse et al., 1995b, 1996a;
Gongnet et al., 1996), because it is cheap and easy to obtain at the village level. The
evaluation of itq profitability at the farm level is going on in the Senegal valley river wiîh
rice straw and in the peanut basin, in the Center, with natural pasture straw.
4. Current practices used to supplement trop residues
In the agropastoral system, farmers commonly use trop residues
supplemented with artisanal groundnut cake, and cotton seed, or they cari mix various trop
residues for animal feeding.
In the agricultural areas, farmers generally waste feed resources and
consequently animals are over or underfed. There is an often ineffective collection of the
groundnut haulms which is by far the most important and the best quality feed for animals.
If they still contain many leaves, groundnut haulms cari support daily gains of 0.5 kg
liveweight for thin cattle after a dearth period. Millet, maize and sorghum straws represent
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30 to 50% of the cattle diet during the dry season and a smaller part of the small ruminant’s
diet, in agro-pastoral zones (Richard et al., 1989).
Many years of research on the nutritive value of every type of trop residue in
several combinations showed technical advantages of using these resources (Table 5) as
animal feed. The technologies generated (diets formulated with many agro-industrial by-
products) without economic analysis are beyond the reach of farmers. Research on both
pasture and agricultural by-products has had a very limited impact on livestock productivity
in the small-scale farming sy stems .
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5. Major constraints on utilization of crops residues as livestock feed
The major construints associated with the use of by-products are their
bulkiness, transpofl,tion, storage and processing.
After harvesting the grains, cereal straws have to be bulked and transported
to tlx villages and stored The first problem encountered is transport both on farm and on a
regional basis where by-products may be located in a different area to livestock.
The second problem is the amount of labour required to collect and store the
trop residues. Peopie are busy harvesting crops and do not take time t> collect and store the
trop residues (Fall, 1986). Another constraint is the actual mariner of stordge, whether on
platforms, in the fïeld, fenced, etc...Moreover, there are no machines in the villages to
process these straws for incorporation in diets for ruminants. In the harvesting process,
development of simple machinery such as choppers or chaffcutters would be beneficial in
reducing by-product particle size.
Inadequate and inefficient use of the available technology is also a major
limitation to increased animal production.
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6. Nutritive value of trop residues
An important study was carried out to determine the nutritive value of (1)
native herbages of natural pastures in the Sahelo-sudanian zone, (2) fodder grasses
cultivated under irrigation and (3) some trop residues and agro-industrial by-products
(groundnut haulms and cake and cereals straws) encountered in Senegal. The determination
of their chemical composition (Table 3), digestibility and feeding triais results allowed the
establishment of Feed Tables (Richard et al., 1989). However, other studies are needed to
specify the feeding value of each by-product with high potential.
The feeding values of millet, maize and sorghum straws are very low. Their
dry matter digestibilitj ranged from 42.8 to 49% (Sall, 1984, Fall et al., 1989, Gongnet et
al., 1996) and their organic matter digestibility depends on the leaf/stem ratio (0.2-0.35),
and ranges from 40-45 % for the entire straws and from 50-55 % for the leaves. Rice straw
has a higher organic matter digestibility (56%) (Richard et al., 1989) than the other straws.
The energy content of groundnut haulms.:Jaries between 0.50 to 0.72 UFWkg
DM and their digestible protein content between 40 to 74/kg DM, depending on the
leaf/stem ratio (0.2 to 1.5 according to harvesting practices) (Richard et al., 1989). Rice
t
bran has a chemical and a nutritive value negatively affected by high iovels of silica (12.2%
.DM) and ADL (8.2% DM), as a consequence of a high proportion of hulls.
Most of the forages have insufficient mineral content (P, Ca, Na, CU and Zn) to
meet the requirements of livestock (Cisse, 1985; Guerin et al., 1989; Cisse et al., 1996b).
Some trace elements content such as CU and Zn are, in most of tbe forages, under the limit
of defïciency.
Studîes on the toxicity of trop residues (gossipol content of cotton seed, and
other toxic constituents like alkaloïds, glucosides, polyphenols, hydrocyanic acid, oxalic
Studies on the toxicity of trop residues (gossipol content of cotton seed, and
other toxic constituents like alkaloïds, glucosides, polyphenols, hydrocyanic acid, oxalic
acid, etc.. .) are very scarce. However, detoxification of groundnut cake against aflatoxine
is required for EU experts.
7. Opportunities for collaborative research on strategies for using trop
residues as animal feeds.
Feed is the principal constraint among the non genetic factors affecting
animal production, particularly during the dry season. Fodder is of poor nutritional value
for most of the year due to the rainfall pattern, and trop residues and other feed resources
are greatly underustd. This situation Will be worsened if livestock productivity and
population increase. However, there is an immense potentiaI for irnproving animal nutrition
and therefore production by using trop by-products. The use of farm-produced by-products
(stovers, straws, bean and groundnut haulms and huusehold offals) and agro-industrial by-
products as animal feed is an effrcient and ecologically sound use of feed resources.
Attention must be given to research on forage production and agricultural by-
products which are an important feed resource in animal production systems. Increased
intensification and efficiency in the use of feeds is most important and emphasis should be
given to feeds that do not compete with human food.
In the sylvo-pastoral area where tbe production system is pastoral, increased
fodder production Will be possible witb the rehabilitation project to improve water
availability in fossiled valleys, as are corrections of minera1 deficiencies. Adapted forage
cari provide nutrients for ruminants. More productive and high yielding forage crops need
research. The agronomie characteristics of tbese forages need to be determined in order to
achieve maximum bene& from them. Fertiliser requirements, frequency of cutting, cutting
height, grass/legume mixtures and other factors affect the yield and nutitional value of
There is need to increase investments for research on mixed farming systems
within each agro-ecological zone. Research into integrating trop and animal production is
essential, especially f o r tbe areas where trop p r o d u c t i o n i s t h e farmers’primary
preoccupation .
Collaborative research cari focus on:
-the inventory the type and availability of trop residues
-the study the feeding value and toxicity of trop residues
-the improveme,nt of the technology for conservation of trop residues
-the improvement of the nutritive value of fibrous foods
-the maximisation of the use of agricultural by-products in beef end sheep finishing
operations
-the breeding of cereals of higher nutritive value
-the investigation of the use of fodder trees adapted to tbe various locations
8. Role of agribusiness in development of novel fee$ products by utilizing the
locally available feed resources
There is a need for technology or institutional support for the private sector
but the policy area needs clarification. Govemment has a role to play in ensuring the
availability of support services and infrastructure that producers need in order to make best
uses of by-products.
