ICBISAT / ISBA / UNDP CO-OPERATIVE PROGRAMME
( 1 9 7 7 T O 1 9 8 . 5 )
TN% FEARL MILLET IMPBOYEWENT PROGRAM
IN SENEGAL "
5. C. Gupta
IKTERWATIONAL CBOPS RBSEARCB
INSTITUT SRNEGALAIS
INSTITUTE FOR TEE
DE RHCRBRCHES AGRLCOLES
SBHI - ABID TROPICS
:ZlIliAT Patancheru P.G.
CENTRE NATIORAL DE RRCBRRCHES
Andhra Pradesh 502 324
*
AGRONOMIQUES
INDIA
BAHBEY B.F. 53 - SENEGAL

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CONTENTS
1.
BACKGROLJND OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH
?
1
2.
OBJECTIVES
4
3.
METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTATION
4
3.1.
Introductions and Local Collections
4
3.2.
Breeding for High Yield
3.2.1.
Development of Inbreds
i:
3.2.2.
Production of Synthetics
3.2.3.
Production of Hybrids
.1:
3.3.
Improvement of Open-Pollinated Varietisa
8
3.4,,
Breeding for Diseases and Pests Resistance
10
3.5,,
Breeding for Drought Resistance
1 0
3.6.
TO Develop Cultural Practices for Optimiting
Grain Yield Production.
10
4.
ORGANIZATION FOR RESEARCH
1 1
5.
RESULTS
1 1
5.1.
Introductions and Local Collections
$2
5.1.1.
Diverse Lines
12
5.1.2.
Composite Improvement
12
5.1.3.
Various Yield Trials
13
5.1.4.
Fl Crosses and Segregating Progenies
13
5.1.5.
IMZAT (Regional tria11
1 4
5.1.6.
PMXN (Regional exchange nursery)
15
5.1.7.
Striga Nursery
1 5
5.1.8.
Male-Steriles
15
5.1.9.
Germplasm
5.2 Breeding for High Yield
:7
5.2.1.
Development of Inbreds
17
5.2.2.
Synthetics
1 8
5.2.3.
Hybrids
21
5.3.
Improvement of Synthetics
2 2
5.4.
Breeding for Diseases and Pests Resistance
2 3
5.4.1.
Disease Resistant Material
5.4.2.
Improvement of Synthetics
1:
5.4.3.
International Nurseries
24
5.4.4.
Pest Nursery
25
.5.5.
Development of Agronomie Practicss far
Optimizing Yields
3%
6.
DISCUSSION
aa
6.1.
Introductions and Local Collections
a7
6.2.
Breeding for High Yield
29
6.2.1.
Development of Inbreds
09
6.2.2.
Synthetics
30
6.2.3.
Hybrids
31
6.3.
Improvement of Synthetics
31
6.4.
Breeding for Diseases and Pests Resistance
3 2
.

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6.5.
Breeding for Drought Resistance
33
6.6.
Development of Agronomie Practices for
Optimizing Grain Yields
.
34
7.
HIGHLIGHTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
35
8.
BENEFITS
36
9.
FUTURE OUTLOOK
37
10.
REVIEWS ATTENDED
39
11.
WORKSHOPS ATTENDED
39
12.
PUBLICATIONS
39
13.
LINK TO NATIONAL PROGRAM
41
14.
TRAINING OF LOCAL STAFF AND PERSONNEL
42
REFERENCES
42
ANNEX - List of Research Projects
44
Tables 1 to 23

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1
ICRISAT / ISRA COOPERATIVE PEARL MILLET IMPROVEHRNT PROGRAH
IN SENEGAL (1977-1985)
I
Ln S e n e g a l , Pearl m i l l e t a n d s o r g h u m (0.97 m n ha) arc! s e c o n d i n
importance to groundnut (1.05 mn ha), both in terms of surface area covered
and production.
Among the cereals, Pearl m i l l e t is t h e predomineng trop i n
the north and central regions o f t h e c o u n t r y w h e r e rainfall 9s l o w a n d
erratic. In the south, where rains are comparatively favorable, the principle
:
crops are sorghum, maize and rice. Over 85% of Pearl millet grown ire of early
maturing type (75 to 90 days to maturity) commonly known a8 “Souna millet” and
t h e r e s t is S a n i o (120-150 days).
Souna is grown in the north an8 central
regions of the country and extending towards sourthern part of the country
replacing Sanio.
The major problems in Pearl millet production are low grain yield, paor
harvest index,
diseases mainly downy mildew, smut, and sometimsrr ergot,
insects mainly Raghuva SP., drought at anytime, and occasionally
The
indirect problem i s t h e continuous d e g r a d a t i o n o f t h e soi1 ferti’lity y e a r
after year.
T h i s could b e b e c a u s è o f s e v e r a l r e a s o n s b u t one of t h e most
important is plant type-very ta11 with poor harvest index.
The rapid progruss
in gene t ic improvement
i s p o s s i b l e because o f t h e w i d e r a n g e o f g a n e t i c
variability available in germplasm a n d t h e e a s e o f c r o s s i n g utilioing t h e
protogynous nature of the trop.
1.
BACKGROUNU OF PREVIOUS RRSEARCH
The
millet
improvement
program at
‘Centre
National
de Recherches
Agronomiques (CNRA) ’ , Bambey started as early as 1931 by producing inbred
lines by pedigree selection in two local populations. By 1949, CNRA developed
1 1 3 lines o f m i l l e t .
Through selfing,
t h e lines l o s t t h e v i g o r o f t h e
populations.
The variety 165 gave 20% more grain yield than the lines derived
from this population.
Twenty-eight selections were made by 1959 based on
yield per plant and other characters associated with yield per plant.
These
were tested between 1959 and 1961.
There was an improvement in homogeneity
b u t t h e y i e l d l e v e l s w e r e n o t b e t t e r t h a n t h e f a r m e r s l o c a l .
In 1961,
recurrent selection work (simple and reciprocal) was started on early and late
populations (Etasse, 1965).

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2
Bono and Leclercq (1963) suggested that the pedigree selection cari net bs
directly used as it only allows the establishment of a reserve of interesting
inhred lines.
Moreover,
complex. ;-mass
selection
is e f f i c i e n é o n l o c a l
unimproved populations.
This m e t h o d a l l o w s imbrovement up to ao%,
The
hybrids obtained by cross breeding between a population and an inbred line
have given up to 147% of the local population as bas& results,
Favorable
results have been obtained by mixed cultivation of several varieties in the
same seed hill.
In 1965, three recurrent selection programs on Souna millets and two on
Sanio millets were in progress.
The three r e c u r r e n t selections o n early
millet were grouped into a single synthetic Souna 2.
This synthetic was 107
.and 1 2 1 % s u p e r i o r t o l o c a l check i n f i r s t and s e c o n d generation o f
multiplications, respectively.
The synthetics obtained from selection on late
varieties
gave
interesting
resul ts
only in
f i r s t
g e n e r a t i o n o f
multiplication.
Souna 2 was improved through top cross testing using PC 28
(Souna of Bambey Serere, Senegal) a s a t e s t e r a n d t h e n Souna 2 i t s e l f a s a
t e s t e r (Etasse, 1 9 6 9 ) . E i g h t lines (106-7, 108-4,113-3, 1 1 5 - 4 , 1 3 4 - 5 , 1 4 2 - 4 ,
143-4 and 148-3) were extracted from Souna 2 through top cross testing were
recombined in 1969 to form Souna -3.
This variety was released for general
cultivation in 1972.
In 1970,
Senegal launched a multidisciplinary (genetics, physiology,
pathology,
entomology and agronomy) program on millet improvement out o f a
determinatiton&to+ a c h i e v e s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y i n food through diversification.
w
The main selection criteria was the improvement in harvest index .
This was
achieved by crossing 29 African populations (8 from Burkina Faso, 6 from Mali,
10 from Niger, 4 from Senegal and 1 from Chad) with three dwarf parents (23 D2
5 and 239 D2 B from USA and 1 472 from India).
In 1973,
the
synthetic GAM 73 was
developed by recombining the
morphological similar progenies derived from a cross I 472 x HK 1133.
The
characteristics of GAM 73 were dwarf plant height (135 cm,), longer ear head
(144.5 cm. 1,
f e w e f f e c t i v e t i l l e r s p e r p l a n t (2.9) a n d h i g h harvest i n d e x
(:41%).
B,y t h e m i d d l e o f 1 9 7 4 ,
another synthetic GAM 75 of completely
diffcrent p l a n t t y p e was developed by recombining morphologically similer 15
E4 progeni,es derived from a cross Tift 23 D2 B x Aniata.
Heads were more in
number but much shorter of GAM 75 than GAM 73, t o f a c i l i t a t e threshi.ng with

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3
machines.
Stems of GAM 75 were much more
thinner than those of plants
constituting the population GAM 73,
r e s u l t i n g i n r e d u c e d e f f o r t s f o r t h e
cutting
of stems and ploughing at harvest
(Bilquez, 1974).
These two
I
synthetics gave good results under irrigated and highly fertilixed soils but
COU~.~ not compete with traditional varieties under farmer’s
situation.
These
synthetics also had poor threshing percentage (55%) as compared ta other
millet varieties (70%).
Agroclimatic
research by CNRA has
s h o w n t h a t t h e m i l l e t h a v i n g a
vegetative cycle of 90 days cari be grown with at least an 80% chance of
success each year in the region of Bambey-latitude 14’30’ N, average rainfall
648 mm.
The chance of success becomes 42% when grown further north in the
region of Louga (latitude 15”30’ N, average rainfall 481 mm) and anly 26% in
the region of Podor (latitude 16”30’N, average rainfall 333 mm),
la order to
have 80% of success each year, millet grown in the region of Louga must not
have a vegetative cycle exceeding 75 days and for those grown in the region of
Podor, a vegetative cycle not exceeding 60 days (Dancette, 1974).
Based on above recommendations,
attempts were made to produce 60, 75 and
90 days synthetics for different regions of the country, Rased on combining
a b i l i t y t e s t s , the parents were chosen from existing material for creating the
synthetics (of different maturity cycles.
Only a few parents could be selected
to for-m one of the each 60 and 75 days synthetics and several fines were
identified with 90 days maturity type to form seven 90 days synthetics.
The
different generations of random mating of two early maturing dwarf synthetics
(60 and 75 days) were compared with Souna 3 (a ta11 90 days synthetic) during
1 9 7 7 t o 19’79,
Rarly maturing synthetics could not produce equal yield as
compared to Souna 3 even in the environments for which they were developed (C,
Lambert,
1980, persona1 communication).
T h i s could b e b e c a u s e o f lack o f
sufficient lineslmaterials for the production of 60 and 75 days synthetics,
T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r o p s R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e f o r t h e Semi-Arid Tropice
(IcRISAT) w a s c o n s t i t u t e d b y t h e C o n s u l t a t i v e G r o u p o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Agricultural Research (CGIAR) in 1972 with a view to improving the yjields and
quality of five principal crops, sorghum, millets, chick-peas, pigeon-peas and
groundnuts in the semi-arid tropics which caver a wide belt of Asia, Africa,
Latin America and Australia.
These crops are grown in a harsh envaronment-
deple ted soils, erratic rainfall and sparse or no irrigation-by small farmers

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4
w i t t r very Ilimited resources. ICRISAT has a special mandate for reserach in
f arming sys tems , socio-economic constraints and transfer of technolagy for the
seasonal ly dry
semi-ar id
t r o p i c s t o
catalyze a
break- thsough in the
agricultural production of the region.
In Senegalj ICRISAT, in collaboration
with Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), started its millet
improvement program
in 1977 funded by UNDP, with a prime objective of
strengthening the national program mainly through diversifying the genetic
base.
Our emphasis has been to develop new genotypes that combine sources of
stress resistance and high yield potential.
Efforts are being made to develop
interdisciplinary problem-oriented projects in collaboration with scientists
in national program such as breeder, pathologist, physiologist, soi1 chemist,
agronomist and entomologist.
2.
OBJECTIVES
a) To diversify the genetic base by introducing new genetic material and by
prospecting locally.
b) Breeding for high yield.
cl
TO improve selected open-pollinated
varieties for grain yïeld production,
its stability, grain size, harvest index, head length and resistacwe to
diseases.
d) Breeding for pest and disease resistance.
e> Breeding for drought resistance.
f) TO develop cultural practices for optimizing grain yield production of
newly developed varieties.
3.
METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTATION
3.1 Introductions and Local Collections
Since 1977,
several Pearl millet genotypes were introduced in Senegal
main’ly in form of regional and internaitonal trials and nurseries (Table 1).
Initially,
:Large introductions were made from the ICRISAT gene bank, India,
and then from several African countries and recently some from
USA.
These
eutries were evaluated for their per se performance under the ecological
-
conditions of Senegal and subsequently recombined the best with the selected
Senegalese improved materials in o r d e r t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e g e n e t i c
distance between these two types of materials.
Selected introductions were

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5
also evaluated for their combining ability and few entries were selected to
form the synthetic varieties.
Soon it was realized that it ie necessary to
use more of local germplasm in crossing program;
The germplasm lines from
Senegaf ,
collet ted by
ORSTOM in 1976 and maintained at ICRISAT,
were
transferred and evaluated in 1981 rainy season.
These collections were meinly
of Sanio types (late and photosensitive) and new collections were made by US
during October/November 1981 from farmer’s fields.
These collections do not
represent the entire collection from Senegal, but a group of diverse millet
genotypes gown in different millet growing regions of Senegal.
Thcse were
evaluated in replicated yield tria1 during rainy season 1982 and the selected
lines were used in crosses with selected introudctions,
3.2 Breeding for High Yield
This could be subdivided into three major activities:
-Development of inbred lines.
-Production of synthetics.
-Production of hybrids (less emphasis).
3.2.1.
Development of inbreds.
The crosses were made between selected GAM
.
(Millet Improvement Team) materials including local germplasm and the selected
introductions.
The GAM material was d2 dwarf, susceptible to downy mildew
with poor seed setting and the local germplasm lines were well adapted with
long heads but very ta11 and susceptible to diseases. The desirable traits in
introduced material were earliness, high tillering, bold grain, medium ta11
plant height and resistance to diseases and pests.
The crosses were made
bet:ween t h e s e t w o g r o u p s during 1 9 7 7 ,
1980, and 1981 depending upon the
availability of the genetic material, Few crosses were made within each group
also to generate new variability and to develop synthetics.
During 1977-78, Fl hybrids were produced between GAM and ICRISAT material
(as GAM x Indian).
These Fl hybrids were advanced by selfing.
Several I?l
populations were backcrossed to GAM parent and then advanced by selfing. At
the end of pedigree selection, the selected progenies and the introductions
swere utilized t o f o r m s y n t h e t i c s and 54 inbreds possessing many important
characters were retained for further utilization. (ICMI 80001 SN to 80054).
During 1980-81 o f f - s e a s o n , 5 1 Selected entries (including i n t r o d u c t i o n s i n
1980 a n d t h e s e l e c t e d i n b r e d s f r o m a b o v e program) w e r e croased i n t h r e e

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6
grcrups :
Eleven ta11 entries diallel; 10 dwarf entriea diallel and 27 entries
were crossed with 3 testers (3/4 Ex Bornu, Souna 3 and IBV 80043 wi th the
.
objiective (of developing new synthetics and for creating .new inbred lines. Fl
crosses were evaluated in 1981 in three yield trials.
The selec ted entries,
based on combining ability, were used to form synthetics,
Two hundred ten F2
populations were grown during rainy season 1982.
Three hundred sixty-nine E3
plants were selected for generation advance in off-season 1982-83,
Three
hundred and eight F4 progenies were grown in three locations during rainy
çeason 1983.
Based on multilocational tests, the progenies were selected to
form synthetics and hybrids,
F i f t y - t h r e e F4 d e r i v e d F5 p r o g e n i e s w e r e
retained folr further utilisation (ICMI 84001 SN to 84053).
During 1 9 8 0 ,
large number of regional and international trials and
nurseries were planted in Senegal and the best looking plants were selfed.
Eigbt hundred and eighty-two S 2 progenies derived from these were planted at
Bambey and Nioro during 1981 for screening against downy mildew and smut.
Thirty-three progenies of diverse origin based on maturity, plant height, and
bristleness were selected to use in crossing program. These 33 non-Senegalese
entries were crossed with 62 Senegalese entries (including 50 l o c a l l a n d
r a c e s ) during the of f-season 198 l-82.
Seventeen hundred and nineteen Fl
hybrids were evaluated during rainy season 1982 and 240 were selected for
pedigree selection.
These F2 p p
o ulations were grown at two locations-Nioro
and Bambey during rainy season 1983 and 30 F2 were selected for retestiog in
1984,
During 1983 individual plants from 182 F2 populations were selected and
advanced to Fg.
From this material 94 F4 derived F5 and 200 F4 progenies were
evaluated for their per se performance
-
during rainy season 1984.
Eighty-one
F4 p r o g e n i e s ( o f 9 4 F5) w e r e
s e l e c t e d a n d u t i l i z e d t o g e n e r a t e s e v e n
synthetics.
During 1984, a11 the inbreds/partial inbreds generated by ua in Senegal
were evaluated for their per se performance.
Fifty-four progenies generated
from GAM x Indian crosses are numbered as ICMI 80001 SM to ICMI 80054 SN.
These 54 F6 progenies along with two checks were evaluated in single rows of
6.3 m long with four replications at Nioro and Bambey. Fifty-three progenies
(ICMI 84001 SN to 84053) and 94 F4 derived F5 progenies (ICMI 84054 SN to
84147) were evaluated at Nioro and Bambey locations in siagle rowa and with
three to four replications.
Two hundred F4 progenies (ICMI 84148 SN to 84347)

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7
were evaluated at three locations (Nioro, Bambey, and Louga) in single rows .
Total 401 inbreds/partial
i n b r e d s along w i t h checks i n each t r i a 1 wero
evaluated during rainy season 1984 for their performance,
3.2.2.
Production of synthetics.
The component lines for forming synthetics
were selected mostly on the basis ofE se performance and sometimes based on
-
general combining ability effects coupled with their mean performance.
The
generated
material
until
1979,along w i t h t’he b e s t i n t r o d u c e d
material, was utilized to form five synthetics.
-1BV 8001 was synthesized by recombining the three best general combining
entries (700516 from Nigeria, Serere 2A and Cassady from Uganda) identified
‘by following diallel cross analysis.
-1BV 8002 was synthesized by recombining the selected 10 F2 populations
derived from GAM x Indian crosses,
-1BV 8003 was synthesized by recombining
t h e d w a r f f i v e b e s t g e n e r a l
combining entries which were identified following top cross analysis.
-1BV 8004 was constituted by recombining four ta11 best general combining
entries (Souna 3 , 700516, Serere 2A and Serere 14) which were identif ied
.following t o p c r o s s a n a l y s i s . *
-1BV 781.5 was synthesized by recombining the best 13 F3 progenies derived
from GAM x Indian crosses.
T h e s e f i v e s y n t h e t i c s , one e x p e r i m e n t a l v a r i e t y D2-BB78 d e v e l o p e d a t
Bambey , eight entries introduced from ICRISAT Center, India, and two local
checks (Souna 3 a n d 3/4 E x B o r n u ) w e r e e v a l u a t e d i n a replicated yield
tria1 (Senegal Regional Trial) at three locations (Nioro, Bambey, and
Louga) during rainy season 1980.
A joint tria1 was initiated in 1981 to evaluate the selected materials
developed by ICRISAT and GAM programs.
T h i s t r i a 1 consisted o f s i x
replicat,ions of 12 entries-five progeny varieties from GAM (PS!@-2, H7-66,
119-127, ~24-38, a n d ~4-24), f i v e s y n t h e t i c s f r o m I C R I S A T ( I B V 8001, IBV
8004, I13V 7815, ICMS 7819 and D2-BB78), and two local checks-Souna 3 and
farmers local.
During 1982, three entries (H4-24, IBV 7815, and D2-BB78)
rrJere dropped due to poor performance a n d a n e w e n t r y 3/4 HK-B78(M) 62
(later named IBMV 8401) was included.
This tria1 was conducted from 1981
t. 1984 st four locations (Nioro, Darou, Bambey, and Louga) to find out the

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8
high yielding and stable varieties for different regions of Senegal,
Twelve synthetics were generated during 1983-84 off-season.
The
constituent lines were selected on the basis of >er se performance.
The
synthetics were formed based on maturity, plant height and brisgleness.
Six F2 populations-SNS 27, 60, 90, 104, 121 and 145 wera advanced through
sibbing during off-season 1983-84.
These 18 entries along with two chceks
were evaluated during rainy season 1984 at Nioro and Bambey locations in a
replicated yield trial.
3.2.3.,
Production of hybrids.
A s m a l l p r o j e c t w a s i n i t i a t e d i n 1 9 8 2 to
produce
variety
c r o s s h y b r i d s (Variety x line) t o evaluate t h e h y b r i d
potent:ial.
Right variety cross hybrids were evaluated during rainy season
1982.
T h e r e s u l t s o f v a r i e t y x line cross were not encouraging and this
activity was discontinued.
Several
single
cross
hybrids
were
generated
be tween
selected
inbreds/partial
inbreds generated at Bambey and
t h e male-sterile lines
developed at ICRISAT Center, India.
These hybrids were first evaluated in
observation nurseries.
The selected hybrids were evaluated in yield trials.
A tria1 of 30 entries including two checks replicated five times was conducted
at Bambey during 1983.
The selected hybrids
from above tria1 and the
observation
nursery
were
evaluated
dur ing
1 9 8 4 a t N i o r o
and
Bambey
locati.ons.
T h e t r i a 1 consisted o f 2 5 entries i n c l u d i n g one check a n d
replic:ated six times.
The selected hybrids are being evaluated along with the
selected synthetics in multilocational trials.
3.3.Improvement of Open-Pollinated Varieties
T h i s p r o j e c t w a s s t a r t e d
in 1981 with the aim of improving two
synthetics, Souna 3 and IBV 8004, through recurrent selection,
Though Souna 3
was one of the best and the only released variety in Senegal, it was quite
susceptible to downy mildew and possessed variation for several traits like
stem t:.hickness and seed size.
Souna 3 was also having shibras cg. americanum
x P.
- violaceupl), plants with thin stems, thin heads and vcry small seeds.
IBV
8004 was phenotypically variable because of its diverse parental constitution
and required improvement in uniformity and head length.
Our approach has been
t o improve these
synthetics
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y f o r s e v e r a l d e s i r a b l e t r a i t s

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including grain yield production.
The first cycle of rescurrent selection was initiated during 1982-82 off-
season by producing over 3 5 0 Sl’s f r o m each .of t h e s y n t h e t i c .
These Sl
progenies were evaluated at Bambey during rainy season 1982.
The selec ted
Sl’s (36 to 40) from each synthetic were recombined during off-season 1982-83
to produce 400 half sibs in IBV 8004 and 261 in Souna 3.
These half sib
progenies were evaluated during rainy season 1983 at Nioro, Bambey and Louga
l o c a t i o n s i n s i n g l e r o w p l o t s .
One r e p l i c a t i o n was a l s o p l a n t e d i n t h e
disease nursery at Bambey.
Based on performance over three locations and
disease
nursery,
36 progenies
from
each
synthetic
were
selected
for
recombination.
The select.ed half sibs (using Sl seed from downy mildew free
plants) were recombined during the off season 1983-84.
During f i r s t a n d
second cycles of recurrent selection, the selec ted progenies were recombined
by bulk pollinating (mixing the pollen from a11 entries) equal number of
plants in each entry.
During 1984 rainy season, 4 3 2 h a l f sibs f r o m each
synthetic
were
evaluated in ,two l o c a t i o n s i n
single
r o w p l o t s .
One
replication was also planted
in disease nursery at Bambey.
Souna 3 w a s
planted at Nioro and Bambey whereas IBV 8004 at Bambey and Louga locations.
T h i r t y - s i x h a l f s i b proge,nies (using Sl seed from downy mildew free plants)
from each were selected and are being recombined during 1984-85 off-season by
intermating the progenies in a11 possible combinations.
The syntihetic bulks
Cl to Cg are being prepared by mixing the equal quantity of halQ sib seeds
obtained af ter recombination.
The final comparison between improved and
original synthetics Will be made during the rainy season 1985.
IBV 8001, another selected synthetic was improved for deairable traits
during the course of seed multiplication following gridded mass selection with
a selection intensity of 10%.
A dwarf experimental variety,
3/4 H K - B 7 8 (derived f r o m Hein@ K e i r e ,
Niger) was improved for uniformity during 1980-81 and 81-82 off-seasons.
Al1
j
t h e ta11 p l a n t s ,
and
t h e p l a n t s w i t h
small heads were
removed before
flowering.
The improved version
a f t e r m i l d s e l e c t i o n during the seed
multiplication in 1983-84 off-season was named IBMV 8401.
This variety needs
an improvement for grain size and resistance to smut and therefore is being
improved by limited backcrossing.
IBMV 8401 was crossed onta two lines from
Ghana, 16151 and 16152, during 1983-84 off-season and the Fl’s wera grown

---

10
during 1984 rainy season.
The backcross 1 seed (F2 x IBMV 8401) Will be
produced during rainy season 1985.
After BC3 F2 generation, the selected
progenies Will be bulked to produce new IBMV 8401,with bold grains, resistant
to smut and other desirable agronomie traits.
3.4.
Breeding for Diseases ;aod Pests Resistance
Major diseases in Senegal are downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola), smut
(Tolyposporium pennicillaria) and ergot (Claviceps fusiformis).
Downy mildew
and smut were observed almost everywhere (except northern region) in farmers
fields in last several years.
Occurrence of ergot was observed oply on late
plantings or in specific years, when rains coincide with flowering, as in 1982
in central northern region of the country.
The most important pest is Reghuva
@.
albipunctella)
which
substantially
reduces
grain
yield p r o d u c t i o n
particularly in early maturing ear heads.
Breeding for resistance to diseases and pests was initiated in 1981 in
collaboration with GAM millet pathologist and CILSS entomologist.
Since 1983,
we have created artificial disease nursery at Bambey for screening against
downy mildew and smut.
The following types of materials were screened in disease nursery:
-Routine evaluation of a11 elite products,
-Evaluation of progenies derived from two synthetics under improvement
through recurrent selection.
-Conduct regional and international disease nurseries (IPMDMN and
IPMSN).
Since 1983, thiese disease nurseries were conducted by GAM
pathologist.
Few entries which were in advanced stage of breeding are being extensively
screened against possible pests.
3.5 Breeding for Drought Eesistance
The attempts are being made to develop drought resistant varieties by
inducing earliness.
The results Will be discussed along with breeding for
high yield.
3.6 TO Develop Cultural Priactices for Optimizing Grain Yield Production
A multidisciplinary project involving millet physiologists from ICRISAT

---

11
Sahelian Centre and ISRA, and a soi1 chemist from ISRA was initiated in 1983
to determine the appropriate spacing, fertilizer dose and plant population for
newly developed synthetics.
The experiment was. conducted for three years at
Bambey and the experimental details are given below:
Four varieties-Souna
3, H7-66, IBV 8004, and IVS 54 54 (replaced by IBMV
8401 in 1983 and 1984) were tested in a replicated yield tria1 at three
s p a c i n g s (90X90, 90X60,
a n d 90X30 cm> w i t h same p l a n t populstions ( 3 7 0 2 0
plants/ha)
and at
two
l e v e l s o f
f e r t i l i t y (61N;31P20~;31k2Q; a n d
33N:21P205:21K20 Kg/ha) during 1982 to determine the appropriate spacing and
fertilizer dose for new synthetics.
The following year, the experiment was
modified and continued for another year.
Four varieties were planted at two
spacings (90X90 and 90X45 cm> with two plants per hi11 and at three levels of
f e r t i l i t y (0; 33:21:21; 61.:31:31 Kg/ha).
This experiment was planted in six
to eight replications in a s p l i t s p l i t p l o t d e s i g n .
Thc emphasis on testing
for precision in 1982 was in order of varieties (most), followed by spacing
a n d f e r t i l i z e r d o s e .
T h i s w a s d u e t o simplicity a l s o i n c o n d u c t i n g t h e
experiment when fertilizer was the main plot.
During 1983, spacing and its
interactions were estimated with most precision followed by festilizer and
varieties.
Based on results, the prioritites were changed in 1984 as in I.982.
4. ORGANIZATION FOR RJZSEARCH
Main Location:
Centre National de Recherches Agronomique de Bambey, B. P,
53 Senegal
Testing Centres: Nioro, Louga and Darou.
Staff ing
Subhash Chandra Gupta
Pearl Millet Breeder
May 1980
A. Lamberta
Pearl Millet Breeder
January 1977
Mamadou Abdou Marab
Technical Assistant
July 1978
Papa Amadou Diop
Technical Assistant
February 1977
Moussa Cissoka
Technical Assistant
February 1977
D j ibryl Guene
Field Assistant
March 1977
Maga Thiamc
Field Assistant
March 1977
Ahmat Nd iaye
Field Assistant
October 1984
a b c
> 3
Left ICRISAT in April 1980, April 1982 and February 1984, respectively.

---

5.1 Introductions and Local Collections
.
A list of International trials and nurseries conducted in Senegal since
1977 is given in Table 1.
The introduced material cari be groupad into the
following categories:
-200 diverse lines in 1977,
-Composite progeny trials from 1977 to 1979,
-Various yield trials from ICRISAT Center,
-Fl crosses and segregating progenies,
-1CRISAT millet zona1 adaptation tria1 since 1979,
-Pearl Millet exchange nursery since 1979, and
-Striga nursery and male steriles.
5.1.1.
Diverse lines.
Two hundred diverse lines were introduced in form of
nurseries
(advanced p r o g e n i e s ,
r e s t o r e r lines, d o w n y m i l d e w f r e e lines,
breeder physiologist nursery and drought nursery) in 1977, This material was
evaluated during the 1977 off-seaspn, and then during the 1977, 1978 and 1979
rainy seasons.
These introductions were mainly of Indian, Nigerian, and
Ugandian origin.
The main conclusions were:
the Nigerian materlal had high
yield potential coupled w i t h b e t t e r resistance t o d i s e a s e s ,
the Ugandian
material was early with
t’hick heads and bold grains whereas the Indian
introductions were highly tillering type, thin stems, medium plant height and
small ear heads.
Selected entries were crossed onto GAM material.
5.1.2.
Composite improvement. Through recurrent selection was one and is one
of the main activities of the Pearl millet improvement program at ICRISAT
Center in India.
Multilocational testing cari offer a unique contribution in
the selection of durable disease resistance and for wider adaptation in semi-
arid tropics.
Therefore,
we started composite progeny testing program in
various West African locations coordinated by ICRISAT Center.
Different
composites were sent
i n d i f f e r e n t y e a r s t o v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s t o provide
diverse material as much as possible.
The selected progenies from each were
recombined ta
f o r m l o c a t i o n s p e c i f i c e x p e r i m e n t a l v a r i e t i e s w h i c h w e r e
evaluated in the following year yield trials.
Since composite prageny testing

---

13
program was t o o much resource c o n s u m i n g a n d t h e r e f o r e t h i s p r o g r a m w a s
discontinued in 1980.
The priorities were changed to develop our awn material
more and more by involving local germplasm in crossing program.
.
5.1.3.
Various yield trials.
Various traits originated at JCRISAT Center
(India) were conducted in Senegal.
Selected materials were used either in
crossing program or for yie Id evalua tion i n n a t i o n a l y i e l d t r i a l s . V a r i o u s
breeding products such as experimental varieties, hybrids and synthetics were
t e s t e d f i r s t i n i n d i v i d u a l y i e l d t r i a l s a n d then the selected entries were
tested
i n E l i t e
varietïies
t r i a 1 (ELVT) a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l P e a r l M i l l e t
Adaptation tria1 (IPMAT).
Pearl millet synthetics trials were conducted from 1977 to 1981. Based
on performance over 1978 and 1979, ICMS 7819 (17% superior to Sauna 3 in terms
of grain yield) was selected for further evaluation,
None of the entry was
found superior to local check in 1980 and 1981,
Pwarf varietbes (D2) were
evaluated during 1980 and 1981.
3/4HK-B78 gave highest grain yield in both
the years and was selected for further testing,
Lt is imporgsnt t a m e n t i o n
that this variety performed best among dwarf material, however, a ta11 check
like Souna 3 was not included in the trial.
ELVT was conducted at Bambey since 1979 for three years.
Performance data
on grain yield for eight top yielding entries in each year is presented in
Table 2.
Several entries gave grain yield equivalent to Souna 3 but none of
the entry was significant.ly superior to Souna 3.
However, in 1980 trial, ICH
165 was significantly superior to Souna 3 in terms of grain yiePd production.
IPMAT was conducted in Senegal from 1975 to 1981.
Many entries cbanged
from year to year and none of the entry was common from 1975 to 1981.
The
grain yield performance Eor t o p f i v e entries i n c l u d i n g check i n each y e a r i s
presented in Table 3.
As in ELVT,
s e v e r a l entries praduced g r a i n y i e l d
equivalent
t o Souna 3 in different years but
none of the entry was
significantly superior to Souna 3.
Most of the entries were seven to ten days
earlier in maturity with shorter heads.
5.1.4.
Fl crosses and segregating progeoies.
I t w a s r e a l i z e d t h a t i t i s
necessary to introduce only a Limited number of material froc ICRISAT Center
(India) m a i n l y i n
form of Fis and F2 p p
o ulations rather importing yield
trials.
During 1981, 120 Fl crosses between African x African material and

---

14
more in 1983 were introduced to our program.
Out Of 120 crosses, 30 were
selected which were advanced by pedigree selection. The most common parents
were Togo short, Souna anld Siria Korola Souna.
.
.
: I
5.1.5. IMZAT.
International millet zona1 adaptation tria1 was initiated in
1 9 7 8 f o r e v a l u a t i n g th’e p e r f o r m a n c e o f s e l e c t e d genotypes across W e s t
Africa.
In the beginning, most of the genotypes were contributed by ICRISAT
Center (India) which werle identified suitable for certain locations in West
Africa (in the earlier evaluations). Since 1981, millet breeders working in
West Africa have contributed their best genotypes to this triai.
This has
provided an opportunity also to exchange the advanced genetic material
generated in different programs.
The performance data on grain yield averaged
over three locations from 1980 to 1984 are presented in Table 4.
During f i r s t
three years of testing, none of the entry gave grain yield higher than Souna 3
and farmers local.
During 1983, three entries-IBMV 8302, ITMV 8002 and ITMV
8001 produced more grain yield than Souna 3 and farmers local but none of them
was significantly superior to checks.
Dur ing 1984, the highest yielding entry
was INMV 8210 (1796 kg/ha > 11.6% superior to best check IBV 8001) followed by
INMV 8220 and INMV 8240.
Farmers local and Souna 3 suffered most from drought
and were the least yielding ent’ries. Performance data for five characters for
two years are presented in Table 5.
It is important to note that during 1984,
Nigerian material (INMV) was earliest to flower and escaped from drought at
the time of flowering.
IDuring 1983, Nigerian material flowered the same time
as Souna 3 and farmers local, and the yields were same as local checks.
Among
Senegalese material (IBV/‘IBMV in Table 4 and 51, IBV 8004 was evaluated during
1981 and 1982 trials.
This synthetic gave grain yield quite close to checks,
b u t w a s e a r l i e r t o f l o w e r a n d r e s i s t a n t t o d o w n y ,mildew.
IBV 8001 was
included in the tria1 in 1981 and 1984. Based on two years data, this variety
g a v e h i g h e r g r a i n y i e l d s a s compared t o checks,
IBMV 8301 and 8302 were
evaluated during 1983 and 1984 and both synthetics gave grain yield equivalent
to Souna 3.
IBMV 8301 was earlier to flower and was highly resistant to downy
mildew .
IBMV 8302 was close to Souna 3 for a11 agronomie traits,
Materials
from Niger (ITMV) were well adapted to Senegalese conditions and gave grain
yield production equival’ent to checks.
The materials from Burkina Faso, IKMV
8201 and 8101 were earlier in flowering, resistant to downy mildew and gave
grain yield equivalent ta checks.
The material from Sudan was included in

---

15
this tria1 in 1982 and 1983 and a11 the entries were least yielding entries
.with shorter heads
51.6. PMXN.
Pearl millet exchange nursery was initiated in 1979 with the
objective of rapid exchange of breeding material such as F3, F4 progenies or
unfinished varieties among millet breeders working in West Africa.
0979 year
results indicated the bad adaptation of material from Sudan and the good
adaptation of Niger material.
During 1981 and 1982, none of the entry was
superior to Sauna 3.
It was expected
since m o s t a f t h e m a t e r i a l w a s
unfinished products or segreg,ating progenies.
The entries from Niger çuch as
XTV 8107, ITV 8112 and ITV 8l14 were selected in 1981 and such as INMB-2 and
INMV 2-3 in 1982.
PMXN of 50 entries was conducted at three locations-Nioro,
Bambey and Louga during rainy season 1983.
Five F4 bulks from Senegal-F45B,
F$B,
F411B,
F416B a n d F42CIB a n d one i n b r e d f r o m Sudan, I S M I 2 0 0 , w e r e
selected for utilizing in breeding program.
During 1984, among varieties, the
highest yielder was IBMV 8406 followed by ITMV 8303, IBMV 8405 and IBMV
8402.
The top yielding eight inbreds were from Senegal and the first four
were ICMI 84022 SN, 84015 SN, 84009 SN, and 84011 SN based on head weight and
the resistance to downy mildew.
ICMI 84015 SN bristled gave head weight
equivalent to Souna 3, and was resistant to downy mildew.
5.1.7.
Striga nursery.
St;riga trials coordinated from Burkina Faso were
grown at Louga during rainy seasons of 1982 and 1983 to evaluate the Striga
incidence.
Both the years there was no Striga incidence at Louga.
I
n
general, Striga is not a problem in Senegal but the incidence was observed in
dry years in certain areas of the country.
5.1.8.
Male-steriles.
Al1 the male-sterile lines introduced from ICRISAT
çenter in 1980 were not adapted to Senegalese conditions. They were generally
poor in appearance and were highly susceptible to smut and ergot.
Fourteen
pairs of AfB lines were evaluated in’1983. Based on visual observations, only
t h r e e pairs--l11 A/B, 8 1 A/B, a n d 1 0 5 5 A/B w e r e r e t a i n e d f o r f u r t h e r
utilization.
Fifteen A/B pairs from ICRISAT Center, India, two A/B pairs from
Fort Hays experiment station and 50 F3 progenies derived from crosses among B
lines at Fort Hays were evaluated at Nioro and Bambey in 1984,
1644 A/B were
susceptible to downy mildew at both the locations.
The remaining 14 pairs