Government policy should promote the optimal use of the local feed
resources in the animal industry and improve the capacity of the private sector capacity to
respond to the market environment. With the devaluation of the CFA franc by 50% in
February 1994, exports of agro-industrial by-products increased.
9. The institutions involved in research and deveiopment of livestock feed
based on trop residues: their speciality and linkages with advanced institutions in
developed countries and with IARCs.
In the recent past, some international institutions such as FAO, CIRAD, ILIU
through AFRVET and IDRC have funded research projects on the use of by-products, in
Senegal .
Factors limiting the utilisation of technical packages at the small-holder level
include poor coordination between research institutions and development organisations.
Researchers do not get enough feedback information to enable.them to plan their research
activities based on the needs of farmers. SO, projects are usually proposed on their own
perceived problems.
In order to facilitate the immediate diffusion of technologies ge,lcrated by the
scientists into the farming systems, a well-organised extension system is required. It is also
important to improve linkages between researchers and extension workers to share
experiences (through joint research proposais), and the extension services have to be
strengthened through training extension staff.
It is also important to note that, in Senegal as in several developing countries,
the level of research funding and the infrastructure in terms of laboratories and facilities and
trained manpower are limited. Partnerships between NA&, IARCs and other regional
institutions on common research needs on the use of trop residues has to be strengthened.
This cari be done 1tiough a better exchange o f information,
training, participation in
workshops and other scient& meetings.
Acknowledgments
1 wish to thank Drs Tom Cusac, Head of NRBAR/ISRA (USAID), Abdou Fall, Head of
ISRAIURA Productions Animales, and my colleague Cheikh M’Baye Boye for critically
reading the manuscript.
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.
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f
A
Dieng A., 1984. Utilisation des sous-produits agricoles et agro-industriels disponibles le
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Agrosto., LNERV, ISRA, 18~.
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actuelle. Séminaire FAPIS, 22-26 Mai 1989, Dakar.
Diop P. E. H., Lisse M., Sow A.M., 1992. Performances de reproduction et de production
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Direction de l’Agriculture, 1992. Rapport annuel des activités agricoles. Ministere du
Developpement Rural et de I’Hydraulique, Republique du Sénegal.
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1992. Conseil Interministériel sur 1’Elevage. Ministère du
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Science, Michigan State University, USA.
Fall S.T., 1993. Valeur nutritive des fourrages ligneux, leur rôle dans la complementation
des fourrages pauvres des milieux tropicaux. Th. Doctorat Zootechnie, ENSA Montpellier,
139p.
Fall S.T., Cissé M . , Richard D., Ditaroh., 1993. Production intensive de viande bovine au
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Fall S .T., G&in H., Sa11 C., et M’Baye N., 1989, Les pailles de ceréales dans le système
d’alimentation des ruminants au Sénégal. ISRA, vol 2, no 1, 38~.
Favre B., Calvet H., Valenza J., et Wane A.M., 1973. Nouvel essai d’embouche intensive
avec les sous-produits de l’industrie cotonnière. LNERV, ISRA, Dakar, 37~.
Faye A., 1993. Situation et perspectives de l’élevage bovin dans les systèmes agro-
pastoraux denses de la zone sahélo-soudanienne. Le cas du Sud du Bassin arachidier du
Sénegal . Thèse doctorat en Sciences Agronomiques, ENS AM , Montpellier, France.
Faye A., Landais E., 1985. L’embouche bovine paysanne dans le Centre-Nord du bassin
arachidier au Sénégal. In: DSAKIRAD, Relations Agriculture-élevage, 304-3 11.
Faye M., 1981. Etude de la rentabilité de l’utilisation de rations à base de sous-produits
agricoles et agro-industriels en embouche bovine au Sénégal. Th. Doct. Med. Vét., n”20,
EISMV, Dakar.
Gongnet G.P., Fad&a S., Cissé M., 1995. Amélioration de la* valeur alimentaire de la
paille de riz par le traitement à l’urée et la complémentation en ceréales chez le mouton
Peulh sénégalais. Soumis pour publication.
Guérin H., 1987. Alimentation des ruminants domestiques 'SUT pâturages naturels sahéliens
et sahelo-soudaniens. Etude méthodologi:que dans la région du fer10 au Sénégal. Th.
Doctorat Ingénieur, spécialité Agronomique, ENSA, Montpellier, 21 lp.
Guérin H., Cissé h4., Hein& V., 1989. Composition minerale des fourrages. In Elevage et
potentialités
pastorales
sahehennes .
Synthèses
cartographiques:
Sén&af ,
CTA/IEMVT/ISRA, P 8.
Guérin H., Friot D,, M’Baye Nd., Richard D., Dieng A., 1988. Régime alimentaire de .
ruminants domestiques (bovins, ovins, caprins) exploitant des parcours naturels saheliens et
soudano-sahéliens. II. Essai de description du régime par l’&ude du comportement
alimentaire. Facteurs de variation des choix alimentaires et conséquences nutritionnelles.
Rev. Elev. Med. vet. Pays trop., 41, 427440.
.Gueye 1-S et N’Diaye A-L., 1979. L’utilisation des produits et sous-produits agroindustriels
en élevage. Aspects économiques. In Actes des IXèmes Journees Médicales, 15-20 janvier
1979, 51p.
Kane B., et N’Diaye M., 1982. Utilisation des sous-produits agricoles et agro-industriels
dans l’alimentation du b&ail au Senégal. Production et Santi animales, Rome FAO, n’32,
136~.
Lemal A., Faye J.C., Buldgen A., Compere R., 1989. Influence de la proportion de
mklasse liquide sur la valeur alimentaire des rations pour ruminants compoSees des sous-
produits disponibles dans la vallee du fleuve Sénegal. Bull. Rech. Agron. Gembloux, 24,
315-328.
1, < .
t,
i
Lhoste P., 1987. L’association agriculture-élevage. Evolution du système agropastoral .au
Sine-saloum (Sénégal). Maisons-Alfort, IEMVT, 1987, 314~. (Etudes et syntheses de
I’IEMVT n’21).
Ly C., 1989. La politique de développement de l’élevage au Sénégal: Repères sur
l’évolution, les réalités et les perspectives de I’elevage des bovins et petits ruminants, 1960-
1986, n”l, ISRAICRDI, 62~.
M’Baye M., 1988. Les productions bovines au Sénégal. In Actes de l’atelier du CIPEA sur
les Recherches en Productions bovines associées lait-viande en Afrique de l’Ouest, Ibadan,
24-27 Octobre 1988, Nigeria.
Plan d’Action pour l’élevage, 1988. Ministère du Développement Rural et de
I’Hydraulique, Rpuhlique du Sénégal, 76~.