---

16
from ICRISAT Center including 111 A, 81 A and derivatives from Jl623x 3/4 Ex
Bornu crosses were susceptible to downy mildew at Nioro and resistant at
Bambey .
Two A/B pairs (based on PI 185642 D2) .from Fort Hayç were 100X
susceptible at Nioro and high1.y susceptible at Bambey.
The F3 progenies from
Fort Hays were earliest to flower, short plant stature, highly susceptible to
downy mildew and with bold grains.
It Will be worth growing F2 populations
among B lines and Select plants for downy mildew resistance, long head, bold
grain and high tillering ability.
5.1.9.
Germplasm.
In the beginning of the program (1977 ta 1979), selected
genotypes of different maturity groups (cycle 60 to 90 days) generated by
GAM/IRAT were used in crossing with introductions from ICRISAT Center. In
all, 17 genotypes were selected.
Souna 3 was ta11 (plant height 220 cm) and
the remaining 16 were dwarf (1.21 to 144 cm).
These entries were Sl 601, Sl
6 0 2 , S1 6 0 3 ( c y c l e 6 0 days),
SYN 3-2, 16715, 16576 (75 days), Ml42, Ml44,
Ml45, Ml46 (85 days),
15356, 15434, 15113, RL90, 3/4 HK and 3/4 Ex Bornu (90.
days) .
During 1981,
225 germplasm collections, collected by ORSTOM were
introduced into Senegal from ICRISAT Center (India) and were evsluated in
rainy seson 1981 at Bambey and Nioro locations.
T e n (Pl415, Pl432, P1461,
P1473, P1595, P1518, P1531, P1558, P1559, and P1404) were selected for using
in crossing program.
Germplasm lines maintained by GAM were evaluated at
Louga during 1981.
We have selected 14 (SL 165, 115, 140, 86, 59, 60, 199,
214, 146, 215, 94, 309, 116, and 104) for using in crossing program,
Twelve
improved lines were contributed by GAM (H7-116, H9-127, H18-83; H24-38, H4-24,
HI-66, ~7-88, H9-124, H8-32, H12-30, H14-71, and H24-351, which were the best
performing in 1981.
We have collected 24 germplasm lines from sarly millet
growing areas of Senegal during October 1981 (CSM 28 to CSM 51).
This group
of total 60 collections was named as Senegalese material.
Gertnplasm 1 ines
were also collected in November 1981 from south and south central regions of
Senegal.
Al1 the 51 collections including 24 collected in October 81 were
evaluated for their per -
se performance i n t w o t r i a l s during r a i n y s e a s o n
1982.
The results are presented below:
A replicated
t r i a 1 o f 3 6 Souna c o l l e c t i o n s i n c l u d i n g t w o checks w a s
conduc ted at
three locations-Nioro, Bambey and Louga.
Based on three
locations,
none o f t h e c o l l e c t i o n w a s significantly superior t o Souna 3 .
However, two collections CSM .35 (2.01 kg/8.1 m2), and CSM 34 (1.92 kg/8.1 m2)

---

17
produced equivalent grain yields as Souna 3 (1.91 kg/8, lm2},
I n individual
environment,
Souna 3 ranked 12th at Nioro, 2nd at Bambey, and 16th st Louga in
terms of grain yield production.
I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o m e n t i o n that bath the
collections came from very dry areas of Senegal (Richard-Tall). A replicated
tria1 of 18 Sanio collections including a local check was conducted at Sefa
during the rainy season of 1982.
Al 1 the collet tions had lsw grain yield,
were late and tall, with short to medium ears, low seed weight and were highly
susceptible to downy mildew and smut.
Nothing of interest worth transfarring
to Souna types was found in the Sanios.
5.2. Breeding for High Yield
-Development of inbreds
-Synthetics
-Hybr ids
5.2.1.
Development of iabreds.
Four hundred and one inbredslpartial inbreds
were evaluated in four multilocational yield trials during 1984,
Performance
of 54 inbreds derived from crosses generated in 1977-78 off-season for seven
charac ters
averaged
over t w o l o c a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 6 .
The
differences amo ng
inbreds
we re
liighly
significant
f o r a11 the
seven
characters-head weight, days rto 50% bloom, plant height, ear length, downy
mildew
and
smut
incidences,
and
seed
size.
None of the inbred was
signif icantly superior to Souna 3 in respect of head weight,
The highest
yielding inbred was ICMI 80025 SN followed by ICMI 80043 SN and ICMI 80004
SN.
Ten inbreds gave head weight equivalent to Souna 3. There was tremendous
variation for plant height but most of the inbreds had medium head length (27
to 42 cm>,
None of the inbred was totally free from downy mildew and mut.
The 1000 seed weight varied from 2.9 to 7.5 g.
T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f 4 8 F4 d e r i v e d F5 ,progenies d e r i v e d f r o m c r o s s e s
genera ted in
1 9 8 0 - 8 1 o f f - s e a s o n f o r s e v e n c h a r a c t e r s a v e r a g e d over t w o
locations - Nioro and Bambey are presented in Table 7.
The differences among
entries were highly significant for a11 the characters.
The highest yielding
entry was ICMI 84029 SN follotred by 84050, 84046, 84015, 84007, 84016, 84048,
84022, and Souna 3.
Based on days to 50% bloom, a11 the entries were in early
(75 to 80 days to maturity) to medium maturity (90-95) group. Most of the
entries had medium plant height and ear
length.
The mean downy mildew
i

---

18
incidence of tria1 was 12.l% and only two entries had incidence less than
5%.
However, 29 entries had significantly less downy mildew inci.dence as
compared to Souna 3.
Six entries had smut incidence less than 5% whereas the
.
mean incidence of tria1 was 9.8%.
Two entries - ICMI 84053 SN and 84045 had
seed weight significantly higher than Souna 3 and a11 the remainin.gs except
one had equivalent to Souna 3.
P e r f o r m a n c e d a t a o f 94 F4 d e r i v e d F5 p ro g enies derived from crosses
generated between Senegalese vs non-Senegalese materials for ffve characters
at Bambey are presented in Table 8.
The differences among entries were highly
significant f o r a11 t h e chlaracters-head w e i g h t , days t o 5 0 % b l o o m , p l a n t
height , ear length, and downy mildew incidence.
The head weight production
was very low coupled with high coefficient of varition due to late planting
and poor germination.
Most of the entries took more time to flower, however,
three entries flowered in less than 50 days.
Six entries were very late and
did not attain bloom until the harvesting of the trial.
Souna 3 was only 185
cm ta11 and the mean of the tria1 was 158 cm.
This reduced height was the
effect of drought.
Four entries-ICMI 84091 SN (head length 49 cm whereas
Souna 3, 42 cm), 84062, 8402’4, and 84057 had head length close to Souna 3. It
is interesting to note that 24 entries were completely free from downy mildew
whereas Souna 3 was highly susceptible (28%).
Data were not recarded for smut
and lOOO-seed weight as the seed setting under bagged heads was very poor.
Performance of 200 F4 progenies derived from crosses generated between
Senegalese vs non-Senegalese
m a t e r i a l during 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 o f f - s e a s o n f o r f i v e
charac t ers averaged over
three locations are presented in Table 9.
The
dif ferences
among
entries
for
a11
the
five
characters
were
highly
signif icant .
The best performing entries were ICMI 84207 SN, 84167, 84192,
84194, and 84282 which were equivalent to Souna 3 in respect of grain yield
production.
Souna 3 was highly susceptible to downy mildew (!8% incidence)
whereas 42 entries were completely free from downy mildew.
Most of the
entries fa11 in early and m.edium maturity groups.
As Indicated by the tria1
mean, most of the entries had shorter plant height and head length as compared
to Souna 3.
However,
six entries had head length higher than 50 cm.
5.2.2.
Synthetics.
T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g three t r i a l s Will b e
discussed in the following paragraphs.

---

19
-Senegal Regional Tria1 conducted during rainy season 1980.
-Joint Yield Tria1 conduct.ed for 4 years (1981 to 1984).
-Preliminary Synthetics Tria1 conducted during rainy season 1984.
v
Senegal Regional Trial.
P e r f o r m a n c e d a t a o n g r a i n y i e l d i n individual
environment are presented
in Table 10.
The highest yielding entry was
synthetic IBV 8004 (41.1% superior to Souna 3) followed by IBV 8001 (31,2%),
ICMS 7819 (11.7%), and D2-BB’78-I (6.4%).
The synthetic IBV 8004 ranked first
in terms of grain yield production in a11 the locations and was significantly
s u p e r i o r t o Souna 3 i n ea’ch o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t u n d e r t e s t .
The other
synthetic IBV 8001 was significantly superior to Souna 3 in respect of grain
yield production at Nioro and Bambey.
These two synthetics had reduced plant
height,
early in flowering, high seed weight, and better resistence to downy
mildew as compared to check -* Souna 3.
The coefficient of variation for grain
yield was lowest at Nioro and the highest at Louga,
Balanced l a t t i c e d e s i g n
was found substantially efficient over completely randomized block design
(51.8% at Louga and 17.5% at Bambey). Three synthetics - IBV 8001, IBV 8004,
and ICMS 7819 were retained for further testing in joint yield trial.
Joint Yield Trial. The three synthetics selected from above triai, along with
four entries from GAM and two checks were evaluated at four locations during
rainy seasons of 1981 to 1984.
One genotype IBMV 8401 was added in this tria1
during 1982.
Mean squares for seven characters-grain yield, days ta 50%
bloom,
p l a n t h e i g h t , e a r l e n g t h , s e e d w e i g h t , d o w n y m i l d e w , a n d s m u t
incidences
are presented in Table 11.
Mean s q u a r e s f o r g e n o t y p e s <GI,
locations (L), years (Y> a n d t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n s w e r e significant (comparing
pooled errer) f o r a11 t h e c h a r a c t e r s
except G * Y f o r g r a i n y i e l d .
G*L
interactions were larger tha,n G*Y and G*L*Y for a11 the characters except for
grain yield and smut incidence.
However,
for grain yield, G*L*Y interaction
was larger than G*L. I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e differences a m o n g
years were about two times greater than the differences among locations for
grain yield production.
Mean performance of ten entries in multi-locational yield trails averaged
over years and locations for seven characters are presented in Table 12. The
highest yielding genotype was IBV 8001 ( 1759 kg/ha, 16.87% superior to Souna
3) followed by H7-66 (1695 kg/ha), and IBV 8004 (1677 kg/ha).
Al1 the three

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20
genotypes were significantly superior to checks at 1% level of significance in
terms o f g r a i n y i e l d p r o d u c t i o n .
T h e r e g r e s s i o n v a l u e s o f genotypes o n
environmental indexes were not: significantly different from one which shows
the genotypes tended to be responsive at favorablé environments.
Eased on
stability parame ters, IBV 8001 and H7-66 were highly stable in performance
over locations and years. (Table 12). However, IBV 8004 due to its earliness
(in maturity for 7 to 10 days than Souna 3) is more suitable for drier zones
(region of Thies and Louga) or when the season starte late,
411 the three
varieties had shorter plant height, earlier in flowering, higher seed weight,
and better resistance to downy mildew as compared to checks.
However , a11 the
genotypes need an improvement for smut resistance and head length.
These
three genotypes do not differ statistically from each other in terms of grain
yield production.
A d2 dwarf variety IBMV 8401 gave grain yield equivalent to
checks during the last three years but it was inferior to TBV 8001, a medium
ta11 genotype.
In Table 13, the grain yield data of individual geneotypes in different
locations averaged over years are presented.
k N i o r o , the highest yielding
genotype was IBV 8001 fol lowed by H7-66 but none of the genotype was
signif icantly superior to checks.
H.owever , IBV 8001 produced 7.8% more grain
than bes t check, Souna 3.
A t Darou, none of the genotype was significantly
superior to farmers local.
However five genotypes including farmers local
were significantly superior to Souna 3.
The highest yielding genotype was IBV
8001 followed by IBV 8004.
I-17-66 gave highest yield at Bambey and was
significantly superior to best check.
IBV 8001 ranked second at Bambey.
IBV
8001 was significantly superior to the best check-farmers local at Louga
location.
Based on productivity in different environments, the environments
were classified into eight highest yielding and the eight lowest yielding.
The results are presented in Table 13.
Examining the mean performance of
genotypes in highest yielding environments, the highest yielding genotype was
IBV 8001 followed by H7-66 and IBV 8004.
The first three genotypes were
significantly superior to Souna 3 and only IBV 8001 was significantly superior
to f a r m e r s l o c a l .
In lowest yielding environments, only IBV 8001 was
significantly superior to best check, Souna 3.
H7-66 ranked second followed
by H9-127 and LBV 8004.
I t i s important to note that Souna 3 did not exhibit
any s u p e r i o r i t y f o r any c h a r a c t e r (except g r a i n size) i n any l o c a t i o n over
traditionally grown varieties.

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21
Preliminary Synthetics Trial..
Performance of preliminary syntheties tria1
a,
test entries (newly generated i n 1 9 8 3 - 8 4 off-season) f o r g r a i n y i e l d (head
?
. weight x 0.7) at Nioro and Bambey and for six characters averagad over two
lacations are presented in Table 14.
B a s e d o n mean over l o c a t i o n s , t h e
I highest yielding entry was IBMV 8403 (1142 kg grain/ha, 69% superior to Souna
3) followed by IBMV 8406 (68%), IBMV 8404 (49%) and IBMV 8402 (46%). These
four synthetics were significantly superior to Sauna 3 in respect of grain
yield production.
These synthetics were 7 to 10 days earlier in flowering,
less suspectible to downy mildew and smut and 25 to 30% superior in seed
weight as compared to Souna 3.
It is important to mention that the tria1
suffered from drought at Bambey as well as Nioro,
Therefore, low selec tion
pressure was applied and nine entries were retained for retesting in rainy
season 1985.
A medium ta11 ,, bristled synthetic IBMV 8413 (only 36% superior
to Souna 3) was eye catching and was selected along with IBMV 8406 for testing
in CILSS regional trial.
The constituent lines for sellected synthetics are given below:
IBMV 8402:
ICMI 84002 SN to 84005, 84007 to 84013, 84032, 84033 (90 days
cycle)
IBMV 8403:
84014, 84015, 84020; and 84021 (Bristled)
IBMV 8404:
84016, 84022, 84034 cd2 dwarf)
IBMV 8405:
84017 to 84019, 84023, 84025, 84035 (90 days)
IBMV 8406:
84001, 84006, 84024, 84026 to 84031 (75 days)
IBMV 8413:
84055 to 840513, 84060, 84062 to 84066 (Bristled)
IBMV 8414:
84067 to 840713 (d2 dwarf)
’
Al1 the above numbers have ICMI.. . . . S N i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e y a r e ICRISAT
millet inbreds developed in Senegal.
5.2.3 Hybrids.
A tria1 of 128 hybrids (7 male sterile lines x 4 inbreds) plus
2 checks,
replicated 5 times was conducted at Bambey during rainy season
1983.
The mean of tria1 was 1148 kg/ha with high coefficient of variation
(44.9%).
Eight entries yielded more than Souna 3, however, none of, the entry
was significantly superior t o Souna 3 i n r e s p e c t o f g r a i n y i e l d p r o d u c t i o n
(Table 15 > .
Al1 the hybrids were significantly less susceptible to downy
mildew than Souna 3, but more susceptible to smut.
Al1 the hybrids were
shorter in plant height and ear length as compared to Souna 3.
Two male-

---

22
sterile lines (11 1A and 8lA) a.nd 2 testers IBM1 8108 and IBM1 8206 were the
best general combiners in respect of grain yield production. Six hybrids were
retained for testing in rainy season 1984.
Al1 the hybrids were fertile.
c
Eighty-nine hybrids along with parents were evaluated in an observation
nursery
at Bambey.
B a s e d o n v i s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n s , 1 6 w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r
retesting.
Two variety X line hybrids were selected based on performance in
1982 yield trial.
A tria1 of such 24 hybrids plus 1 check replicated 6 times,
was conducted at Nioro and Bambey during rainy season 1984.
Based on mean
over t w o l o c a t i o n s ,
t h e t r i a 1 mean w a s 1 8 8 4 kg/ha w i t h a c o e f f i c i e n t o f
variation of ‘30.8%.
Eight hybrids yielded significantly more than Souna 3
(Table 16).
The highest yielding hybrid was ICMH 8407 (2575 kg/ha, 61%
superior to Souna 3) followed by ICMH 8413, 8403, and 8411.
The hybrids
produced more ear heads than Souna 3 but smaller head length (TabLe 17). It
looks that number of heads per, unit area is an important selection
criteria
for improving Pearl millet.
Ten hybrids were retained for retesting in 1985
(Table 16 1.
Two hybrids (ICMH 8403 and ICMH 8413 gave significantly higher
grain yields than Souna 3 in 1.983 as well as 1984.
Six hybrids selected in
1983 were also selected in 1984 for retesting in 1985,
One hundred and nine test crosses along with 55 parents were evaluated at
Nioro and Bambey in unreplicated plots during rainy season 1984.
Based on
visual observations,
head wei.ght,
a n d o t h e r agronomie c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , 1 3
hybrids were selected for further testing in 1985.
5.3.
Improvement of Synthetics.
Performance data for synthetic population
progenies selected for three c,ycles for six characters are presented in Table
18.
The most important selection criterias for the improvement of Souna 3
were resistance to downy mildew, and the increase in grain yield production.
Shibras were eliminated in the first cycle of selection itself.
In the first
cycle of selection, selection differential for grain yield was 38.2% and the
downy mildew incidence reduced from 12.2 to 4.9% in selected progenies.
In
second cycle of selection, the main selection criteria was the resistance to
downy mildew and only 11% selection differential was for grain yield.
When we
compared the different cycle bulks of Souna 3 (Table 191, the improvement i.n
grain yield in first cycle was 19.6% of CO bulk whereas in second cycle it was
only 8.7% comparing with original population.
However , the downy mildew

---

23
incidence reduced from 16.4 tlo 14.2% in first cycle and to 9.8% in the second
cycle.
IBV 8004 was improved for grain yield produc!ion and the resistance ta
.diseases.
T h e s e l e c t i o n d i f f e r e n t i a l f o r g r a i n yield was 3 4 t o 4 2 % i n
different cycles of selection (Table 18).
However,
in two cycles, IBV 8004
was improved only by 3.3% for grain yield production and there was slight
improvement for smut resistance (Table 19).
It is interesting to note that
IBV 8004 produced 25 to 30% higher grain yield than Souna 3 in each cycle of
selection (Table 19 1.
During t h i r d c y c l e o f s e l e c t i o n ,
heavy selection pressure (8%) was
applied for grain yield and the selection differential was 30 to 35%.
The
list of selected half-sib (IIS) progenies during 1984 from both the synthetics
are given below:
Souna 3:
HS 1, 35, 46, 70, 73, 78, 91, 116, 122, 123, 139, 145, 157, 162,
169, 186, 199, 210,, 221, 231, 244, 255, 274, 278, 306, 329, 336,
346, 367, 382, 397,, 403, 412, 427, 424, and 88,
IBV 8004:
H S 1,
16, 23, 34, 37, 95, 103, 119, 121, 126, 144, 153, 158, 159,
197, 212, 228, 236,, 246, 263, 279, 284, 293, 311, 322, 324, 334,
347, 348, 370, 380,, 386,.398,
406, 409, 426,
5.4. Breeding for Diseases and Pests Resistance
5.4.1.
Disease resistant material.
Four hundred and ninety-five disease
resistant plants with self heads were selected from various yield trials and
nurseries planted during rainy season 1981.
These selfed progenies were grown
in single rows in rainy season 1982 for morphological evaluation.
Eighty-one
S~IS derived from this material were grown during rainy season 1983 in four
environments - Nioro, Bambey, Louga, and Bambey disease nursery.
Based on
performance data, 13 S3 progenies were selected which were utilized as
component lines along with 18 F4 progenies to generate five synthetics (IBMV
8402 to 8406).
During 1983-84 off-season, these 13 S3 progenies were also
crossed onto male-sterile lines t o d i s c o v e r their h y b r i d p o t e n t i a l .
The list
of lines along with their origin is given on the following page:
---
~._
---+Ah&

---

24
Number
Originated from
0riai.n
ICMI 84017 SN
Souna 3 - l
Senegal
84018
ITV 8002
.
Niger
84019
NELC-A79
TCEILSAT Center,
Ind ia
84020
ssc 9114
Uganda via ICRISAT
Center
84021
SIX-P 1505
ICRISAT Center
84022
1038
ICRISAT Center
84023
VCF4 9-5
ICRISAT Center
84024
Il?2253 x 3/4 EB237-3
ICBISAT Center
84025
El3137 x EB 117
ICRISAT Center
84030
Souna 3-2
Serdegal
84031
Togo Short 3
Toga via ICRISAT
Center
84034
GIN 615-1x GlN 191-2
Senegal
84035
WC FS 148 S1 DM1
ICRISAT Center
The performance of these lines are presented in Table 7 and 8 along with the
inbreds developed from crosses among selected GAM x Indian derived lines and
the in troduc t ions.
ICMI 84029 SN and 84022 were the best among 13 for grain
yield production.
5.4.2.
Improvement of synthetics.
Population progenies from two synthetics -
Souna 3 and IBV 8004 were planted in single rows in disease nursery at Bambey
during 1983 and 1984.
Disease data were utilized along with other agronomical
t r a i t s f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e p r o g e n i e s f o r r e c o m b i n a t i o n .
T h e r e s u l t s a r e
presented along with others in the section 5.3.
5.4.3.
International nurseries.
Two disease nurseries- IPMDMN (Downp
mildew),
and IPMSN (Smut) were conducted in Senegal.
Since 1 9 8 3 , t h e s e
nurseries are being conducted by GAM millet pathologist at Bambey.
IPMSN was
conducted since 1980 at Bambey.
Most of the lines had low incidence of s m u t
but were not agronomically desirable for immediate exploitation.
Al1 t h e
lines developed by ICRISAT millet pathology program with ICMPS had smut
incidence less than 3%.
The Lines derived from Ex Bornu were also resistant

---

to salut.
The lines with “P” numbers such as P20-S-1, P427-Sl, P489S3 were
J moderately susceptible (20 to 30%) to smut.
IPMDMN was conducted since 1981, initially for one year at Nioro and then
’ at Bambey location.
Thirty to 36 entries out of 46 had downy mildew incidence
less than 5% in different years.
I n a11 t h e t h r e e y e a r s , t h e h i g h e s t
susceptible entry was 7042 (incidence 74 to 98%).
Only few entries were
selected for using in breeding program.
5.4.4.
Pest nursery.
Entries of joint tria1 and the other aelected entries
such as ICMS 7838, and ICH 165 were evaluated against Raghuva at Nioro by Dr.
R. T Gahukar, CILSS entomologist since last three years,
IBV 8001 and IÇMS
783% were resistant to Raghuva and the highest yielding entry in their tria1
was IBV 8001 (2029 kg/ha).
ICMS 7838 was most susceptible to smut (34%).
Souna 3 and H24-38 were highly susceptible to downy mildew (15 ta 19% plants
attacked whereas in IBV 8001 only 1%). In three year trials, IBV 8001, 10 days
earlier to Souna 3 in maturity lwas found most tolerant variety to Raghuva.
5.5. Development of Agronomie 'Practices for Optimiziag Yieltis
Mean s q u a r e s o f g e n o t y p e x fertilizer x s p a c i n g tria1 ( f o r
five
characters) planted in split split plot design during rainy seasona of 1982 to
1984 at Bambey are presented in Table 20.
The differences among genotypes
were significant for a11 the five characters - grain yield, days to 50% bloom,
plant height , ear length, and downy mildew incidence in a11 the three year
t r i a l s except f o r g r a i n y i e l d i n 1 9 8 3 .
The differences between dose of
fertilizers were significant for grain yield in 1982 and for downy mildew
incidence in 1983.
The spacings differ significantly in a11 the three years
for ear length and downy mildew incidence, and in 1983 and 1984 trials for
days to 50% bloom.
For grain yield, the differences between epacings were
significant in 1984, and at 0.0513 probability level in 1982.
The differences
between spacings were also significant for plant height in 1983.
Two factor
interactions -
spacing x
f e r t i l i t y , g e n o t y p e x s p a c i n g a n d g e n o t y p e x
fertility were not significant except for downy mildew.
The interactions due
to genotype x spacing were significant in a11 the three years and whereas the
interaction due to genotype x fertility was significant only in 1983,
Three
factor interactions were not significant except for plant height in 1982,
__.-_..
-.-

---

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< . “ . _ _ -
. .._. A
A . .
_......
. . . . . .._
_ ) .
,.<,.
. ,
. _
.
.
.

,..

.
.
8..
.
.
.
<.
“<._
.
.,,,

_,
_^_,
X..
26
Mean performance of different genotypes, spacings, and fertility levels
,for grain yield, days to 50% flowering, and plant height in Table 21 and ear
length and downy mildew incidence in Table 22 a,re given.
There was no
significant difference between H7-66 and IBV 8004 in respect of grain yield
Souna 3 was significantly superior to IBV 8004 and H7-66 in 1982
, but was significantly inferior in 1984.
In 1982, a11 the three genotypes were
significantly superior to IVS 5454, an earliest entry ta flower. IVS 5454 was
, replaced by a d2 dwarf genotype IBMV 8401 during 1983 and 1984.
IBMV 8401
gave grain yield equivalent to Souna 3 in both the years, Hewever, Lt was
significantly inferior
to 1:BV 8004 and H7-66 in 1984,
Bouns 3 w a s
significantly tall, longer ear heads,
and late in flowering as compared to
of the genotypes.
IBMV 8401 was significantly dwarf than other
IVS 5454 was highly susceptible to downy mildew.
During 1983 and
1984, Souna 3 was significantly more susceptible to downy mildew incidence as
,compared to IBV 8004, H7-66 and IBMV 8401.
The high fertility (61:31:31 kg/ha) produced significantly higher grain
yield than the low fertility level during 1982. However, we did not observe
any ef fect of increased l e v e l o f f e r t i l i t y o n g r a i n y i e l d p r o d u c t i o n during
1983 and 1984.
The high fertility.level also increased significantly downy
mildew incidence as compared to control during 1983.
However , there were no
differences i n g r a i n y i e l d p r o d u c t i o n a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f f e r t i l i t y i n
T h e r e w a s n o effect o f d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f f e r t i l i t y o n f l o w e r i n g ,
plant height and ear length.
It is important to note that the grain yield production at 90 x 90 cm
spacing (2 plants per hi111 was significantly higher (40%) than at 90 x 45 cm
spacing (2 plants per hi111 during 1984.
However , during 1982, the 90 x 30 cm
spacing produced
significantly
h i g h e r g r a i n y i e l d
than at 90 x 90 cm
There were no significant differences in 1983.
At 90 x 90 cm
the ear heads were
signifianctly longer
coupled w i t h i n c r e a s e d
incidence of downy mildew in a11 the three years.
For downy mildew incidence
the coefficients of variations were very high (55 to 163%) with low mean (1.4
to 8.7%) in different years.
At 90 x 90 cm spacing, the genotypes were ta1 1
by 6 to 7 cm and one day earlier to flower.
6, DISCUSSION

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27
1 would like to mention certain points regarding the prevailing climatic
conditions in the last five years i n d i f f e r e n t mïllet prowrng r e g i o n s i n
The total rainfalll and its distribution aY: research statkons where
millet trials were conducted from 1980 to 1984 are given in Table 23, During
1980, the trials were conducted at three locations-Nioro, Bambey, and Louga
( F i g . 1).
From 1981, Darou was included as a testing site.
AIL the
experiments were planted just after one good rain (about 20 mm),
The planting
period varied from location to location and year to year.
During 1980, the
season started 4 to 6 weeks :late due to late arriva1 of rains. While in 1981,
the trop was planted 2 weeks earlier than normal time at Bambey.
During 1982,
the season started on time only at Bambey and was two weeks earlfer at Louga
but delayed by 3 to 4 weeks at Nioro and Darou.
In spite of SO much variation
in planting dates, the trop growth was satisfactory in a11 locations except
for Louga as ,indicated by high tria1 means and low coefficient of variations
during 1980 to 1982.
During 1983, t h e t o t a l r a i n f a l l w a s about 2 5 0 t o 3 0 0 m m l e s s a t each
location.
The early maturing varieties suffered most at Nioro because of
drought at flowering stage. At Darou, the initial growth was poor because of
drought at seedling stage.
At Rambey , there was drought for 50 days just
after planting.
Ninety-five percent hills were standing but the growth was
poor and the flowering was delayed by 15 to 20 days.
At Louga, there was
drought the whole month of September and October, and the rainfall (146 mm>
was lowest in the last 66 years.
The poorest trop was at Louga. During 1984,
the total rainfall was sufficient at Nioro and Bambey but the distribution was
erratic.
There was drought during second fortnight of August and early
September which coincided wi.th flowering and grain Eilling period.
The trop
growth was satisfactory at Darou.
At Louga, the germination was satisfactory
but many plants died due to sand blast and a drought for 40 days. In a11 the
years, the trop was poor at Louga, (northern region of Senegal) and was very
poor during 1983 and 1984.
In the following paragraphs, the results wil1 b e
discussed.
6.1.
Introductions and Local Collections.
Since 1970, the emphasio of national program was mostly on creation and
u t i l i z a t i o n o f d2-dwarf maiterial.
ICRISAT,
in collaboration with ISRA,
started its program to diversify the genetic base,
ICRIBAT introduced and

---

2 8
evaluated the best material under the ecological conditions of Senegal-and
subsequently recombined
t h e b e s t w i t h t h e s e l e c t e d GAM (including l o c a l
germplasm) material.
In the beginning, ICRISAT emphasis was on conducting
?
y i e l d t r i a l s o r i g i n a t e d a t I C R I S A T C e n t e r a n d Select t h e m a t e r i a l f o r
immediate utilization in Senegal.
Introduced material was earlier in maturity
coupled with small heads and susceptible to Raghuva.
Several entries gave
grain yield equivalent to Souna 3 but none of them was significantly superior
to Souna 3 except ICH 165 in 1980 in ELVT.
Across five trials, ICH 165 was
only 1% superior t o checks during 1 9 8 0 .
The most promising entry was ICMS
7819 during 1978 and 79 trials (17% superior to check) which gave more grain
y i e l d t h a n Souna 3 i n y i e l d i t r i a l s during 1 9 8 0 t o 1 9 8 4 ,
B y then, n e w
genotypes developed by us whic’h were higher yielding than ICMS 7819. Among d2
dwarf material.,
3/4 HK-B78 was most promising.
We found much use of
introduced material in generating new material by crossing among themselves
and with local materials.
Since 1982,
t h e r e w a s d r a s t i c reduction in
importing yield trials from ICRISAT Center and the emphasis was given to
introduce only limited material such as Fl c r o s s e s (African x African), F2
populations,
d r o u g h t r e s i s t a n t lines, a n d male-sterile lines,
The selected
material was utilized in our program.
Besides ICRISAT Center,
the genetic material was also introduced from
various millet breeders working in Africa.
This was mainly in form of
regional trials and exchange nurseries.
ICRISAT scientists
are working in six
African countries-Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and Sudan for
the improvement of Pearl millet.
The best products from these centers along
with the ICRISAT Center products
identified through international testing
program were tested in regional trials and exchange nurseries. Thia provides
an access to the best identified material at different centers.
The entries
from Niger were similar to local material and were well adapted to Genegalese
conditions.
During 1984,
the entries from Nigeria and Burkina Paso also
perf ormed we 11.
The material from Sudan was not adapted to our conditions,
The reasons of poor adaptation could be earliness, very small heade and poor
seed setting.
The material bred in Senegal was identified in Mali, Nigeria,
and Niger.
This suggests tha.t the material bred in Niger could be useful to
Senegalese farmers.
There is a need
t o confirm t h e r e s u l t s o f entries
generated in Nigeria and Burki.na Faso.

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29
Hale-sterile lines and maintainers were introduced from ICRXSAT Center
*and Kansas State University.
The A/B pairs were susceptible eo diseases and
had very small ear heads (except 111A).
The maintainer lines (Fa progenies)
*from Fort Hays were earliest to flower, highly susceptible to downy mildew but
with bold grains.
It Will be worth growing FZ populations among B lfnes and
eelect plants for bold grains., high tillering, long heads and resistance to
diseases.
There is a need to develop A/B lines in African background.
‘The germplasm lines were collected by us and earlfer by ORSTOM. Al1 the
collections could be divided into two groups-Souna and Sanie,
They a r e very
d i f f e r e n t f r o m each o t h e r .
B u t w i t h i n t h e m s e l v e s , t h e r e w a s n o t much
variation.
We did not find any useful character i n Sanio t o t r a n s f e r t o
Souna.
Since there was not much variation within Souna collections, a11 the
collections were used in crossing program.
The material colkected from the
northern region of the country performed best in yield trials.
This may b e
because of natural selection for resistance to drought.
There is a need to
make more collections from northern region where the trop rs disappearing
fast.
1 w o u l d l i k e t o m e n t i o n t h a t 1 d i d n o t o b s e r v e any difference i n
maturity among Souna collections
w h e n t h e y w e r e g r o w n a t a psrticwlar
location.
This suggests that the seed material grown from northern region to
aouth central region is of the same maturity.
However , the plant spacing
differs from region to region to utilize the limited soi1 mofsture with an
optimum plant population.
6.2. Breeding for High Yield
6.2.1.
Development of inbreds.
The national program was concentrated on
exploiting the variability available within GAM material.
TO complement their
research activity, we generated crosses among introduced material itself, and
the introduced material with selected GAM lines including local collection.
Until 1984, 401 inbreds were generated which were characterized for various
agronomie traits .
There were significant and large variations for the traits
such a s
reaction to downy mildew and
smut,
p l a n t h e i g h t , e a r l e n g t h ,
flowering, and seed size.
At different stages of the program, the lines were selected to generate
synthetics and hybrids.
The coefficients of variations for head weight were

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30
a11 the inbreds Will be retested in 1985,
I would like to
emphasize t h a t w e h a v e n o t s y s t e m a t i c a l l y a n d fully expfolted the newly
generated inbred lines.
One hundred and sixtee? inbreds were utilized to
generate various synthetics and hybrids.
T h e s e lines were seleceed o n t h e
basis of per se performance only.
The synthetics generated until 1980 were evaluated in
, multi-locational yield trials from 1980 to 1984 along with the best material
developed by GAM program.
B a s e d o n m u l t i - l o c a t i o n a l d a t a , t h e h i g h e s t
yielding genotype was IBV 8001 (1759 kg/ha,
1 6 . 8 7 % suparior t o Souna 3)
followed by H7-66 and IBV 8004 (Table 11).
Based on stability paramerers, IBV
8001 and H7-66 were highly stable in performance (Table 12). IBY 8001 ranked
first in a11 the locations (alveraged over years) except Bambey where ft ranked
Based on results, IBV 8001 cari be recommended to the entire millet
growing zone where Souna is grown.
TO further confirm this, we divided 16
environments into two groups based on environmental index, highest yielding
and lowest yielding environments.
Based on mean over 8 environments, in each
the highest yielding entry was IBV 8001 (Table 139. This suggests that
t h i s v a r i e t y cari e q u a l l y g r o w i n
l o w y i e l d i n g a s well a s h i g h y i e l d i n g
environments and Will produce more grain yield with improved environment. H7-
66 ranked second at both productivity levels.
IBV 8004 ranked third at
highest productivity level and fourth at lowest productivity level.
IBV 8001
had medium long heads but very compact.
This variety was reported by Dr. R.
T, Gahukar, CILSS entomologist, as resistant to Raghuva and highest yielding
i n h i s t r i a l s .
IBV 8004 was 41% superior to Souna 3 in terme of grain
production during 1980 whereas IBV 8001 was only 31%. During 1980, the season
started very late, (planted on 6 August) and was a short season. IBV 8004
seems to be a suitable variety when the season starts late or only for the
northern region of the country.
Among dwarf material, PS 90-2 and IBMV 8401,
bath gave grain yield equivalent to Souna 3.
IBMV 8401 had major advantage
over P S 90-Z o f h e a d l e n g t h .
IBMV 8401 was grown by farmers for seed
multiplication in
1 5 h a during 1 9 8 4 a n d t h e y p r e f e r r e d b e c a u s e o f i t s
earliness (7 days), long heads, rcsistance to downy mildew, green leaves, and
easy to carry out agronomie: practices.
IBMV 8401 needs an improvement for
grain size and smut resistançe.
Newly generated
s y n t h e t i c s during
off-season 1983-84 were evaluated