Richard D., Guérin H., Fall S., 1989. Feeds of the dry tropics (Sénégal). In: Ruminant
Nutrition, R. Jarrige Ed., Paris, France, INRA and John Libbey Eurotext, p.325342.
Sa11 B., 1987. Comparaison de l’utilisation par les bovins et par les ovins d’aliments
fabriqués à partir de sous-produits disponibles au S&égal. Th. Doctorat vétérinaire, no 1,
E I S M V , D a k a r .
Sa11 C., 1984. Complémentation de la paille de riz en fonction des objectifs de production:
choix d’une complémentation azotée, choix d’une complémentation énergétique.
LNERVIISRA, D~&U, 14~.
Seck P. A., 199 1. Progrés techniques et satisfaction des besoins légumiers dakarois.
Réflexions et Perspectives, ISRA, vol. 2, nOl, 33~.
Sow A., 1991. Contribution à l’étude des performances de reproduction et de production
laitiere de la jersiaise importée au Sénégal: Expt?rience de la SOCA. Thèse de Doctorat
vétérinaire, n0 13-, EISMV, Dakar.
Steyaert P., Buldgen A., Compére R., 1989. Embouche intensive des taurillons de race
Gobra à l’aide de sous-produits agricoles en provenance de la val& du fleuve Sénégal ou
i
d’ensilage de mil complémenté. Bull. Rech. Agron. Gembloux, 24, 297-313.
P
)
.
.?
I
- i
Table 1: Trends in livestock species in the last two decades
(Direction de
l'élevage,
rapports annuels 1970-1994)
-__-_---------
_______________-_-_-__
-__-- -----
----
-__----- ________-----Ve-
Livestock
Population (,OOO)
8 change
species
______------- _______-_-_-
over the period
1970/77
1983/89
(1970-1989)
---- _____-_-_----m---w-
-_____ -_--- --_____-_-_-_--__--_--------------
--..------
Cattle
2462
2397
-3
Sheep & goat
2647
4471
+69
Pigs
2 5 6
204
-26
Horse
209
289
+38
Came1
7
9
t43
Pouitry
+10500
---- -____---e-m -_--- -_--- -_-_- -_____ -_____ -__-__ -__________-________------
Table 2
Major agricultural systems in different agro-ecological zones in
Senegal
__________-_______-_-------_-----_-------- -___________________------------
Agro-ecological
Major agricultural Main Livestock Predominant Feariing
Zone
sys tems
Products
sys tem
________________-___----------
--_-_-____-_-_-_-___~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sahelian
Goats/cattle/sheep
meat
Pastilíe grazing
(200-5OOmm)
Rice, sugar-cane
milk
By-products
vegetables:tomatoes,
onions, beans, cassava
fruit: water melons
Sahelo-soudanian
Cattle/sheep/goats
meat
Pasture grazing
(500-7OOmm)
groundnut, millet
milk
Groundnut haulms
sorghum, maize
Cereal straws
Vegetables: tomatoes,
Commercial concen-
potatoes, beans carrot,
trate
cassava and fruits: mangoes,
oranges
Soudano-sahelian
Cattle/sheep/goats
meat
Pasture grazing
(700-9OOmm)
Groundnut, millet
milk
Groundnut haulms
sorghum, maize, cotton
Cereal straws
Cotton seed
Soudanian
(900-12OOmm)
Cattle/sheep/goats
Meat
Pasture grazing
Cotton, Groundnut
Groundnut haulms
millet,sorghum, maize,
Cotton seed
Cereal straws
Soudano-guineaQ
Cattle/goat/sheep
Meat
Pasture grazing
(1200-18OOmm)
Rice, groundnut
trop residues
millet, sorghum, palm-
Browsing tree-
trees, vegetables: beans,
foliages
cassava,
fruits: banana
mangoes, oranges
_____-____________-_--------------------------
A--__
_-_______-----------
Table 3:
Agricultural and agro-industrial by-product feed resources
available in Senegal
Feeds
Quantities (tons)
References*
Rice straw
170,000
Maize straw
102,633
Millet straw
592,505
Sorgho straw
78,094
Groundnut haulms
1,500,000
Bean haulms
Wheat bran
20,000
Rice bran
10,000
Millet bran
-
Wet brewers'grain
1,000
4
Groundnut husk
Cotton seed
SO, 000
3
Tomato industrial
dehydrated residues
Groundnut cake
100 à 300,000
Cotton seed cake
5,000
Cotton seed husk
8,800
Palmkernel oil cake
4,000
Molassis
30,000
Bagasse
300,000
*l.Etude sectorielle de l'élevage au Cenégal, 1982
2.Plan d'Action pour l'élevage, 1988
3.Direction de l'Agriculture, 1992
4.Direction de lIElevage, 1992.
,
Table 4: Nutritive value of some agro-industrial by-products available in
Senegal
Constituents*
_______-------- _________-_--- --v--v ______-_------
Crop residues
DM %
Cp :;5
C F!A
DMD Ca
P
CU Zn
--v-T _-_-_-----m--v
---
-------
------ _-e--e
(on a dry matter basis) 8
g/kg DM
(mg/kg DM)
Rice straw
92.3
23
34.5
42.8
1.7
5.8 44
(Oryza sativa)
Millet straw
85
56
41.4
39.2
1.6 2.3
4.0
14.7
(Pennisetum americanum)
Sorghum straw
77.4
39
40.3
47.2
.41
-43
17.9 76.5
(Sorghum bic01o.r)
Maize straw
86
38
38.6
49.3
2.0 1.5
(Zea mays)
Bean haulms
89.3
1 3
29
1.35 0.29
(Phaseolus sp.)
Groundnut haulms
87.2
10.7
34.2
54.8
9.2 1.2
5.6 19
(Arachis hypogea)
Natural pasture straw
Groundnut husks
0.6 0.4
4
98.6
61
34.8
18.4
Millet brai:
83.9
13.9
20
1.1 5.1
Rice bran
93.3
51
76
0.8 3.4
Cottonseed
86.6
20.6
33.0
Cotto'nseed husk
93.2
70
48.9
1.3 1.4
Cottcnseed cake
92.3
10.3
30.6
1 c..12.7
Molassis
10
56
0
7:; 0.7
Maize bran
90.4
9.8
8.9
-04 .14
Groundnut cake
97.8
48.5
50
1.2 4.6
Wet brewers'gr?in
22.9
5.0
4.6
Tomate industrial
96
9.4
43.4
dehydrated residues
-~
*dry
matter (DM),
crude protein
(CP)I
crude
fiber (CF), dry matter
digestibility (DMD), calcium (Ca), phosphore (P), cuivre
(CU) et zinc
On) .
Source: Blancou et Calvet, 1977; Fall et al., 1987; Cissé et al., 1995a;
Cissé et al.,
1996s;
Gongnet et al.,
1995;
Richard,
unpublished data;
Cissé, unpublished data.
Table 5: Inventory of main agricultural by-products research undertaken i
Senegal during the period 1969-1995.
Main agricultural
by-product
References
Rice straw
Calvet et Valenza, 1973
Calvet et al., 1974ab
Sali, 1984
Fall et al., 1989
Lemal et al., 1989
Richard et al., 1989
Steyaert et al., 1989a
Gongnet et al., 1996
Millet straw
Richard et al., 1989
Cissé et al., 1995a
Sorqilo straw
Richard et zi., 1989
Steyaert et al., 1989
Cissé et al., 1595a
Natural pasture straw
Bu! dgen et al., 1992
Bucildgen et al., 1993
Cissé et al., 1995a
Groundnut husk
Calvet et al., 1969
Boudergues et Calvet, 1970
Calvet et Denis, 1974
Calvet, 1977
Sali, 1987
Steyaert et al., 1989a
Cissé et al., 1994
Groundnut haulms
Richard et al., 1989
Cotton seed
Calvet et al., 1973
Fabre et al., 1973
Faye, 1993
A-_-_------ ---_-- __-_____---- ----_-------- -___________________-----------
.
.
.
;
:
:
:
3
11
i
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON
“CROP RESIDUES IN SUSTAINABLE MIXED CROP/LIVESTOCK FARMING
I
SYSTEMS
Organized by ICRISAT (INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR
THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS), and held ffrom Aprii 22 to 26, 1996, in Patancheru,
Asia _
USE OF CROP-RESIDUES IN THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS OF SENEGAL.
A Country Report
Jyitational paper
Cissé Maimouna
Institut !G?ndgalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP 2057, Dakar
This study involved a survey of animal production systems and an inventory of trop by-
products available in the farming sector in Senegal. Cattle are the dominant class of
livestock, followed by sheep and goats, although both contribute to the cash economy. The
major factor affecting iivestock production is feed shortage during the dry season.
Overgrazing leading to degeneration of vegetal caver, and the recent drought conditions,
bave made the situation worse. Several trop residues and agro-industria by-products were
identified as alternative feeds and potential supplements. The constraints associated with
their efficient use are emphasized. More collaborative research between NARS within the
eco-region ai;J strengthened partnerships with IARCs are needed to make better use of these
feed resources for increased animal production of benefit to the population, without adverse
effects on the environment.
INTRODUCTION
. Senegal is situated in West Africa, on the atlantic toast, in the intertropical
zone between latitude 12O3O’and 16O30’N and longitude 11°30’ and 17O30’ W. R-fias a
land area of 196, 722 km2 and a population estimateu at 8 million inhabitants. Twr!
ecological zones cari be distinguished according to rainfall patterns, the Sahelian zone in the
North and the Sudano-Guinean zone in the South of the country . Rainfall is unimodal,
.
occuring betwen July and September, and ranges in average from 200 mm in the North to
1500 mm in the South. This short rainy season is followed by a long dry season from
October to June during which rain never occurs.
The basis of Senegal economy is agriculture. Agriculture employs more than
70% of the population, accounts for 13 % of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and makes
an important contribution to export eamings (Etude sectorielle de l’aevage, 1982). The
livestock sector, although characterised by low productivity, contributes to about 6.5% of
c
the GDP and 32% of the Agricultural GDP (Ministère des Ressources Animales, 1988) and
traditionally plays an important socio-cultural role in the country GDP (Ministere des
Ressources Animales, 1988; Ly, 1989). The major constraints that affect ruminant livestock
include health, genetics, management, nutrition and socioeconomics (Cissé, 1991). The
country is faced with food shortages, and is struggling to sustain food security.
Per capita annuel meat consumption per capita has consistently decreased
over years, from 21.5 kg in 1960, 13 kg in 1974, 12.5 kg in 1985, and 9.5 kg in 1987
(Mi&&e des Ressources Animales, 1988). Local milk production in 1987 was estimated
to 1 1oQ 000 N per year, with 1 300 000 hl o-h milk being imported to make good the defïcit
(M’Baye, 1988). Ruminant livestock supply 77% of locally produced meat and 29% of the
milk and dairy products consumed (Richard et al., 1989). With the present human
population gruwth of 2.7% per year, increases in meat and milk production are a political-
economic priority . Tbc: objective is to produce 183 000 tons of milk and 121 600 tons of
meat in order to reach at least the targeted per capita meat consumption of 15.7 kg by the
year 2000 (Ministere des Ressources Animales, 1988).
1. IMPORTANCE AND ROLE OF LIVE?TOCK IN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
1. Importance of livestosk
During the last two decades, the trend was a slight increase in the cattle
population because severe drought affected the large ruminants more titan the small
ruminants in the 1970s (Table 1). The rate of small ruminant increase was higher than that
of any other species, due to their better resistance to drought and their selective feeding
behaviour (specially goats) on pastures, when compared to cattle which are grazers (G&in
et al., 1988, Cissé et al., 1993).
The came population increased by only 6% from 1970- 1977 to 1990- 1994,
while the sheep and goat numbers increased by over 44.7% during the same period (cattle
2,462,OMl in 1970-1977 to 2,612,OOO in 1990-1994; sheep and goats 2,647,OOO in 1970 to
3,83 1 ,ooO in 1990) (Direction de l’Elevage, 1970- 1994). This trend is also a result of the
actual increased pressure on land for cropping .
2. Role of livestock in major agricultural systems
Animal production mvolves bath non-ruminants and ruminants, and a variety
of systems more or less integrated with crops (Table 2). Three major agricultural systems
closely related to agro-ecological zones have been identifïed:
.the pastoral system in the sylvo-pastoral zone in the North and East,
.the agro-pastoral system in the Centre and in the South,
.the peri-urban system.
-The pastoral system
The livestock management consists of a transhumant pastoralism practiced by
the Peuh1 ethnie group whose major means of livelihood is almost exclusively cattle
production on extensive grazing land area (Diop, 1989). Household income and food supply
depend mainly on livestock.