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31
during rainy season 1984.
The highest yielding entry was IBMV 8403 (1142
kg/ha, 69% superior to Souna 3) followed by IBMV 8406, IBMV 8404 and IBMV
These synthe tics were significantly superior to Souna 3 in respect of
grain yield production.
1984. was a drought year ai indicated at the beginning
of this chapter, and Souna 3 suffered most from drought.
We did not include
aeveral checks of different maturity groups since we did not experience this
in earlier seasons.
M o s t o f t h e entries o f t h i s t r i a 1 Will b e r e t e s t e d i n
rainy season 1985.
In coming years, IBV 8001 should be included as standard
check p l u s Souna 3 i n y i e l d t r i a l s .
One of the synthetic, IBMV 8433, a
was uniform for head type and was eye catching.
A small project was initiated in 1982 to develop suitable
restorer lines for the production of hybrids.
This was not with the objective
of developing hybrid varieties for the release to farmers in near future but
to find out
t h e potentialities
o f t h e h y b r i d s g e n e r a t e d
from Afsican
SO that when the seed companies are capable to produce hybrid seed
economically; researchers have something to of fer.
About 2 5 0 t e s t c r o s s e s
were generated using inbreds, developed by us with several male sterile lines
ICRISAT Center.
During 1 9 8 4 ,
e i g h t h y b r i d s y i e l d e d
significantly higher than Souna 3 (Table 16).
The highest yielding hybrid was
ICMH 8407 (2575 kgfha, 61% ,superior to Souna 3) followed by XCMH 8413, 8403,
It seems that number of heads per unit area is an important
s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a f’or i m p r o v i n g Pearl millet,
The hybrids in general
produced more number of ear heads but shorter head length than Souna 3.
The
synthetic variety IBV 8001 discussed earlier also had sharter head length than
“Souna 3 but produced more number of heads per unit area.
The results on
hybrids are of preliminary in nature but two hybrids ICMH 8403 and ICMH 8413
gave significantly higher grain yield than Souna 3 in 1983 as well as 1984,
The limiting factor in the production of hybrids is the suitable male-sterile
lines and later may be seed production.
The male-sterile lines introduced are
not adapted because of susceptibility
to diseases, small heads, and are too
* t early in flowering. Most of the test cross hybrids were fertile, It eeems
1.
that the frequency of genes for male sterility is very low in our material.
.,. Among introduced ms lines, 81A and 111A were retained for further utilisation.
nt o f Synthetics

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32
T h r e e c y l c e s o f recurrent s e l e c t i o n o n t w o s y n t h e t i c s - Souna 3 and IBV
8004 were completed in the off-season 1984-85.
Bath the synthetics wcre not
improved earlier and there were presence of many deleterious recessive genes,
as it was visible from the vari.ations in the synthetic populations.
I n f i r s t
cycle, both the synthetics were improved through Sl selection. Souna 3 was
improved by 17% for grain yield production but IBV 8004 only 2%.
Shibras were
eliminated
f r o m Souna 3 .
For the next two cycles, the populations were
improved
through half-sib progeny selection.
I n our s i t u a t i o n , i t wa6
possible to complete a cycle in a year.
The selection of progenies was based
on single replication in 2 to 3 locations.
One of the important selection
criteria was visual selection.
The half-sib progenies were mot randamized and
a gridded mass selection was imposed over half-sib progeny selection.
This
to keep a materna1 control, to maintain the genetic variability and
to minimize the environmental variations.
I n Souna 3 , the most important
selection criterion in second cycle was resistance to downy mildew and the
selection differential for grain yield was only 11%.
When compared, cycle 2
b u l k s w i t h c y c l e 1 o f Souna 3 , t h e r e w a s n o i m p r o v e m e n t i n g r a i n y i e l d
production, However , downy mil.dew incidence reduced from 14.2% to 9.8%.
IBV
8004 was improved slightly every year for grain yield production,
In third
s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i o n w a s
grain yie Id
a n d t h e solection
differential was 30 to 35%.
T h e f i n a l comparison b e t w e e n o r i g i n a l a n d
selected bulks Will be carried out during rainy season 1985,
6.4. Breeding for Diseases and Pests Resistance
This activity was carried olut since 1981 in collaboration with ISRA millet
pathologist and CILSS entomologist .
One r e p l i c a t i o n o f a11 t h e y i e l d t r i a l s
and the composite progenies was planted in disease nursery.
Entries o f j o i n t
yield tria1 were evaluated against pests.
The information gained on lines
selected were used for breeding for high yield and for the improvement of
Two disease nurseries
originated from ICRISAT Center for
downy mildew and
fsmut w e r e
conduc ted
t o f i n d out t h e u s e f u l
From a11 the introduced material (triais, disease nurseries and inbreds
the lines were selected following selfing and selection for disease
resistance.
Thirteen lines were selected and used as a component lines for
forming synthetics during 1983-84 off-season.

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3 3
na1 disease nurseries were of greak value in terms of finding
the new sources of resistance.
Most of the lines were agronomieally poor.
This may b e b e c a u s e of inbreeding depression. F e w lines w e r e ukilized in
,
Breeding for resistance to pests was not on our priority in Senegal due
to l i m i t e d resources.
We checked the performance of advanced genokypes
againsk tolerance to Raghuva.
Normally,
early maturing genokypes were more
damaged by Raghuva
than khe traditionally grown.
We wish to brecd for
(7 to 15 days), to avoid the drought at the end of the cycle.
The
synkhetic IBV 8001 was found tolerant to Raghuva and was 7 to 10 days earlier
than Souna 3 in maturi ty.
The heads of IBV 8001 are small (about 35 cm) but
very compact .
The avoidance mechanism might be playing a great role in khis
It is important to mention that this synthekic was significantly
euperior to Souna 3 in kerms of grain yield production during last five years
multi-locational
yield trials including pest nurseries.
, 6.5 Breeding for Droughk Resistance
Since there is a drought in most of the years in Senegal the breeding for
drought resistance was an important objective of our program. Due to complex
mechanism of drought
resistance
and absence of
reliable techniques
for
screening for drought resistance, attempts were made’to develop early maturing
varieties such as IVS 5454 (cycle 70 days), IBV 8004 (75 to 80 days), IBV 8001
(85 days), and IBMV 8401 (85 to 90 days) to achieve this objective.
From our past experience, w e h a v e seen t h a t t h e e a r l i n e s s fs n o t t h e
f o r b r e e d i n g f o r d r o u g h t r e s i s t a n c e .
Early maturing variekies
performed better if the drought occurred at the end of the cycle or if the
season started very late i.e. if khe duration of cycle is reduced.
Drought
may o c c u r a t any s t a g e o f t h e trop a n d i f i t i s a t GSl, t h e e a r l y m a t u r i n g
varieties suffered most
from d r o u g h t a s compared t o t r a d i t i o n a l l y g r o w n .
arieties are generally photo-insensitive and they don’t have
any mechanism to delay flowering or growth as such if there is drought at GSl
In my opinion, more efforts are needed to understand the
mechanism of drought resistance and to screen the genetic material reliably
for drought resistance at dif’ferent growth stages.

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34
6.6 Development of Agroncnnic Practices for Optimizing Grain Yields
The trials consisting of four varieties at 2 to 3 spacings and at 2 to 3
fertility levels were conducted at Bambey to determine the proper spacing and
proper fertilizer dose for newly developed (dwarf as well as medium tall)
varieties for 3 years.
Souna 3 was superior to H7-66 and IBV 8004 during 1982
b u t i n f e r i o r i n 1 9 8 4 i n terms o f g r a i n y i e l d p r o d u c t i o n .
There was no
‘significant difference between IBV 8004 and 1~7-66 for the production of grain
T h e r a i n f a l l d i s t r i b u t i o n during 1982 was normal and the rains
Continued until 14 October.
This was advantageous to Souna 3 because of its
cycle and gave 13.5% more grain than IBV 8004. Whereas during 1984., Souna 3
suffered from drought at the time of flowering and was 47% inferior to IBV
IBMV 8401 gave grain yield equivalent to Sauna 3 in both
Al1 the genotypes were responsive to high fertility (61 kg N, 31 kg P2O5,
and 31 kg K20/ha) during 1982 as indicated by the significance among fertilty
levels and the absence of G * F interaction (Table 20). However, there was no
effect of fertilizers on productivity during 1983 and 1984.
There could be
two possible explanations for this phenomena.
F i r s t l y , the fertilizers were
not properly used due to insufficient soi1 moisture at the time of fertilizer
application and secondly, soils were rich in nutrients.
In tbis experiment,
both seems to be true. Dr. Mankeur Fall,
responsible for muiéi-locational
yield trials at Bambey reported l e s s y i e l d f r o m f e r t i l i z e d m i l l e t p l o t s a t
Bambey during 1983.
There is a need to carry out experimentation to find out
the best method of application o f u r e a a n d b a s a 1 d o s e f o r t h e i r p r o p e r
utilization under low moisture situations and feasible to farmers.
In a11 the three years, at higher spacing (90 x 90 cm), ear heads were
longer and plant height was more than other spacings.
The grain yield was
significantly higher at 90 x 30 cm spacing as compared to 98 x 90 cm during
However in 1984, in a drought year, the grain yield was 40% more at 90
x 90 cm spacing than at 90 x 45 cm.
This could be because of reduced
ccmpetition among plants for moisture.
Based on results, we cari recommend that under unpredictable environmental
millet should be planted at 90 x 90 cm spacing in Bambey region.
There was no
significant
interaction between genotypes
and
spacings,
indicating thereby that a11 the genotypes, dwarf as well as ta11 should be

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35
planted at 90 x 90 cm spacing.
7. BIGHLIGHTS AND ACHIEVMNTS
.
a) ISRA millet improvement program was working mainly on dZ dwarf material
to produce the varieties
f o r i n t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e f o r different agro-
climatological
zones
in Senegal.
ICRISAT helped
i n d i v e r s i f y i n g t h e
genetic base by introduc ting large genetic material in form of germplasm
internatinal and regional trials and nurseries.
b) ICRISAT developed multidisciplinary projects with ISRA scientists
to
d e v e l o p n e w v a r i e t i e s , t o i m p r o v e e x i s t i n g v a r i e t i e s , t o b r e e d f o r
resistance t o d i s e a s e s a n d p e s t s a n d t o d e v e l o p cultural p r a c t i c e s
for
optimizing grain yield production of newly developed varietkse.
c)
ICRISAT in Senegal developed three varieties-IBV 8001, IBV 8004, and
IBMV 8401 which are grown by Senegalese farmers,
d) Fourteen synthetics and ;!3 hybrids are being identified baeed on 1 to 2
years testing.
These genotypes require additional test for a year or two
before recommending for testing in farmers fields.
e)
Four hundred and one inbred lines were generated by combining local
material with introductions.
These lines were only partially utilized in
generating synthetics and hybrids.
This Will serve a strong genetic base
for initiating a new phase in the program.
Al1 t h e s e i n b r e d s w e r e
evaluated for their per se performance and were characterized for agronomie
traits.
f) ICRISAT is improving three varieties-Souna
3, IBV 8004, and PBMV 8401,
as a short term goal to provide the improved material to farmers through
national research system.
The final comparison between the original and
i m p r o v e d b u l k s Will b e m a d e during r a i n y s e a s o n 1 9 8 5 f o r f i r s t t w o
synthetics.
The work on
third varie ty
should
cent inue
af ter
the
termination of third phase of this project.
g) From three year trials at Bambey on plant spacing and fertility, it is

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36
concluded that under unpredictable rainfall situations as in Benegal, wider
spacing (90 x 90 cm) is better than narrow spacing (90 x 45 cm> to avoid
I i inter plant competition for limited mois ture and thereby to groduce more
grain yield.
T h i s e x p e r i m e n t f a i l e d t o estabiish t h e usefulneas o f
application of fertilizers in drought years.
Wider spacing SS reeommended
for dwarf as well as ta11 varieties.
h) Breeding materials generated in Senegal are being contributed ta millet
breeders working in West Africa mainly through regionaf trials and exchange
nurseries.
Advanced material from each program was jointly evaluated in Ynternational
Pearl M;illet Zona1 Adaptation Triai. . Based on several years testing, it
cari be concluded that the material bred in Niger performed well in Senegal
and the material bred in Sudan is least adapted to Senegafese conditions.
This is mainly because of smaller heads, susceptible to diseases, and poor
seed set.
il
The material developed in Senegal was found useful in northern Mali,
Nigeria, and Cameroon.
The seed of IBV 8001 and IBV 8004 were sent to Mali
and IBV 8301 to Cameroon for large scale demonstrations.
j) ICRISAT program in Senegal also collaborate with the Institute of Sahel
in contributing material to their regional trial.
Two synthetic varieties
IBV, 8001 and IBV 8004 were contributed in 1982.
These varieties performed
very well in CILSS tria1 and selected for testing in farmers fields in
Mali.
Senegalese farmers are already growing these varieties.
Two
varieites-IBMV 8406 and IBMV 8413 are being contributed for a tria1 in
1985.
Enough seed Will be left with ISRA seed service for another 4 to 5
year trials.
8. BENEPITS
a>
Three high yielding and disease resistant varieties developed by
ICRISAT/ISRA cooperative program for different millet growing regions of
Senegal are actually grown by Senegalese farmers and thereby increasing
agricultural production of the country.
I f 5 0 % o f t o t a l m i l l e t acreage

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37
(total 0.95 m ha) is covered with new varieties,
farmers wili be abYe to
p r o d u c e a d d i t i o n a l 5 0 , 0 0 0 t o 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o n s o f miliet p e r y e a r o r ‘ a n
additions1 income of 5 to 10 milliards CFA (US $, 10 to 20 million) per
year.
b) Several newly developed varieties are in pipe lfne,
These varie t ies
require
additional
tes ting
for
f e w y e a r s b e f o r e t h e i r s u p e r i o r i t y
established over the existing ones.
cl
ICRISAT has provided i.mproved genetic material and the research
techniques to produce still hi.gh yielding varieties for the future.
d)
ICRISAT/Senegal h e l p e d i n i d e n t i f y i n g scientists
f o r t r a i n i n g a t
ICRISAT Center with a view to strengthen the national agricultural system
and to enhance their research capabilities to more effectively use genetic
material L screen the material against drought and diseases,
e) Thirty-one technicians
have participated in training program at ICRISAT
Center and definitely strengthened in part the capabilities of national
research sys tem.
f)
I C R I S A T a l s o provides logistic s u p p o r t t o n a t i o n a l a g r i c u l t u r a l
research system in terms of conducting yield trials, establishing disease
nursery, and in the multiplication of seed of varieties o$! Pearl millet.
9. FUTURE OUTLOOK
1 p r o p o s e t h a t i n f u t u r e
t h e r e s h o u l d b e t w o d i f f e r e n t breeding
programs :
a>
For the drier zone, there is a need to develop short cycle varieties
(65 to 70 days to maturity) with an ability to stand drought at early
stages of the trop growth.
The varieties such as IBV 8004, IVS 5454 and 60
days, synthetics should be crossed with local germplasm from drier zone anci
t h e selection s h o u l d b e m a d e a t s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s i n d r i e r z o n e s f o r
drought resistance, tillering ability, earliness, and ear head length. The
lines should be selected from the 401 inbreds already developed by our
program, the GAM material,
and the new introductions made from similar

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38
millet growing areas in Western Africa.
b) For the central and south central zones of Senegal, the varietiea of 90
to 95 days cycle with medium plant height (200 to 220 cm> and dwarf plant
height (140 to 160 cm> should be developed.
For medium ulant heieht:
The existing synthetics, and hybrids Will be evaluated in multilocational
yield trials during rainy season 1985.
Few should be selected for large scale
testing in farmers fields from rainy season 1986.
The improved versions of Souna 3 and IBV 8004 Will be compared with their
original bulks during rainy season 1985.
I f t h e s u p e r i o r i k y o f i m p r o v e d
v e r s i o n s (C3 y
c c l e ) a r e e s t a b l i s h e d over e x i s t i n g ones.
Efforts should be
made to replace old Souna 3 and IBV 8004 with improved anee,
Four hundred and one inbreds and 132 F3 progenies wFl1 be evaluated for
their per -se- performance during rainy season 1985.
T h e lines s h o u l d Le
selected to generate medium ta11 as well as dwarf syntketics,
The best lines from our genetic stocks, GAM program, and new introductions
should be made to generate mediurn ta11 synthetics.
Little efforts should be made to develop male-sterile lines and hybrids
for central southern region of Senegal.
For dvarf plant heipht:
The d2 dwarf varieties like IBMV 8401 and PS 90-2 could be an answer for
intensive agriculture in south central zone where rainfall is enough in most
of the years for growing Pearl millet.
IBMV 8401 requires an improvement for
grain size and resistance to smut and drought.
PS90-2 had small heads.
I BMV
8401 is being improved by limited backcrossing. Efforts should continue.
TO develop a productive d2 dwarf variety, strong efforts should be made by
combining a11 d2 d w a r f s o u r c e s a s I B M V 8 4 0 1 , 314 ExBornu, 3/4 Souna, 3/4
Sanio, GAM 73, GAM 75, G73#-77, IBV 7815, GA)I d2 dwarf popualations ‘and any
other agronomically superior dwarf line into a composite,
A single composite
should be improved initially by Sl selections for 2 to 3 cycles and then by
limited backcrossing for specific characters.
1 observed in Darou and Sinthu Malene, that the farmers liked very much

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39
IBMV 8 4 0 1 f o r i t s d w a r f s t a t u r e and h i g h productivity.
Benegar na8 a e e n
leading country in the production of d2 dwarf material and I strongly feel
tbat the efforts should continue.
ç
10. REVIEWS ATTENDED
ICRISAT West African Programs In-Mouse Review, Dakar, Senegal. Peb. î9èl.
ICRISAT African Programs In-Bouse Reviews. ICRISAT Patancheru, fndia. Feb,
1982, 1983, and 1984.
XCRISAT/ISRA Cooperative Program Reviews. Bambey, Senegal,
19110 ta 1984,
ISRA Pearl Millet Improvement Program Review. Bambey, Senegal. Feb, 1981,
Joint Meeting of the UNDP - ICRISAT Policy Advisory Committee, ICRLSAT
Patancheru, India. Feb. 1983 and 1984.
ECRISAT Second External Program Review. Niamey, Niger. August 1984,
11. WORKSHOPS ATTENDED
CTLSS Kegional Meeting on Pearl Millet Improvement. Tarna, Niger. Feb. 1982.
Third FAO/SIDA Seminar on Field ‘Foocl Crops in Africa and the Near East,
Nairobi, Kenya. June 1982.
CILSS Regiona L Meeting on Pearl ;Millet Improvement. Banjul, Gambia. March
1983.
16th Stadler Genetics Symposium.
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. March 1984.
Symposium on the Processing of Sorghum and Millets: Criteria for Quality of
Grains and Products for Human Food. Vienna, Austria. June 1984.
Rrgional Workshop on Pearl Millet Improvement in West Africa. Niamey, Niger.
sept. 1984.
12. PUBLICATIONS
‘Lambert, A.
1977.
ICRISAT Millet Improvement Programme in Senegal.
Yresented at International Pearl Millet Workshop,
ICRISAT Hyderabad,
lndia.
August 29 - September 2, 1977. pp. l-7.
Lambert, A.
1978.
Annual Report of the Senegal Cooperative Program 1977.
Part 1.
Millet Breeding.
CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp. l-22.
Lambert, A.
1978.
Rapport de Synthese 1977-1978.
CNRA, Dambey, Senegal.
pp* 1-4.
Lambert, A.
1979.
Annual Report of the Senegal Cooperative Program 1978.
Part 1:
Millet Breeding.
CNRA, Sambey, Senegal.
pp. l-42,

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40
Lambert, A.
1979.
Rapport d’Activite de la Section ICRISAT - Selection
Hivernage 1978. CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp. l-24,
Lambert, A.
1980.
Rapport de Synthese-1979.
CNRA,’ Bambey, Sénegai.
PP* l -
5 .
Lambert, A,
1980.
Rapport d’Activite de la Section ICRISAT - Selection.
Hivernage 1979. pp. l-59.
Lambert, A.
1980.
Annual Report of the Senegal Cooperative Program 1979.
Pearl Millet Breeding. CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp, l-47,
Gupta, S.C.
1981.
Annual Report.
ISRA/ICRISAT Cooperative Program in
Senegal-1980-1981. CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp. l-34.
Gupta, S.C.
1981.
Research Highlights,
1980-81.
ICRISAT West African
Cooperative Program in Senegal.
CNRA, Bambey, Senegal.
pp. l-6.
Gupta, S.C.
1981.
Rapport Annuel 1980-81.
Programme d’Amelioration du Mil.
CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp. l-18.
Gupta, S.C.
1981 Rapport de Synthese 1980-81.
Programme d’Amelioration du
Mil.
CNRA, Bambey, Senegal.
pp. l-6.
Cupta, S,C.
1981.
Synthese des Activites du Programme “‘GAM Corrige
Indien”.
Programme d’Amelioration
du Mil.
CNRA, Bambey , Senegal,
PP* l-
7.
Gupta, S.C.
1982.
Annual Report.
ISRA/ICRISAT Cooperative Program in
Senegal 1981-82.
CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp. l-18.
Gupta, S.C.
1982.
Research Highlights 1981-82.
ICRISAT West African
Cooperative Program in Senegal. CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp, 1-7.
Gupta, S.C.
1982.
Rapport de Synthese 1981-82.
Programme d’dmelioration du
Mil.
CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp. l-5.
Gupta, S.C.
1982.
ICRISAT Pearl Millet Improvement Program in $enegal.
Presented at the CILSS Meeting on Pearl Millet Improvement, Tarna, Niger.
Feb. 1-6, 1982. pp. l-16.
Gupta, S.C., Ndoye, A.T., and D. J. Andrews .
1982.
Pearl Millet Improvement
in Senegal.
More food from better technology.
Publ. by FAO:667-674,
Gupta, S.C.,
Ndoye, A.T., and D.J. Andrews.
1983.
Essais Varietaux sur le
Mil au Senegal.
L’ Agronomie Tropicale.
38 (3): 229-233,
Gupta, S.C., and R. Guegan.
1983.
Characteristiques de trois Varietes de Mil
(Pennisetum americanum (L. > Leeke) Recommandees au Senegal. CNRA, Bambey,
S e n e g a l . pp. l - 7 .
Gupta, S.C.
1983.
Report of ‘Work 1982.
Pearl Millet Improvement Program in
Senegal.
CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp. l-15.