Cattle are reared on natural pastures with sheep and/or goats and have to trek
great distances in search of fodder and water (Diop, 1987; Diop 1991). Nutrition is a major
limiting factor in pastoral systems. Availability and adequacy of feeds fluctuate with
seasons. Pasture productivity varies from 100 to 2,000 kg of dry matter per hectare from
year to year, and from 500 to 1,800 kg dry matter according to the types of pastures
(Boudet, 1984; Richard et al., 1989). Nutritional value of natural forage has been
extensively investigated in Casamance, in the South of the country (Boudet, 1970) and in
(Boudet, 1984; Richard et al., 1989). Nutritional value of natural forage has been
extensively investigated in Casamance, in the South of the country (Boudet, 1970) and in
the sylvo-pastoral area (Guérin, 1987) and, recently, in Sangalcam, in the periurban zone of
Dakar (Cissé et al., 1993) (Figure 1). When rainfall is adequate, there is abundant forage
which however matures quickly and enters dry-dormancy at the end of the dry season. The
result is feed inadequacy in terrns of both quant@ and quality (Richard et al., 1989). Crop
production is marginal in this livestock production system.
-The agro-pastoral system
The farming system is predominantly based on the rainfed agriculture
producing grouudnut, cereals, and livestock, using few external rnputs and based on mainly
family labour and animal draught power (Fall, 1986; Lhoste, 1987; Fayé, 1993). Livestock
are kept in semi-sedentary mixed farming systems, where people do not shift homesteads
during the year. This system is practiced by local groups such as Ouolof and Serere in the
Center and Diola, Mande and Fulani in the South of the country, and their main activity is
agriculture.
The major crops grown are groundnut, cereals such as maize, millet,
sorghum and rice, and cotton. Other crops include beans and Palm-trees. Rice is produced
both in the north in the valley of the Senegal river, and in the Casamance region in the
South (Figure 1). Sugar cane is produced only along the Senegal river. Most people
operating within the system cultivate by hand and rarely with tractors. Cultivation of fodder
plants remains very limited. Oxen are widely used for cropping and transport (Fall, 1986;
Faye, 1993) and overall integration of livestock is rare. The integration of trop and
livestock sectors involves not only the use of draught animals but also the use of trop
residues and manure deposit into cropping areas. Another form of integration is the income
transfert From one sector to the other.
Livestock have crucial importance to the farming system which benefited
from a certain level of trop-livestock integration (Faye and Landais, 1985). The main
7.- ii
sources of smallholders income are trop sales (smal1 proportion of total grain and a large
proportion of groundnut produced), wage employment, ans sales of livestosck and livestock
products. Livestock are purchased and sold according to the farmer’s cash flow needs.
Some ruminant and poultry (Buldgen et al., 1992b) are also kept for home consumption and
to meet other socio-cultural needs. In this system, a migratory pastoral component is
maintained to a certain extent, particularly with cattle which do migrate over long distances
during the dry season, whereas sheep and goats are kept near the homestead with access to
household and kitchen wastes when available.
Animal nutrition during part of the dry season depends mainly on cereals
straws, more or less associated with browsing, and with supplementation provlded by
certain fat-mers or extension agencies. The main supplements used are groundnut haulms,
artisanal or industrial groundnut cake, and cotton seed to a lesser extent.
-The peri-urban system
There is a specific type of livestock production system in the periurban zone
which is the main area for agribusiness in the for-m of extensive (Diao, 1991; Cissé et al.,
1996c) or intensive (Diop et al., lÇP2) dairy, and poultry entreprises (Arbelot, 1994). The
intensive daii cattle production uses imported breeds in order to meet the ilcreased
demand for milk. Exotic breeds such as Pakistanese cows were introduced in 1963,
Montbeliard in 1976, Jersey in 1988 (Diop et al., 1992), and Holstein cows more recently ,
in 1994. Today the major unit of milk production is SOCA (Société Agro-alimentaire) using
jersey cows in the periurban zone of Dakar (Sow, 1991). Animais are fed with green
(heans) or ensiled forages (maize, sorghum) from irrigated plots. Lactating cows are
supplemented with locally purchased agro-industrial by-products such as groundnut cake,
cereal brans, and cotton seed.
Vegetable (onions, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, green vegetables, carrot) and
fruit production (mangoes, oranges, water melons, papayas, etc...) (Seck, 1991) generate
important quantities of by-products in the periurban zone mainly in Dakar, and in Saint-
Louis (Figure 1).
‘ti
Ii
3. Impact of mechanization on the use of Iivestock in agricultural systems
In the Senegalese peanut basin, population growth and the extensive use of
animal traction have favored the excessive expansion of cultivated land to the detiment of
the pastoral land area. Traditional practices of maintaining soi1 fertility have been disturbed
by pastoral land restrictions (Faye, 1993). Pressure on land and the encroachement of
cropping lands on pastures has caused a reduction in the cattle population in the groundnut
bassin and a shift to the use of cows for draught purposes. The use of horses and donkeys
for cropping and transport has increased.
Agricultural production in the country has been better organised over the past
two deeades and more and more development plans give priority to food production for
domestic use, with resultant increase in the agriculture-based industries.
With the decline and degradation of grazing lands through overgrazing and
the expansion of arable cropping, agricultural by-products take on greater significance. For
example, Lotton production increased f!rom 1,000 tons in 1987 (Plan d’Actioe pour
l’Elevage, 1988) to 50,000 tons in 1991-1992 (Direction de l’Agriculture, 1992).
Cocsequently, the use of cotton seed, a major protein source, greatly increasëd for beef and
sheep fattening in the Center and in the South ol the country. In 1986, 887,820 tons of
maize, millet, snrghum and rice grain were harvested. The estimated straw output is
4,800,OOO tons (Fall et al., 1989). An increase in available quantities of straws could be
expected with the development of irrigated cropping in the Senegal river valley and
mechanisation .
II. USE OF CROP RESIDUES AS LIVESTOCK FEED RESSOURCES
1. Farmer’s current practices on utilizing trop residues as a source of
livestock feed in major agricultural systems.
Natural pastures and trop residues are the primary feedstuffs at the disposa1
of animals (Adegbola and Smith, 1982). The trop residues include almost a11 post-harvest
remains of crops grown within the farming systems and their utilization differ according to
the residue and the system. Rice straw is bumed, not fully used in the Senegal river valley,
and grazed in situ, in the South. Other cereal straws (millet, maize and sorghum stovers)
are cutted ans stocked in the Diourbel zone for later use, or freely grazed in sim on trop
fields alter harvest, in other regions. Legume haulms (beans, groundnuts etc.. .) are fed near
the homesteads where they are stored after threshing. Maize is harvested in September
while pastures are still green. At this period, since animais are not yet allowed access to
trop lands, it cari be assumed that important quantities are lost (Fall, 1986). With the
population groom5, use of trop residues Will take on greater importance with intensification
of cropping and of livestok production.
The feeding of trop residues is common in certain farming systems. Some
farmers practice supplementation using tree-crops (green or dry leaves or pods) with agro-
forestry species including Leucaena leucocephala, Guiera senegalensis; Acacia SP.,
etc.. (Fall, 1993). Browses species occupy an important place in small ruminant feeding,
particularly during the dry season (Guérin et al., 1988; Ci& et al., 1993). This is because
most browse species are drought resistant and provide proteins, vitamins and minerals
which are lacking in herbage species. Other supplementary feeds are obtained from agro-
industrial by-products such as residues of oil extracted from oil bearing seeds (groundnut,
palmkemel, cotton seed), by-products of grain processing (millet, rice, wheat, sorghum,
maize), peelings of crops (yams, sweet potatoes, etc.. .) and industrial by-products
(brewers’dried grains, fruit cannery by-products, molasses etc.. .). The types and quantities
available tend to be location and season specific.
2. Availability of the trop residues
Quantitative estimates of trop residues are not usually reported in national
statitics. Groundnut and millet are the major crops in Senegal. Groundnut haulms are
therefore the most abundant trop residue (Table 3). Millet straws are second in importance.
There are widely used as animals feed. The other trop residues and agro-industrial by-
products (Table 2) include cereal and legume straws, wheatbran, dried brewers’grains
(spent grains from the breweries), oilseed cakes, cottonseed cake and palmkernel) and
cereal bran. Without the availability of trop residues, ruminants could hardly survive the
long dry season.
In years where statistical data on agro-industria by-products have been
reported, large quantities are found. High q&.ntities of them (groundnut cake, cotton seed,
palmkernel cake, molassis) are however exported (Etude sectorielle de 1’6Ievage au Sénégal,
1982).
3. Current practices used in processing trop residues
CereaI straws and groundnut haulms are scattered on the farms after
harvesting the grains. Sorghum stalks retain a better quality if harvested early, dried and
stored off the ground on mari made storage facilities. Bundles of rice straw, weighing lO- 13
kg, and groundnut haulms are marketed as animal The main customers are transport
businesses with draft animals, and the peri-urban milk and meat producers.
Most of the groundnut grown in the country is locally processed into oil. The
remaining cake is a valuable source of energy and protein. The industriaI cake is exported.
The domestic cake and cereal bran are the major by-products useful as animal feed which
are produced at the village level. There is a certain import of wheat processed 1ocaIly into
fleur. However, the quant.@ of wheat bran appears to be limited.
are produced at the village level. There is a certain import of wheat processed locally into
flour. However, the quantity of wheat bran appears to be limited.
.
Cereal trop residues are important feed resources in the mixed farmïng
/
systems. However these residues are high in lignocellulose compounds and are
characterized by low protein content, and low digestibility and voluntat-y intake (Sall, 1984;
Fall et ai., 1989). When fed atone to ruminants, as practiced by several farmers, they cari
not support maintenance requirements.
A great deal of research on forages has been done in various research centres
and feeding recommandations were formulated for farmers. Improvement in the nutritional
value of straws with physical treatments and supplementation with other by-products (Table
5), and good animal performances were reported with on station-research. Chemical
treatment of straws (Blancou and Calvet, 1977) is restricted by costs, technical ability and
safety. However, urea seems 2romising (Fall et al., 1989; Cisse et al., 1995b, 1996a;
Gongnet et al., 1996), because it is cheap and easy to obtain at the village level. The
evaluation of itq profitability at the farm level is going on in the Senegal valley river wiîh
rice straw and in the peanut basin, in the Center, with natural pasture straw.
4. Current practices used to supplement trop residues
In the agropastoral system, farmers commonly use trop residues
supplemented with artisanal groundnut cake, and cotton seed, or they cari mix various trop
residues for animal feeding.
In the agricultural areas, farmers generally waste feed resources and
consequently animals are over or underfed. There is an often ineffective collection of the
groundnut haulms which is by far the most important and the best quality feed for animals.
If they still contain many leaves, groundnut haulms cari support daily gains of 0.5 kg
liveweight for thin cattle after a dearth period. Millet, maize and sorghum straws represent
*
30 to 50% of the cattle diet during the dry season and a smaller part of the small ruminant’s
diet, in agro-pastoral zones (Richard et al., 1989).
Many years of research on the nutritive value of every type of trop residue in
several combinations showed technical advantages of using these resources (Table 5) as
animal feed. The technologies generated (diets formulated with many agro-industrial by-
products) without economic analysis are beyond the reach of farmers. Research on both
pasture and agricultural by-products has had a very limited impact on livestock productivity
in the small-scale farming sy stems .
r’
5. Major constraints on utilization of crops residues as livestock feed
The major construints associated with the use of by-products are their
bulkiness, transpofl,tion, storage and processing.
After harvesting the grains, cereal straws have to be bulked and transported
to tlx villages and stored The first problem encountered is transport both on farm and on a
regional basis where by-products may be located in a different area to livestock.
The second problem is the amount of labour required to collect and store the
trop residues. Peopie are busy harvesting crops and do not take time t> collect and store the
trop residues (Fall, 1986). Another constraint is the actual mariner of stordge, whether on
platforms, in the fïeld, fenced, etc...Moreover, there are no machines in the villages to
process these straws for incorporation in diets for ruminants. In the harvesting process,
development of simple machinery such as choppers or chaffcutters would be beneficial in
reducing by-product particle size.
Inadequate and inefficient use of the available technology is also a major
limitation to increased animal production.
i
6. Nutritive value of trop residues
An important study was carried out to determine the nutritive value of (1)
native herbages of natural pastures in the Sahelo-sudanian zone, (2) fodder grasses
cultivated under irrigation and (3) some trop residues and agro-industrial by-products
(groundnut haulms and cake and cereals straws) encountered in Senegal. The determination
of their chemical composition (Table 3), digestibility and feeding triais results allowed the
establishment of Feed Tables (Richard et al., 1989). However, other studies are needed to
specify the feeding value of each by-product with high potential.
The feeding values of millet, maize and sorghum straws are very low. Their
dry matter digestibilitj ranged from 42.8 to 49% (Sall, 1984, Fall et al., 1989, Gongnet et
al., 1996) and their organic matter digestibility depends on the leaf/stem ratio (0.2-0.35),
and ranges from 40-45 % for the entire straws and from 50-55 % for the leaves. Rice straw
has a higher organic matter digestibility (56%) (Richard et al., 1989) than the other straws.