---

P
4 1
Gupta, S.C.
1983.
Research Highllights 1982.
ICRISAT/ISRA C o o p e r a t i v e P e a r l
Millet Program in Senegal.
CNRA, B a m b e y , S e n e g a l . p p . l - 2 .
Gupta, S.C.
1983.
Rapport Annuel 1982-1983.
Programme d’Amelioration
du
Mil. CNRA, Bambey, Senegal.
1pp. 1-14.
Gupta, S.C.
1983.
Rapport de Synthese 1982-83. Programme d’Amelioration
du
Mil,
CNRA, Bambey, Senegal.
;pp. l - 5 .
Gupta, S.C.
1983.
The Pearl Millet Improvement Program in Senegal.
J o i n t
Meeting
o f t h e U N D P - I C R I S A T Policy A d v i s o r y
Commit tee, February 7-9,
1983.
I C R I S A T , P a t a n c h e r u , India. pp. l - 1 2 ,
G u p t a , S . C .
1984.
T h e P e a r l M i l l e t I m p r o v e m e n t P r o g r a m i n S e n e g a l : J o i n t
Meeting of the UNDP-ICRISAT E’olicy Advisory Committee, Feb, 11-20, 1984.
ICRISAT, Patancheru, India.
p:p. 1 - 7 .
Gupta, S.C.
1984.
Report of Work 1983.
Pearl Millet Improvement Program in
Senegal.
CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp. l-21.
Gupta, S. C.
1984.
Rapport Annuel 1983-1984.
Programme d’Amelioration
du
Nil. CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp. 1-8.
Gupta, S.C.
1984.
Rapport de Synthese 1983-1984.
Programme d ’ A m e l i o r a t i o n
du Mil.
CNRA, Bambey, Senegal. pp. l-5.
Gupta, S.C., Ndoye, A.T., and H.M. Mbengue 1984.
Rela tionship Among Grain
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d C o u s c o u s Y i e l d * i n P e a r l M i l l e t ,
Presented at the
Symposium on the Processing of Sorghum and Millets.
Vienna, Austria, J u n e
4 and 5, 1984. pp. 1-8.
Gupta, S.C.
1984.
The ICRISAT Pearl Millet Improvement Program in Senegal.
ICRISAT Second External Program Review, Niamey, Niger, 21-22 Auguet 21 and
22, 1984‘ pp. l-17.
Gupta, S.C.
1984.
ISRA/ICRISAT C o o p e r a t i v e P r o g r a m o n P e a r l M i l l e t
Improvement in Senegal.
Presented at the Regional Workshop on Pearl Millet
Improvement in West Africa.
Niamey, Niger, 31 August-4 September 1984.
pp. l - 1 2 .
Gupta, S.C.
1985.
ICRISAT Research Project Progress Report.
1984.
P e a r l
Millet Improvement Program in Senegal.
CNRA, Bambey, Senegal.
pp* 3-16,
Gupta, S.C.
1985.
Rapport de Synthese 1984-1985.
Programme d’Amelioration
du Mil.
CNRA, B a m b e y , S e n e g a l . p p . l - 5 .
,’
:*
13. LINK TO NATIONAL PROGRAM
a > M u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y projects w e r e d e v e l o p e d i n v o l v,ing s e v e r a l scientists
such a s :

---

42
Millet Breeder:
Excellent contacts were established in terms
(Dr. A. T. Ndoye)
of joint planing, conducting, and evaluation
o f
yield
triale >
exchanga of
genetic
materials and informacionq,
,
Millet Physiologist:
Joint experiments were conducted to find out
(Miss F.
Diop)
optimum
spacing
a n d fertilizer d o s e f o r
newly developed varieties,
Millet Pathologist:
Breeding for resistance to diaeaees.
(Dr. D. F. Mbaye)
Entomologist:
Screening of advanced genotypes against
(Dr. R. T. Gahukar)
pests.
Agronomis t
Evaluated our genotypes for their usefulness
(Dr. C. Dancette)
in intercropping, double cropping, and relay
cropping experiments.
Food Technologist:
Jointly evaluated ;he advanced material for
(Dr. H.
Mbengue >
the preparation
of local foods
such as
couscous.
b) Established e x c e l l e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e r e s p o n s b i l e s o f seed
service
ISRA (Mr. R.
Guegan, S.
Manga,
a n d MasaLla)
and of
multilocational
triais and demonstrations
i n f a r m e r s f i e l d s (Mr.
Mankeur Fall and C. Pochtier).
c) Established working
contacts” with
service
semenc ier
national
and
extension services such as SODEVA through ISM,
d) The field days were arranged every year to explain the progress we have
made.
Both scientists
and administrators were invited.
'
14. TRAINING OF LOCAL STAFF AND PERSONNEL
Miss Helen Joly:
Worked for 6 months at Bambey.
Conduc ted an
experiment on interspecific crosses towards
her degree (doctor troisieme cycle).
Five technicians
of ISRA working with ICRISAT were trained by me.
REFERENCES
i Bilquez, A. F.
1974.
Amel,ioration d e s m i l s a u S e n e g a l - S y n t h e s e d e s
!
r e s u l t a t s o b t e n u s a u cours d e s q u a t r e p r e m i e r e s annees d e t r a v a i l e t
conclusions generales.
CNRA, ISRA, BAMBEY: l-57.
Bono, M. and P. Leclercq 1963.
Methodes d’amelioration varietale des mils et
1
sorghos utiliseos au CRA (de Bambey.
L’Agronomie Tropicale 18 (1): 33-52.

---

Dancette, C, 1974.
Comment adapter les cultures a l’aridite d u m i l i e u e t
ameliorer ce milieu.
Conference-atelier sur 1 e Sahel,
CNEU, Eambey: l -
21.
.
Etasse, C. 1965.
Amelioration du mil Pennisetum au Senegal.
S’ Agronomie
Tropicale 20 (10):976-980.
Etasse, C. 1969.
Amelioration du mil Pennisetum au CRA de Bambey etat actuel
des travaux et orientations - Communication a l a Conference cereale d e
Zaria/Nigeria du 13 au 16 octobre:l-9.

---

44
Annex 1
List of Research Projects
.
Project Number
Title
M-l (77) WAP (SN)
Diversification of genetic base
H-2 (81) WAP (SN)
Improvement of synthetics adapted for rainfed
conditions
M-3 (80) WAP (SN)
National yield trials
M-4 (81) WAP (SN)
Breeding for diseases and pests resistance
H-5 (82) WAP (SN)
Development of male sterile lines and hybrids
for local adaptability
M-6 (78) WAP (SN)
Regional trials and nurseries
N-7 (77) WAP (SN)
International trials and nurseries
M”8 (82) W A P (SN)
T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f agronomie practices f o r
o p t i m i z i n g y i e l d s o f n e w v a r i e t i e s
under
rainfed conditions.

---

ist of 1
and Regional trials and nurseries conducted in Seqegai froc 1977 co 1984
YEAR
Tria1 name/material
Entries
Origin of trials
1977
Serere Composite 1
214
ICRISAT Center, India
Super Serere Composite
214
ICRISAT Center, India
Intl. Pearl Millet Adaptation
21
ICRISAT Center, India
Tria1
Introductions
200
ICRISAT Center, India
1978
New Early Composite
214
ICRISAT Center, India
D2 Composite
214
PCRISAT Center, India
Super Serere Composite
214
ICRISAT Center, India
Pearl Millet Synthetics Tria1
(PMST)
25
ICRISAT Center, India
Exptal. Varieties Tria1 (EVT)
25
ICRISAT Center, India
Pearl Millet Hybrid Tria1 (PMHT)
25
ICRISAT Center, India
IPMAT4
21
1CKisAT Center, India
Intl. Millet Zona1 Adaptation
7
Africa
Tria1
1979
D2 Composite
214
ICRISAT Center, India
Late Composite
214
ICRISAT Center, India
EVT
25
ICRISAT Center, India
Elite Varieties Tria1 (ELVT)
32
ICRISAT Center, India
PMST
25
ICRISAT Center, India
PMHT
25
ICRISAT Center, India
IPMAT5
21
ICRISAT Center, India
Pearl Millet Exchange Nursery
10
Africa
.
(PMXN)
IMZAT
7
Africa
1980
IMZAT
25
Africa
PMXN
26
Africa
Samaru Disease Res&tant Nursery
18
Nigeria
IPMAT 6
21
ICRISAT Ce-ntlalC,
Best Population Progenies Tx$al
82
ICRISAT Eentex i
PMST
20
ICRISAT Center,
Continued

---

t
D2 dwarf Varieties Tria1 iDVT)
10
ICRISAT Centor, India
FI crosses
50
ICRLSAT Center, India
F2 populations
10
ICRISAT Center, India
Hybrids and Male Steriles
84
ICRISAT Center, India
Uniform progeny nursery (UPN)
100
ICRISAT Center, India
Population progenies
51'
ICRISAT Center, India
1981
IMZAT
16
Africa
PMXN
43
Airica
IPMAT7
21
ICRISAT Center, India
ELVT
20
ICRISAT Center, India
DVT
30
ICRISAT Center, India
PMST
25
ICRISAT Center, India
Initial PMST-2
25
ICRISAT Center, India
UPN
100
ICRISAT Center, India
F 1 Cïû3§2S /Af-:n3*
\\rL ILbU‘. x Afr-r snj
-Y.=,
120
ICRISAT Center, India
I
1982
IMZAT
14
Africa
f
i
PMXN
72
Africa
i
Niger Multilocational Tria1
10
Niger
i
D2-Dwarf Varieties Nursery
25
ICRISAT Center, India
t
1983
IMZAT
16
Africa
PMXN
50
Africa
Striga Nursery
45
Burkina Fasse
Various segregating progenies
83
ICRISAT Center, India
.
Male Steriles
17 pairs
ICRISAT Center, India
1984
IMZAT
16
Africa
PMXN
75
Africa
Variability and Competition Tria1 12
ICRISAT Center, India
Male Sterile and Maintainer Lines
54
Kansas Star9 Uzaiwers+

---

f
Table 2.
Performance data for selected entries of the elite varieties tria1
at Bambey (1979 to 1981)
- -
G r a i n y i e l d (kg/ha) _c
S . No.
Entry
1979
1981
?
?????
1
ICH 226
1607
II-
Y1
2
ICH 241
1481
-w
IU
3
SC1 7034
1367
-WI
<Iv
4
ICH 154
1358
-su
“.m
5
IVS 5454
1326
“m
“P
6
ICMS 7818
1257
“YI
vu
7
ICMS 7703
1209
IPI
949
a
SSC-H76
1190
“ux
.w”
9
ICH 165
729
2738*
1174
10
WC a220
- -
2520
- -
11
IVS 8206
- -
2420
- -
12
ICH 383
- -
24l.4
- -
13
LC 7053
967
2333
WI
14
SC-l-p78
- -
22&9
- -
15
WC-B77
752
rzsg
- -
16
WC 8129
- -
2244
w..
17
ne-p78
- -
I”
1967
18
MBH 110
- -
c-
1sia
19
ICH 220
- -
,I-
1454
20
ICH 418
- -
--
1351
21
WC-C75
- -
- -
1163
22
NELC-H79
- -
em.
1123
23
ICH 415
- -
IW
1057
Check - Souna 3
1507
2189
1521
T o t a l entries
32
32
20
Grand mean
966
2080
1041
SE f
234
195
261
cv %
40.0
18.7
49.2
*Significantly s u p e r i o r f r o m l o c a l check a t 0 . 0 5 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e .

---

Table 3,
Performance data on grain yield (kg/ha) for selected entrias 0;
IPXAT at Bambep (1975 to 1981)
NO.
Entry
1975
1976
1977
1978 * 1979
1980'
1981"
ICH 4 5
4188
--
- -
--
..-
v.m
ICH 11
4034
--
- -
--
-w
--
E x Bornu
3791
--
- -
2672
-.x.
-*y
ICH 5
3703
--
- -
- -
-.”
“S-3
ICH 13
- -
2508
- -
- -
BK 560
- -
2474
- -
- -
WC-C75
. ..-
2253
2897
- -
ICH 107
- -
2232
1820
- -
ICH 266
- -
1964
- -
- -
10 ICH 108
- -
- -
1938
- -
-WV"
9.9-
-Y
11 BD 111
- -
- -
1838
--
- -
--
- -
12
ICH 118
- -
- -
1835
- -
- -
--
WV
13 ICH 165
..d
- -
- -
2972
1062
2461
2239
14
IVS-A75
- -
- -
-I
2521
LM
WI
.m.m
15
ICH 154
- -
- -
- -
2468
. ..-
-em
-*-
16 PSB 8
- -
--
- -
- -
822
--
- -
17
ICMS 7815
- -
- -
- -
- -
755
1877
--
18
1% 5454
- -
- -
--
--
692
2148
- -
19
ICH 162
- -
- -
- -
- -
mm
2647
I-
2 0
ICH 211
- -
- -
- -
--
- -
2521
- -
21
ICH 220
- -
w-
- -
- -
230
2497
2343
22
ICMS 7845
De
- -
- -
- -
-1
2397
me
23 NELC-H79
- -
--
- -
- -
--
- -
2064
24 WC-A78
--
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
1994
Souna 3 (check) 3990
2 100
1720
2643
1670
2127
2373
Grand Mean
3227
1785
1447
2022
552
2081
1772
SE f
284
264
373
210
82
138
164
CV%
15.2
25.6
44.6
18.0
25.8
19.9
27.8
No. o f entries
14
8 0
2 1
21
2 1
2 1
21
aMean based over three locations--Nioro, Bambey, and Louga.

---

4.
t
f
LaDLe
1981
1980"
S. No.
Entry
1984d
1983
1982
kg/ha Rank
kg/ha Rani' '
kg/ha Rank
kg/ha Rank
545
12
--
--
--
--
--
-c
1
IKMV 8201
kg'ha
1538 trk
- c
--
--
--
W V
--
1615 4
606
10
;
IKMV 8101
--
--
--
--
l
3
IBMV 8301
1558
9
568
11
/
--
--
--
--
--
--
4
IBMV 8302
1302 13
739
1
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
5
IBMV 8401
1162 14
--
--
--
--
640
8
6
INMV 8210
3473
9
1796 1
--
--
655
7
7
INMV 8212
3454
10
1582 8
--
--
--
--
694
5
--
BF
8
INMV 8220
1790 2
--
--
c-
--
--
--
--
--
9
INMV 8240
1661 3
--
--.
--
--
-d
--
--
--
1458
11
.
10
ITMV 8301
--
--
--
--
--
11
ITMV 8303
1457 12
--
--
-a
--
--
--
12
ITMV 8304
--
--
1596
6
--
--
-mm
--
--
--
--
-a
13
ITMV 8305
1594 7
1080 15
4055
1
1834
2
2081
1
699
4
14
Souna 3
--
mm-
--
--
--
1547
15
IBV 8001
8
1609 5
-a
--
666 16
691
6
3894 3
1956
16
Farmers
1
local
-
--
725
2
3786 4
1541
1D
1854 *‘9
17
ITMV 8002
--
438
14
I.552
17
3638 7
1059
0
18
Nigeria
Comp-
-
isr
-
3658
5
1795
d+
-
-
19
IBV 8004
-.
-
-
-
3651
6
1796
3
lSl2 10
20
ITMV 8004
-
-
-
-
21
KDMC
3402
1.2
3.420
12
1534
18
--
-
-
3907
2
1407
22
CIVT 2
14
1 6
16
14
16
23
Entries
1466
602
3501
1542
1661
Mean
76
166
335
1GO
SEi
119
$$ean based only on two IOcatfOns--Nioro an0 3atiey only.
?$Car. base4 ~nly on twc~ locations-Bambey and Louga only.

---

(Nioro, Bambey,
Days to
Plant
Eead
50% bloom
height (cm)
length (cm)
Downy mildew (%)
Smut (X)
S. No.
Entry
1984
1983
1984
1983
1984
1983
1984
1983
1984
1983
1.
IKMV 8201
52.4
61.3
236
199
33.6
33.2
4.6
4.8
6.0
10.9
2.
IKMV 8101
50.5
62.9
243
206
40.4
42.0
2.0
2.6
2.8
5.2
3.
IBMV 8301
52.2
61.9
256
189
40.8
41.3
3.7
5.2
3.8
9.7
4.
IBMV 8302
57.8
65.7
267
204
56.8
55.5
11.6
20.4
3.0
7.4
--
5.
IBMV 8401
56.5
152
51.8
--
5.9 --
5.5
--
6.
INMV 8210
51.6
62.5
234
201
36.7
38.0
2.2
3.4
4.2
3.0
7.
INMV 8212
5i.2
6i.8
233
200
36;4
39.2
2.2
2.1
3.5
4.9
8.
INMV 8220
49.2
61.9
220
201
34.2
39.5
3.6
1.6
1.8
3.9
--
9.
INMV 8240
52.4
240
40.0
2.8 --
1.8
--
--
10.
ITMV 8301
53.6
258
51.6
3.3 --
1.8
--
--
11.
ITMV 8303
53.1
258
46.3
--
2.4 --
4.0
--
12.
ITMV 8304
54.4
252
33.3
--
4.3 --
11.3
--
- -
13.
ITMV 8305
53.0
245
--
-a
34.2
2.2 --
4.8
14.
Souna 3
59.9
62.9
264
202
53.8
54.2
14.6
17.6
4.5
5.6
-
15.
IBV 8001
53.2
252
--
36.8
--
4.2 --
6.4
--
1 6
Local check
60.6
66.3
266
205
52.6
50.9
12-8
17.5
19.8
6.4 .
Nean Cl61
53.8
63.0
242
200
42.4
42.7
5.2
7.0
5.4
6-7
SE f
O-5
1.0
4.3 4
1.5
2.8
O-9
1.7
1.9
1.5
aResults are presented only frjr those entaies which were seiected for 1984 triai.
bburing 1934, average is based on two locations--Nioro and Bambey.