The energy content of groundnut haulms.:Jaries between 0.50 to 0.72 UFWkg
DM and their digestible protein content between 40 to 74/kg DM, depending on the
leaf/stem ratio (0.2 to 1.5 according to harvesting practices) (Richard et al., 1989). Rice
t
bran has a chemical and a nutritive value negatively affected by high iovels of silica (12.2%
.DM) and ADL (8.2% DM), as a consequence of a high proportion of hulls.
Most of the forages have insufficient mineral content (P, Ca, Na, CU and Zn) to
meet the requirements of livestock (Cisse, 1985; Guerin et al., 1989; Cisse et al., 1996b).
Some trace elements content such as CU and Zn are, in most of tbe forages, under the limit
of defïciency.
Studîes on the toxicity of trop residues (gossipol content of cotton seed, and
other toxic constituents like alkaloïds, glucosides, polyphenols, hydrocyanic acid, oxalic
Studies on the toxicity of trop residues (gossipol content of cotton seed, and
other toxic constituents like alkaloïds, glucosides, polyphenols, hydrocyanic acid, oxalic
acid, etc.. .) are very scarce. However, detoxification of groundnut cake against aflatoxine
is required for EU experts.
7. Opportunities for collaborative research on strategies for using trop
residues as animal feeds.
Feed is the principal constraint among the non genetic factors affecting
animal production, particularly during the dry season. Fodder is of poor nutritional value
for most of the year due to the rainfall pattern, and trop residues and other feed resources
are greatly underustd. This situation Will be worsened if livestock productivity and
population increase. However, there is an immense potentiaI for irnproving animal nutrition
and therefore production by using trop by-products. The use of farm-produced by-products
(stovers, straws, bean and groundnut haulms and huusehold offals) and agro-industrial by-
products as animal feed is an effrcient and ecologically sound use of feed resources.
Attention must be given to research on forage production and agricultural by-
products which are an important feed resource in animal production systems. Increased
intensification and efficiency in the use of feeds is most important and emphasis should be
given to feeds that do not compete with human food.
In the sylvo-pastoral area where tbe production system is pastoral, increased
fodder production Will be possible witb the rehabilitation project to improve water
availability in fossiled valleys, as are corrections of minera1 deficiencies. Adapted forage
cari provide nutrients for ruminants. More productive and high yielding forage crops need
research. The agronomie characteristics of tbese forages need to be determined in order to
achieve maximum bene& from them. Fertiliser requirements, frequency of cutting, cutting
height, grass/legume mixtures and other factors affect the yield and nutitional value of
There is need to increase investments for research on mixed farming systems
within each agro-ecological zone. Research into integrating trop and animal production is
essential, especially f o r tbe areas where trop p r o d u c t i o n i s t h e farmers’primary
preoccupation .
Collaborative research cari focus on:
-the inventory the type and availability of trop residues
-the study the feeding value and toxicity of trop residues
-the improveme,nt of the technology for conservation of trop residues
-the improvement of the nutritive value of fibrous foods
-the maximisation of the use of agricultural by-products in beef end sheep finishing
operations
-the breeding of cereals of higher nutritive value
-the investigation of the use of fodder trees adapted to tbe various locations
8. Role of agribusiness in development of novel fee$ products by utilizing the
locally available feed resources
There is a need for technology or institutional support for the private sector
but the policy area needs clarification. Govemment has a role to play in ensuring the
availability of support services and infrastructure that producers need in order to make best
uses of by-products.
Government policy should promote the optimal use of the local feed
resources in the animal industry and improve the capacity of the private sector capacity to
respond to the market environment. With the devaluation of the CFA franc by 50% in
February 1994, exports of agro-industrial by-products increased.
9. The institutions involved in research and deveiopment of livestock feed
based on trop residues: their speciality and linkages with advanced institutions in
developed countries and with IARCs.
In the recent past, some international institutions such as FAO, CIRAD, ILIU
through AFRVET and IDRC have funded research projects on the use of by-products, in
Senegal .
Factors limiting the utilisation of technical packages at the small-holder level
include poor coordination between research institutions and development organisations.
Researchers do not get enough feedback information to enable.them to plan their research
activities based on the needs of farmers. SO, projects are usually proposed on their own
perceived problems.
In order to facilitate the immediate diffusion of technologies ge,lcrated by the
scientists into the farming systems, a well-organised extension system is required. It is also
important to improve linkages between researchers and extension workers to share
experiences (through joint research proposais), and the extension services have to be
strengthened through training extension staff.
It is also important to note that, in Senegal as in several developing countries,
the level of research funding and the infrastructure in terms of laboratories and facilities and
trained manpower are limited. Partnerships between NA&, IARCs and other regional
institutions on common research needs on the use of trop residues has to be strengthened.
This cari be done 1tiough a better exchange o f information,
training, participation in
workshops and other scient& meetings.
Acknowledgments
1 wish to thank Drs Tom Cusac, Head of NRBAR/ISRA (USAID), Abdou Fall, Head of
ISRAIURA Productions Animales, and my colleague Cheikh M’Baye Boye for critically
reading the manuscript.
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Doctorat Ingénieur, spécialité Agronomique, ENSA, Montpellier, 21 lp.
Guérin H., Cissé h4., Hein& V., 1989. Composition minerale des fourrages. In Elevage et
potentialités
pastorales
sahehennes .
Synthèses
cartographiques:
Sén&af ,
CTA/IEMVT/ISRA, P 8.
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ruminants domestiques (bovins, ovins, caprins) exploitant des parcours naturels saheliens et
soudano-sahéliens. II. Essai de description du régime par l’&ude du comportement
alimentaire. Facteurs de variation des choix alimentaires et conséquences nutritionnelles.
Rev. Elev. Med. vet. Pays trop., 41, 427440.
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en élevage. Aspects économiques. In Actes des IXèmes Journees Médicales, 15-20 janvier
1979, 51p.
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dans l’alimentation du b&ail au Senégal. Production et Santi animales, Rome FAO, n’32,
136~.
Lemal A., Faye J.C., Buldgen A., Compere R., 1989. Influence de la proportion de
mklasse liquide sur la valeur alimentaire des rations pour ruminants compoSees des sous-
produits disponibles dans la vallee du fleuve Sénegal. Bull. Rech. Agron. Gembloux, 24,
315-328.
1, < .
t,
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Lhoste P., 1987. L’association agriculture-élevage. Evolution du système agropastoral .au
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I’IEMVT n’21).
Ly C., 1989. La politique de développement de l’élevage au Sénégal: Repères sur
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1986, n”l, ISRAICRDI, 62~.
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E I S M V , D a k a r .
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i
d’ensilage de mil complémenté. Bull. Rech. Agron. Gembloux, 24, 297-313.
P
)
.
.?