---

Head
Days to
Plant
Ear
DOWIlY
1000-seed
weight
50%
height
length
mildew
SUUt
weight
S. No.
Entry
(g/6.075m2)
bloom
(cm)
( c m )
CO
(Xl
w
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.
ICMI 80001 SN
1860
52.2
217
37.6
7.0
8.0
6.7
2.
80002
1720
53.4
218
33.0
2.6
10.7
6.5
3.
80003
1776
57.4
218
41.5
27.2
5.6
7.9
4.
80004
1960
52.5
204
37.4
6.1
3.8
7.2
5.
80005
1516
53.5
200
30.0
8.2
6.2
7.5
6.
80006
1507
54.5
197
33.8
11.4
6.5
7.3
7.
80007
1150
55.8
199
27.6
5.4
3.6
6.1
8.
80008
1443
55.5
194
36.8
9.6
6.2
6.1
9.
80009
1114
59.0
, 174
36.7
5.1
3.8
7.3
10.
80010
884
59.4
116
38.8
12.3
11.6
5.6
11.
80011
1210
58.7
170
33.3
17.8
23.5
5.0
12.
80012
614
58.6
123
27.5
23.5
14.6
6.0
13.
80013
1156
55.4
160
31.4
11-9
12.6
4.5
14.
80014
980
54.8
162
31.8
15.2
10.4
6.6
15.
80015
1740
53.2
206
35.3
6.2
2.5
7.1
16.
80016
600
55.0
178
30.8
4.1
5.0
6.2
?
17.
80017
724
63.8
178
36.8
15*2
14.2
5.7
18.
80018
1327
56-4
219
31.5
7-9
4-o
6.5
19.
80019
1407
52-b
198
32.5
X3,8
3-8
5.5
20.
80020
1277
56-6
198
40.0
12,6
5-O
5.5
21.
80021
1213
61-5
197
39-8
7*1
4-6
5.0
22.
80022
1666
54-G
222
40-6
5.8
7*2
7.5
23.
80023
1486
54-Q
203
39-O
4-8
22-s
7.4
24.
80024
3.616
56-2
229
40*7
2-5
9-2
5.4
25.
80025
2036
56.2
213
34.0
1' J.L '
6.0
7-6
26.
80026
1405
50-3
197
42,6
7-7
11.7
7.5
27.
80027
790
55-4
192
35-8
9.7
2.2
5.2
28.
80028
1713
56-5
236
40-6
10.8,
9.8
7.2
Continued

---

Table b (Continued
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
I
29.
ICMI 80029 SN
1323
52.2
150
35.2
5.6
8.8
5.7
30.
80030
1036
52.6
139
27.8
14.2
8.8
6.3
31.
80031
1633
60.2
160
36.0
10.2
7.2
6.4
32.
80032
1657
52.0
132
37.8
5.4
5.2
6.6
1
33.
80033
1494
55.6
167
32.8
7.0
20.0
6.3
34.
80034
1140
50.8
144
27.8
20.9
4.5
7.5
i
35.
80035
700
53.3
102
27.8
26.2
12.8
5.5
36.
80036
337
65.8
142
39.8
17.9
15.8
3.9
37.
80037
624
55.8
148
40.6
42.0
11.4
6.2
38.
m-mm
“““LU
1030
54.8
139
39.5
14.6
9.0
4.7
39.
80039
1004
51.2
156
27.8
15.4
7.7
6.8
40.
80040
1787
52.6
158
35.5
13.4
3.7
5.4
41.
80041
577
58.2
128
29.8
15.3
25.8
7.3
42.
80042
926
57.0
135
37.2
34.8
2.6
7.7
43.
80043
1974
55.7
165
34.2
5.6
3.3
5.8
44.
80044
376
64.2
9 6
28.0
32.9
6.2
5.2
45.
80045
630
60.0
3.48 .
33.2
43.4
4.2
5.9
46.
80046
530
65.4
156
35.2
21.5
2.7
2.9
47.
80047
1136
54.7
122
38.8
6.0
3.8
4.2
48.
80048
540
60.4
123
34.5
6.3
7.2
5.9
49.
80049
907
50.7
118
36.6
12.8
8.0
'6.0
50.
80050
1607
55.2
3.77
36.8
9.8
17.2
7.3
51.
80051
1344
54.4
180
38.2
9.6
4.8
6.9
52,
00052
1490
55.5
208
33.5
11.0
7.0
6.4
53,
80053
1310
58.2
140
27.8
1.3
2.5
7.2
54.
80(154
365
63.8
130
26.8
38.0
12.0
5.7
55.
Souna 3
2094
61.4
252
56.2
3.6
7.3
5.4
56.
IBMV 8401
1470
58.2
154
46.4
3-8
8.0
5-8
Mean
1232
56.4
172
35.4
13.1
8.4
6.2
SE f
155
1.1
1 0
2.4
5.4
4.6
9.7
aThousand seed weight based only at Bambey location.

---

.
.
.
‘,
.’
_
*
.
.
i
i :, _ a ,.
:
*-
.
;
.._-__-
-L’BcIIc

I*
k?erfc-anc.z O f 4 8 '4
for seven characters
Head weight Days to 50 %
Plant
Ear length
Downy mildew
Smut
1000 seed
s. No,
Entry
Cg/6.0?5m2)
bloom
height (em)
(Cd
(Xl
(Xl
weighta Cg)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
l.ICMI 84001 SN
402
64.9
158
34.9
11.8
11.6
7.1
2.
84002
620
56.6
179
39.4
13.4
5.5
8.6
3.
84003
815
62.8
191
35.4
10.3
9.0
6.6
4.
84004
965
64.1
218
35.9
20.4
10.0
7.0
5.
84005
690
60.6
184
34.6
25.2
16.8
5.6
6.
84006
745
62.0
206
42.0
13.0
8.2
8.1
7.
84007
1832
54.8
230
36.3
12.6
8.1
8.5
8.
84008
1300
57.5
206
33.0
8.0
10.2
8.0
9.
84009
1718
53.6
216
34.5
11.6
16.1
6.9
10.
84010
1008
61.2
213
38.9
7.3
6.6
8.7
11.
84011
1178
59.3
219
39.9
14.0
6.4
9.4
1 2
84012
1568
57.1
246
39.6
9.8
13.5
7.6
13.
84013
918
61.0
232
34.9
8.4
22.9
8.8
14.
84014
1460
50.2
193
42.2
8.8
19.0
8.1
15.
84015
1855
53.2
238
45.4
9.0
5.6
9.8
16.
84016
1820
56.4
248
38.3
13.0
7.8
8.8
17.
84017
1042
61.2
219
42.1
26.2
5.2
9.4
18.
84018
1472
56.2
218
35-7
10.0
9.2
9.7
19.
84019
1175
56.0
230
33-6
21.9
7.4 '
7.4
2&
84020
1258
49.8
224
33-f
20-2
13.6
8.8
21.
84021
1570
56-4
252
4L3
24-O
8.7
7.8
22.
84022
1790
54-9
222
37-8
6.6
15.5
7.7
23.
84023
1738
56.2
250
35.6
9.4
9.2
8.0
24.
84025
1565
54.6
222
40.8
6.2
10.2
9.1
25.
84026
1325
53.0
211
31.2
a.6
3.8
9.9
26.
84027
1568
54-O
199
32.5
7.5
11-5
9.8
27.
84028
1460
52.4
238
32.8
4-9
5.8
9.6
28.
84029
2085
54.5
256
40.9
7.0
14.2
9.0
29.
84032
1315
55-7
209
32.1
9.0
10.5
7.2
30.
84033
1442
53-6
248
35.9
6.0
3.4
8.0
Continued

---

1
2
3
4
3
0
/
0
31.ICMI 84036 SN
1402
56.8
216
40.5
6.0
21.2
6.5
32.
84037
1735
57.4
222
36.8
9.2
11.6
8.1
33.
84038
1712
56.8
225
35.8
11.3
8.2
6.7
34.
84039
988
56.5
208
36.2
23.4
10.2
6.9
35.
84040
1562
55.8
230
35.6
3.0
8.9
7.5
36.
84041
1758
56.8
241
36.0
6.0
13.2
8.4
37.
84042
1388
57.4
224
33.6
21.1
6.5
7.3
38.
84043
910
61.2
214
31.6
11.6
4.5
9.5
39.
84044
1395
60.8
264
34.2
7.7
2.8
9.8
40.
84045
1630
52.6
237
45.0
22.8
9.2
10.6
41.
84046
1922
52.1
237
40.0
5.8
6.9
10.2
42.
84047
1468
52.0
210
32.9
10.4
15.5
9.8
43.
84048
1795
52.8
247
42.4
7.3
4.4
9.2
44.
84049
1590
53.2
218
39.4
9.2
11.5
7.7
45.
84050
2028
54.0
222
30.7
5.3
3.6
7.7
46.
84051
1680
54.0
232
34.7
6.0
11.0
9.0
47.
84052
1712
54.8
238
36.2
9.8
5.5
10.2
48.
84053
1508
51.0
226
33.9
27.7
10.3
10.8
49.
Souna 3 (check) 1765
60.4
236
50.0
22.2
15.2
8.4
Mean
1421
56.4
223
37-o
12.1
9-3 *
8-4
SE f
185
1.0
8.8
2-3
4-O
4-1
dL8
aAverage over replications at Bambey.

---

-a
.a
.a-
5
-_...._
-
a IX- c r o s s e s generatea
ver;weeh benegarese
vs non-Senegalese material in 1981-82 off-aeason) at Bambey during rainy season lN4,
Head
Plant
Ear
Downy
weight
Days to
height
length
mildew
Se NO.
Entry
(g/4*075m21
59X bloom
(cd
(cd
(Xl
1~
2
3
4
5
6
1.
ICMI 84054 SN
327
68.7
142
25.3
26.0
2.
84055
347
62:7
143
18.3
11.7
3.
84056
467
57.7
187
31.7
21.7
4.
84057
580
60.3
187
41.3
0.0
5.
84058
9 3
77.3
117
26.0
2.3
6.
84059
253
70.7
162
23.3
79.0
7.
84060
300
64.0
157
28.0
14.3
8.
84061
327
57.0
170
28.0
0.0
9.
84062
567
45.3
143
43.0
4.7
iû.
,.I ^...
.^^
U4UbJ
bUU
66.3
172
26.7
2.3
11.
84064
247
65.3
178
29.7
67.3
12.
84065
693
47.3
200
37.7
6.7
13.
84066
127
69.7
133
27.0
3.3
14.
84067
253
71.0
127
21.3
4.3
15.
84068
727
60.3
183
35.3
33.7
16.
84069
400
59.0
155
35.3
0.0
17.
84070
173
72.0
138
25.0
0.0
18.
84071
140
68.3
150
34.7
44.0
19.
84072
8 7
75.7
120
28-0
16-7
20.
84073
180
69.7
122
20,o
?? 2.7
21.
84074
133
67.7
128
15*0
o-0
22,
84075
100
82-3
133
25-o
iLO
23,
84D76
227
72-3
148
29-7
30.7
24,
84077
280
52.0
150
20-3
7,o
25.
84078
467
62.7
147
29-3
3-3
26.
84079
a
a
a
a
92.3
27,
84Q80
107
72-3
150
27-7
O-0
28.
84081
287
71.3
162
26-3
4-7
29.
84082
540
57-8
185
25.7
0.0
30,
84083
493
64.0
132
26.7
14.7
Continued

---

1
2
3
4
5
6
31.
ICMI 84084 SN
110
76.0
142
26.7
4.7
32.
84085
273
68.0
173
28.0
0.0
33.
84086
307
55.7
165
37.0
2.3
34.
84087
360
71.0
168
31.0
11.3
35.
84088
420
57.7
153
26.7
16.0
36.
84089
293
54.7
160
28.3
0.0
37.
84090
213
76.3
187
37.3
21.7
38.
84091
353
66.0
198
49.0
0.0
39.
84092
227
71.3
145
32.7
9.0
40%
84093
207
56.7
152
28.0
0.0
41.
84094
347
66.3
182
31.0
7.0
42.
84095
420
68.0
177
37.0
2.3
43.
84096
427
52.3
172
31.3
16.0
44.
84097
340
72.7
153
29.0
4.3
45.
84098
600
55.3
177
36.0
24.3
46.
84099
487
67.3
155
33.7
6.7
47.
84100
820
59.3
183
28.0
4.7
48.
84101
120
72.3
130
18.3
13.3
49.
84102
340
45.7
183
33-3
15.3
50.
84103
213
78.0
130
28.7
1 0.0
51.
84104
7 0
88.0
150
31-o
88-7
52.
84105
240
79.0
130
21-7
5-O
53.
84106
333
64.7
150
30.0
o*o
54.
64107
360
54-3
170
31-3
2.3
55.
84108
407
57.7
175
22.3
7*0
56.
84109
227
73.3
172
25.0
0.0
57,
84110
360
70.7
192
32-7
2. 3
58,
84111
240
70-3
173
36.0
39,o
59,
84112
613
54.3
195
34.0
13-3
60.
84113
133
65-O
130
20.3
0.0
Continued

---

1
2
3
4
5
Q
61.
ICMI 84114 SN
400
67.0
170
32.3
4.7
62.
84115
360
57.0
128
19.0
6.7
63.
84116
6 7
78.0
145
24.7
25.3
64.
84117
313
63.3
180
22.7
18.7
65.
84118
200
82.3
157
24.3
0.0
66.
84119
300
77.0
153
25.7
0.0
67.
84120
440
53.0
147
24.3
24.3
68.
84121
287
70.7
160
29.3
14.7
69.
84122
427
67.7
173
29.7
11.0
70.
84123
180
77.3
183
33.0
9.0
71.
84124
a
a
a
a
3.3
72.
84125
3 3
76.7
118
31.0
33.3
73.
84126
140
77.0
148
24.7
15.5
74.
84127
2 0
88.3
130
25.0
25.0
75.
84128
320
77.0
162
29.7
2.3
76.
84129
a
a
a
a
a
77.
84130
740
60.3
198
32.7
0.0
78.
84131
267
68.0
132
27.7
2.3
79.
84132
300
a
182
35.3
0.0
80.
84133
300
66.0
140
35.0
3.3
81.
84134
127
a
130
21.3
0.0
82.
84135
220
50.0
132
20-3
11-O
83.
84136
287
66.3
167
32-7
‘17.7
84.
84137
213
72-7
a5
21-7
11.3
85.
84138
480
63.7
170
23.3
51.0
86.
84139
153
69-3
14.7
28-7
4-3
87.
84140
293
60-3
152
27-3
26-7
88.
84141
427
64-7
153
24m7
13-3
89.
84142
260
54-3
138
26,O
3-3
90.
84143
127
65.3
160
28-7
0.0
Continued

---

T a b l e 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
I
91.
ICMI 84144 SN
513
56.3
188
36.3
12.0
92.
84145
267
64.7
128
36.3
9.3
i
i
93.
84146
293
59.7
160
17.7
44.3
i
94.
84147
47
a
120
22.0
43.0
/
95.
84024
560
52.7
178
42.0
0 . 0
96.
84030
520
44.0
155
24.0
9.7
0 . 0
t
97.
8403 1
620
46.0
165
19.7
98.
84034
340
67.7
177
29.3
0 . 0
99.
64035
613
51.7
192
38.7
2.3
100
Souna 3 (check)
847
60.3
185
42.0
28.0
Mean
327
65.2
158
28.9
12.9
SE f
9 3
4.5
1 4
3.8
7.5
aNot recorded due to poor germination or heavy downy mildew incidence.
From 95 to 99, these are F4 derived F5 progenies from crosses generated in 1980-81 off-season.

---

Table 9.
Performance of 200 F4 progenies derived froc crosses generated between Senegalese
vs non-Senegalese ataterial (1981-82 off-season) for five characters averaged over
three locations (Nioro, Bambey and Louga) during rainy season 1984.
Head weight
Days to
Plant height
Ear length
Downy mildew
S. No.
Entry
(g/6.075m2)
50% bloom
(cm)
(cm)
(Xl
1.
ICMI 84148 SN
293
60.3
195
37.7
75.0
2.
84149
540
66.7
174
39.7
18.2
3.
84150
380
67.0
213
39.7
9.1
4.
84151
713
65.0
2i8
37.7
11.1
5.
84152
847
63.3
-r.-
9* 9
lY3
33.7
L.7.L
6.
84153
627
68.0
195
37.0
4.6
7.
84154
1353
59.0
209
44.7
7.7
8,
84155
1087
61.3
194
38.0
7.7
9.
84156
450
65.7
223
31.7
10.0
10.
84157
873
64.7
220
41.3
0.0
11.
Souna 3
1887
63.0
229
49.0
28.2
12.
84158
847
59.7
182
33.0
7.7
13.
84159
867
62.3
199
42.0
0.0
14.
84160
1027
60.7
197
45.0
11.6
15.
84161
820
60.0
200
43-O
61.9 Q
16.
84162
1073
58r.3
198
39.0
12-5
17,
84163
500
59.7
177
34.7
EL0
18,
84l.64
1313
61-3
225
50-O
11,6
19.
84105
680
64-3
172
46-O
20-8
20,
84166
320
64.7
178
38-7
48-2
21.
84167
1967
56-3
227
49-7
11-6
22.
IBMV ME.
1153
60.0
151 .
47.0
7-5
23.
84168
1160
59” 0
210
37.7
19.2
24.
84169
527
65.0
224
44.3
8.4
25.
84170
887
61.3
194
39.0
10-8
26.
843.71
580
62.3
185
35.0
37"8
27.
84172
387
61.3
164
34.7
20.0
28.
84173
920
60.3
201
35.7
8.4
29.
84174
1013
57.7
162
35.0
7.2
30.
84175
507
67.7
199
37.3
A .-t
.
31.
84176
,613
69.7
164
34.7
0.0"
32.
84177
i387
00.7
23:
48.7
3,8
3.3 .
Souna 3
1800
61.7
240
56.0

---

Table 9 Continued
1
2
3
4
5
34.
ICMI 84178 SN
367
63.0
152
33.7
71.6
35.
84179
633
65.0
241
44.7
11.6
36.
84180
1340
58.0
192
44.0
8.4
37.
84181
1160
55.7
201
32.7
3.8
38.
84182
673
67.0
207
32.0
0.0
39.
84183
813
59.3
204
34.3
3.4
40.
QI. 1 QA
v-r J.“-r
42û
71
n
, a..”
1 7 1
A, 4
?A
7
WV. I
9.1
41.
84185
1080
71.3
196
35.3
7.7
42.
84186
600
63.3
165
32.0
4.1
43.
84187
640
69.0
179
32.3
9.1
44.
IBMV 8401
1200
63.0
155
47.7
8.4
45.
84188
813
65.7
201
33.0
8.4
46.
84189
1053
69.3
204
34.7
10.5
47.
84190
553
63.0
217
36.3
3.8
48.
84191
867
58.3
205
39.3
7.7
49.
84192
1940
59-7
235
42.7
0.0
50.
84193
147
66.3
166
32.0
13.6
.
51.
84194
1927
58.0
239
40.7
19-2
52.
84195
453
68.0
192
34.0
O-0
53.
84196
1653
57-o
207
31-7
3"4
54.
84197
280
64*7
190
39‘ Q
3,P
55.
Souna 3
1693
60-7
241
55-3
XL.7
56.
84198
847
58.0
233
35-3
15,Q
57.
84199
433
72-7
221
43-7
0-Q
58.
84200
907
65-7
222
40-7
O-0
59.
84201
447
55-7
205
44.3
3-8
60.
84202
487
64.3
184
36.0
0.0
61.
84203
680
65.0
180
32.0
O-0
62.
84204
700
66.3
191
37.7
16.6
63.
84205
920
62.3
177
32-7
4.2
64.
84206
300
68.3
180
46.7
7.7
65.
O4LV
nr
.-an->i
2220
5 2 . 7
224
3 4 . 3
û.0
66.
IBMV 8401
1093
59.7
133
54.0
7.7

---

1
2
3
4
5
67.
ICMI 84208 SN
640
64.7
204
35.0
7.7
68.
84209
1347
62.3
221
45.7
11.6
69.
84210
673
66.3
192
41.7
3.4
70.
84211
673
61.7
178
42.7
37.5
71.
84212
913
63.3
222
39.3
8.4
72.
84213
367
69.0
177
42.0
20.0
73.
84214
507
69.7
200
49.7
31.6
74.
84215
1053
63.3
232
57.3
0.0
75.
84216
740
62.0
183
32.7
0.0
76.
84217
667
64.3
197
42.0
21.0
77.
cl..- -
auuxla 3
1647
60.7
230
r;c. -4
1R 7
JV.4
A"._
78.
84218
787
57.7
198
46.3
3.8
79.
84219
253
69.7
160
35.7
16.6
80.
84220
660
53.0
182
36.7
7.7
81.
84221
640
67.0
213
45.3
15.1
82.
84222
633
67.7
158
26.3
0.0
83.
84223
900
72.7
228
44.7
0.0
84.
84224
1027
63.7
178
44.0
0.0
85.
84225
1107
69.7
177
42.0
0.0
86.
84226
450
68.7
136
34.0
0.0
87.
84227
640
67.7
175
41.0
0.0 .
88.
IBMV 8401
973
68.7
148
43.3
15.4
89.
84228
280
68-3
121
43.0
5.6
90.
84229
887
63-3
I&l
43-7
3-8
91.
84230
780
66,7
172
40-O
11.0
92,
84231
473
65-O
161
43-f
0.0
93.
84232
653
66.0
131
39.0
3.8
94.
84233
1500
62.0
238
52.0
3.4
95.
84234
793
64.0
192
42.3
41.8
96.
84235
653
62-7
198
36.0
11.6
97.
84236
913
64.3
197
34.7
8.4
98.
84237
513
60-3
109
36.7
4-7
99.
Souna 3
2147
61.3
2 2 1
56.7
15.4

---

1
2
3
4
5
100.
ICMI 84238 SN
207
65.7
150
35.7
7.7
101.
84239
640
65.7
188
39.7
20.8
102.
84240
720
65.7
207
43.7
4.2
103.
84241
587
62.7
214
38.0
0.0
104.
84242
687
65.0
168
27.3
0.0
105.
84243
1240
56.7
197
32.0
28.4
106.
84244
1100
60.0
171
34.7
0.0
107.
84245
860
56.7
207
39.0
0.0
108.
84246
500
65.0
170
37.3
16.6
109.
84247
613
61.7
207
40.0
15.8
110.
IDHV 84V1
ih7n
-L-T&”
58.0
138
48.0
3.4
111.
84248
1220
59.0
181
32.7
11.6
112.
84249
733
58.7
186
36.3
4.2
113.
84250
453
63.7
174
32.7
17.8
114.
84251
940
61.0
137
32.0
0.0
115.
84252
607
68.3
109
31.7
7.7
116.
84253
380
68.0
132
32.7
3.4
117.
84254
580
62.0
135
31.0
8.4
118.
84255
1340
56.0
202
42.0
3.8
119.
84256
567
57.7
181
34.3
4-2
120.
84257
767
56.3
204
35.7
25-6
121.
Souna 3
2100
62.0
245
61.7
15-o m
122.
84258
840
65-3
218
36.3
4-2
123.
84259
1167
62-O
222
38-O
o-0
124,
84260
1333
59-7
232
55.7
EL4
125,
84261
1047
59-o
217
38.0
20,8
126.
84262
960
58-7
201
31.3
O,Q
127.
84263
1093
56-7
208
41-3
7-7
128.
84264
507
66-3
229
45.0
15.0
129,
84265
373
69,O
175
28.73
Il-7
130.
84266
600
65-Q
207
31-o
9.1
131.
84267
660
63.3
211
36.3
7.9
132.
IBMV 8401
1380
58.7
3.49,
50-3
3.8

---

1
2
3
4
5
0
133.
ICMI 84268 SN
753
64.3
179
30.7
0.0
L
134.
84269
880
62.0
199
29.3
9.1
135.
84270
940
59.3
198
37.3
10.5
136.
8427 1
920
61.3
199
30.3
0.0
137.
84272
887
65.3
182
32.3
36.6
138.
84273
640
66.3
180
34.0
7.7
139.
84274
953
63.3
192
35.3
11.9
140.
84275
1033
55.7
157
30.0
7.7
1 1. 1
J.-l..
WL-7 76
"7-s"
1433
57.7
171
35.3
0.0
142.
a4277
627
65.7
188
35.ï
25.4
143.
Souna 3
1920
60.7
219
44.3
21.7
144.
84278
1370
'57.0
154
30.0
7.7
145.
84279
307
67.0
149
33.3
4.2
146.
84280
953
68.0
178
46.0
0.0
147.
84281
1080
63.0
210
36.3
16.0
148.
84282
1927
55.7
221
46.7
3.4
149.
84283
927
66.7
211
39.3
8.4
150.
84284
867
66.3
157
27.0
0.0
151.
84285
853
62.0
170
35.3
3.8
152.
84286
800
63.3
187
35.0
4.2 ?
153.
84287
847
60.0
196
50.3
5.0
154.
IBMV t%CJ3.
1507
57.3
3.65
58.7
7.7
155.
84288
980
61.3
164
35.3
25.6
156.
84289
3007
59.3
186
36.0
3.4
157.
84290
1273
57*0
196
36.7
3.8
158.
84291
493
68*0
179
33-7
3.8
159.
84292
400
67-O
191
38-3
7.7
160.
84293
1153
54-7
163
38.3
4.2
161.
84294
1073
56.7
187
37.7
14.4
162.
84295
f307
59.3
206
36.3
0.0
163.
84296
327
73.3
185
40.0
45.8
164.
84297
433
68.7
130
36.7
15.8
165.
Souna 3
1427
67.3
224
49.3
18.4
‘
Continued
'

---

166.
ICMI 84298 SN
180
73.3
8 8
28.0
16.6
167.
84299
1027
60.0
200
45.7
3.8
168.
84300
733
63.0
177
45.7
3.8
169.
84301
833
63.0
222
54.0
28.2
170.
84302
913
62.3
209
49.3
0.0
171.
84303
440
66.7
158
38.0
3.8
172.
84304
787
55.7
207
43.0
12.5
173.
84305
1047
64.0
223
47.0
7.5
174.
84306
600
65.3
191
45.3
16.6
175.
84307
687
63.0
201
44.3
12.5
176.
IBMV 8401
1353
57.3
147
52.3
7.7
177.
84308
560
66.3
190
43.7
4.2
178.
84309
733
67.3
186
40.0
18.8
179.
84310
547
64.7
228
45.0
3.8
180.
84311
1080
59.0
218
40.7
3.8
181.
84312
407
67.3
175
34.3
11.2
182.
84313
520
63.0
215
47.0
100.0
183.
84314
960
57.3
158
32.7
15.4
184.
84315
1313
56.3
207
42.7
3.4
185.
84316
987
60.7
222
49.3
0.0
186.
84317
400
65.3
188
37.0
54.6 .
187.
Souna 3
1733
62.7
239
54.0
29-2
188.
84318
427
64-O
172
25.7
6-2
189.
84319
993
55.7
lb5
32-7
3-8
190.
84320
913
58-7
216
38*7
46.8
191.
84321
913
55.7
217
36,O
2LO
192.
84322
1320
58.3
191
37.7
O-0
193.
84323
993
61.7
293
39-3
i6,6
194.
84324
107
72.0
145
36.0
37.5
195.
84325
1527
59.7
167
35.0
9.1
196.
84326
470
58.7
175
42.0
14.3
197.
84327
323
67.7
171
42.3
10.5
198.
IMBV 8401
1487
58,7
148
49.3
0.0
Continued

---

1
2
3
4
5
199.
ICMI 84328 SN
393
66.0
160
29.7
0.0
200.
84329
920
65.7
190
42.7
0.0
201.
84330
1027
53.7
175
32.3
10.0
202.
84331
180
70.7
174
34.0
0.0
203.
84332
700
63.0
174
34.7
0.0
204.
84333
1160
62.0
212
38.3
16.0
205.
84334
390
68.0
211
46.0
29.8
206.
. 84335
1347
59.3
217
50.3
0.0
207.
84336
347
65.3
174
36.7
43.4
208e
84337
793
64.0
191
46.3
38.2
209.
Souna 3
1720
62.0
239
52.7
15.8
210.
84338
773
58.0
212
44.3
21.4
211.
84339
860
'62.3
183
37.0
12.5
212.
84340
1047
65.3
187
42.3
8.4
213.
84341
890
63.0
185
35.0
16.6
214.
84343
1113
63.3
219
39.7
12.4
215.
84344
340
69.7
156
33.7
4.6
216.
84345
860
63.0
193
38.7
3.8
217,
84346
1067
66.0
199
39.7
7.7
218.
84247
807
65.3
199
35.0
4.6
219,
84248
693
71.3
197
37.0
3.4 -
220,
IBMV 8401
1060
61.0
137
SO,7
9-l
I
Souna 3 (10)
1807
62.9
233
53-5
P8,1.
I
IBMV 8401 (10)
3.207
60.5
150
50,l
7-J.
Mean (220)
872
62.9
190
39-6
11-b
SErt
225
2.6
1 2
3,2
fi.8
a Downy mildew based on two locations-Nioro and Bambey only,
,

---

.
I
. .
.
---Le
-
^.,.
-
env
Senegal Begionai tria1 eonducted during rainy season 1980.
Nioro
Bambey
Louga
Nean
S. NO.
Entry
Kg/ha
Rank
Kg/ha
Rank
Kg/ha
Rank
Kg/ha
Rank
1.
IBV 8001
2848
3
2276
2
1698
2
2274
2
2.
IBV 8002
2622
7
1590
10
1297
1 1
1836
6
3.
IBV 8003
2569
8
1393
10
1325
9
1762
10
4.
IBV 8004
3064
1
2370
1
1902
1
2445
1
5.
XBV 7815
2464
9
1623
5
1434
7
1840
5
6.
D2-BB78
2122
i4
i022
i6
7 IL
IL" 7
i2
ih7n
A-r,”
15
7.
ICMS 7819
2861
2
1728
3
1216
13
1935
3
8.
SC 1 7034
1948
16
1227
12
1078
15
1418
1 6
.
9.
IVS 5454
2091 15
1583
7
1620
3
1765
9
10.
IVS-S78
2802
5
1473
8
1203
14
1826
7
11.
D2-BB 78 (1)
2824
4
1218
13
1489
5
1844
4
12.
ICMS 7703
2325 11
1167
15
1561
4
1684
12
13.
3/4 Ex Bornu
2748
6
1275
11
1302
10
1775
8
14.
WC-C 75
2342 10
1457
9
1002
1 6
1600
13
15.
BK-560
2145 12
1172
14
1461
6
1593
1 4
16.
Souna 3
2123 13
1666
4
1409
8
1733
1 1
Mean
2494 --
1515
-
1391
-
1800
--
SE A
145 -
380 --
165
-
9 5
--
CV%
13.0 -
26-5 --
26-5 -
20.4
--
Efficienq
fol.5 -
117.5 -
151*8 --
--
--
over RBI1

---

.
Y
-
%.
_“_
---“&&&-
-eqYarres
LDF
LleveP
COIIduCted
during 1981 to 1984.
Grain
Days to
Plant
Ear
DOMY
1000
Source of
yield
50%
height
length
mildew
Smut
seed
variation
D.P.
(q/ha)
bloom
(cm)
(cm)
t%) D.F.
(%)
D-l?.
weight (g)
Genotype (G)
9
138
627
118137
6278
621
9
220
9
19.8
Environment (E)
15
6193
2104
59701
238
737
14
2873
12
115.5
GxE
131
3 1
36
1135
41
6 0
123
7 0
105
0.9
Location CL)
3
8316
4261
164120
335
1138
3
1074
3
57.3
Year (Y>
3
13486
3050
97969
147
883
3
3283
3
109.2
LXY
9
3054
1069
12140
237
555
8
3394
6
147.8
GXL
2 7
2 8
5 0
3248
6 8
93
27
63
27
1.2
GXY
2 6
16ns
3 8
1073
6 2
6 6
2 6
108
2 6
0.8*
GxLxY
7 8
37
30
425
2 6
46
70
5 9
5 2
0.7*
Pooled Error
700
13.6
10.7
255
16.4
16
660
2 6
570
0.46
CV%
--
23.5
6.1
7.8
9.5
9 8
--
5 5
--
9.38
n
s
Non-significant, significanr at 0.05 level of signifirance, respectively,
Rest of the mean squares
1
*
are significant at O-01 Icvel of significaace when comparez with poolled errm,
.

---

Days to
Plant
Ear
1000 seedv Downy
Grain yield (g/ha)
50%
height
length
weight
mildew
Smutc
Entry
Hean
b
SLdi
Meand
bloom
(cm)
(cd
Cg)
(X)
CO
ICRISAT
IBV 8001
17.595'"
1.06
0.77
15.68**
53.4
228
35.7
7 75
2.8
8.0
IBV 8004
16.77""
1.02
2.88""
14.69""
52.5
225
38.3
7.64
2.8
9.2
ICMS 7819
15.53
1.03
0.44
13.31
52.5
201
31.4
7.80
2.7
8.9
IBMV 8401a
13.02
1.02
1.82
13.02
57.4
148
48.9
6.64
2.2
10.5
GAM
H7-66
16.95**
1.06
1.04
15.08**
52.6
214
46.2
7.67
1.9
8.8
FS90-2
15.62
0.97
-0.28
13.75
53.3
144
32.7
7.16
3.7
12.5
H9-127
15.53
0.94
1.17
13.72
53.8
172
44.8
7.24
1.8
10.0
*,a,
nLr-38
i4.91
û.90
7. ûî**
,-.,.Y
i3.24
49.8
LUO
4û.9
7.îû
4 . â
9 . 6
Checks
Souna 3
15.05
0.93
8.57-k*
13.01
1
57.6
241
53.7
6.97
8.9
7.0
Farmers
15.34
1.06
5.77**
13.10
57.5
244
53.8
6.24
8.2
7.8
local
Mean
15.70
1.00
29.20
13.86
53.9
204
42.5
7.24
4.0
9.2
SEf
0.38
--
--
0.41
0.33
1.6
0.41
0.08
0.4
0.5
LSD at 5%
1.04
--
--
1.14
0.92
4.5
1.15
0.21
1.1
1.5
.
**For grain yield, mean significagtly superior to checks and S2 di (deviation from regression > from zero
at 0.01 level of significance : 's (regression values) are not significantly different from one,
z Nean based on 3 years data (1982 to 1984).
IBMV 8401 was not included in tria1 during 1981,
Thousand seed weight based on 13 environments for a11 entries except IBMV 8401 (10 environments),
' Smut incidence based on 15 environments for a11 entries except IBMV 8401 (12 environmen~es),

---

.
L.
.
._.
_,&%
_ . .
- $-- ..-w..hLp”rr-
ioole id.
Meas- perxormance 01 ten genotypes Icor g r a i n yrera proauccron averagea
four locations, and averaged over eight highest, and eight lowest yielding
-=-*%&&... -\\+
Nioro
Darou
Bambey
Louga
Averagea
Average"
Entry
kg/ha
Rank
kgfha Rank
kg/ha
Rank
kg/ha Rank
kg/ha
Rank
kg/ha
Rank
/
IBY 8001
IBV 8004
2172
2041
15
2000**
1975**
12
1977
1916
24
886JEJr
776
12
2612**
2525**
13
905**
829
14
!
ICMS 7819
2007
7
1814*
4
1842
5
548
9
2436
5
670
8
!
IBMV 8401'
1602
10
1418
8
1672
9
516
10
2080
10
525
10
i
I
H7-66
2157
2
1814"
4
2045*
1
764
3
2541**
2
849
2
j
PS90-2
2119
3
1733
5
1745
7
651
8
2356
6
768
6
H9-127
2091
4
1624
7
1815
6
682
6
2265
8
841
3
H24-38
1953
9
1395
9
1921
3
696
5
2193
9
790
5
Souna 3
2015
6
1621
6
1715
8
671
7
22 73
7
738
7
FClrTiErS
1940
8
1861**
3
1634
10
701
4
2438
4
630
9
local
Mean
2027
--
1733
--
1%32
*--
694
--
2403
--
767
--
SEf
77
--
61
--
98
--
56
--
61
--
45
--
LSD at 5%
214
--
170
--
272
--
156
--
169
--
124
--
CV%
18.6
--
17.4
--
26.2
--
39.7
--
17.6
--
40.4
--
*
** Significantly superior from Souna 3 at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of significance, respectively.
& b
>
Average based on eight highest and lowest yielding environments, respectively.
For IBV 8401 average is
based over six environments,
.
' Average based on three years IlBMV 8401 not included in 1981 trial).

---

IL%L.&.2 1-w-
I-cc-Iv-LILIce of
prer~mittary synthetics tria1 entries ter grain yreld at tu0 IOCB~ZO~~ pa
(~ioro and Bambey) and for six characters averaged over‘two locations duriag rainp season'1984,
Days to
Plant
Ear
Downy
1000-seed
Grain yield (kg/ha)
50%
height
length
mildev
Smut
weight
S. No.
Entry
Nioro
Bambey
Mean
bloom
(cm)
(cm)