I
- i
Table 1: Trends in livestock species in the last two decades
(Direction de
l'élevage,
rapports annuels 1970-1994)
-__-_---------
_______________-_-_-__
-__-- -----
----
-__----- ________-----Ve-
Livestock
Population (,OOO)
8 change
species
______------- _______-_-_-
over the period
1970/77
1983/89
(1970-1989)
---- _____-_-_----m---w-
-_____ -_--- --_____-_-_-_--__--_--------------
--..------
Cattle
2462
2397
-3
Sheep & goat
2647
4471
+69
Pigs
2 5 6
204
-26
Horse
209
289
+38
Came1
7
9
t43
Pouitry
+10500
---- -____---e-m -_--- -_--- -_-_- -_____ -_____ -__-__ -__________-________------
Table 2
Major agricultural systems in different agro-ecological zones in
Senegal
__________-_______-_-------_-----_-------- -___________________------------
Agro-ecological
Major agricultural Main Livestock Predominant Feariing
Zone
sys tems
Products
sys tem
________________-___----------
--_-_-____-_-_-_-___~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sahelian
Goats/cattle/sheep
meat
Pastilíe grazing
(200-5OOmm)
Rice, sugar-cane
milk
By-products
vegetables:tomatoes,
onions, beans, cassava
fruit: water melons
Sahelo-soudanian
Cattle/sheep/goats
meat
Pasture grazing
(500-7OOmm)
groundnut, millet
milk
Groundnut haulms
sorghum, maize
Cereal straws
Vegetables: tomatoes,
Commercial concen-
potatoes, beans carrot,
trate
cassava and fruits: mangoes,
oranges
Soudano-sahelian
Cattle/sheep/goats
meat
Pasture grazing
(700-9OOmm)
Groundnut, millet
milk
Groundnut haulms
sorghum, maize, cotton
Cereal straws
Cotton seed
Soudanian
(900-12OOmm)
Cattle/sheep/goats
Meat
Pasture grazing
Cotton, Groundnut
Groundnut haulms
millet,sorghum, maize,
Cotton seed
Cereal straws
Soudano-guineaQ
Cattle/goat/sheep
Meat
Pasture grazing
(1200-18OOmm)
Rice, groundnut
trop residues
millet, sorghum, palm-
Browsing tree-
trees, vegetables: beans,
foliages
cassava,
fruits: banana
mangoes, oranges
_____-____________-_--------------------------
A--__
_-_______-----------
Table 3:
Agricultural and agro-industrial by-product feed resources
available in Senegal
Feeds
Quantities (tons)
References*
Rice straw
170,000
Maize straw
102,633
Millet straw
592,505
Sorgho straw
78,094
Groundnut haulms
1,500,000
Bean haulms
Wheat bran
20,000
Rice bran
10,000
Millet bran
-
Wet brewers'grain
1,000
4
Groundnut husk
Cotton seed
SO, 000
3
Tomato industrial
dehydrated residues
Groundnut cake
100 à 300,000
Cotton seed cake
5,000
Cotton seed husk
8,800
Palmkernel oil cake
4,000
Molassis
30,000
Bagasse
300,000
*l.Etude sectorielle de l'élevage au Cenégal, 1982
2.Plan d'Action pour l'élevage, 1988
3.Direction de l'Agriculture, 1992
4.Direction de lIElevage, 1992.
,
Table 4: Nutritive value of some agro-industrial by-products available in
Senegal
Constituents*
_______-------- _________-_--- --v--v ______-_------
Crop residues
DM %
Cp :;5
C F!A
DMD Ca
P
CU Zn
--v-T _-_-_-----m--v
---
-------
------ _-e--e
(on a dry matter basis) 8
g/kg DM
(mg/kg DM)
Rice straw
92.3
23
34.5
42.8
1.7
5.8 44
(Oryza sativa)
Millet straw
85
56
41.4
39.2
1.6 2.3
4.0
14.7
(Pennisetum americanum)
Sorghum straw
77.4
39
40.3
47.2
.41
-43
17.9 76.5
(Sorghum bic01o.r)
Maize straw
86
38
38.6
49.3
2.0 1.5
(Zea mays)
Bean haulms
89.3
1 3
29
1.35 0.29
(Phaseolus sp.)
Groundnut haulms
87.2
10.7
34.2
54.8
9.2 1.2
5.6 19
(Arachis hypogea)
Natural pasture straw
Groundnut husks
0.6 0.4
4
98.6
61
34.8
18.4
Millet brai:
83.9
13.9
20
1.1 5.1
Rice bran
93.3
51
76
0.8 3.4
Cottonseed
86.6
20.6
33.0
Cotto'nseed husk
93.2
70
48.9
1.3 1.4
Cottcnseed cake
92.3
10.3
30.6
1 c..12.7
Molassis
10
56
0
7:; 0.7
Maize bran
90.4
9.8
8.9
-04 .14
Groundnut cake
97.8
48.5
50
1.2 4.6
Wet brewers'gr?in
22.9
5.0
4.6
Tomate industrial
96
9.4
43.4
dehydrated residues
-~
*dry
matter (DM),
crude protein
(CP)I
crude
fiber (CF), dry matter
digestibility (DMD), calcium (Ca), phosphore (P), cuivre
(CU) et zinc
On) .
Source: Blancou et Calvet, 1977; Fall et al., 1987; Cissé et al., 1995a;
Cissé et al.,
1996s;
Gongnet et al.,
1995;
Richard,
unpublished data;
Cissé, unpublished data.
Table 5: Inventory of main agricultural by-products research undertaken i
Senegal during the period 1969-1995.
Main agricultural
by-product
References
Rice straw
Calvet et Valenza, 1973
Calvet et al., 1974ab
Sali, 1984
Fall et al., 1989
Lemal et al., 1989
Richard et al., 1989
Steyaert et al., 1989a
Gongnet et al., 1996
Millet straw
Richard et al., 1989
Cissé et al., 1995a
Sorqilo straw
Richard et zi., 1989
Steyaert et al., 1989
Cissé et al., 1595a
Natural pasture straw
Bu! dgen et al., 1992
Bucildgen et al., 1993
Cissé et al., 1995a
Groundnut husk
Calvet et al., 1969
Boudergues et Calvet, 1970
Calvet et Denis, 1974
Calvet, 1977
Sali, 1987
Steyaert et al., 1989a
Cissé et al., 1994
Groundnut haulms
Richard et al., 1989
Cotton seed
Calvet et al., 1973
Fabre et al., 1973
Faye, 1993
A-_-_------ ---_-- __-_____---- ----_-------- -___________________-----------
.
.
.
;
:
: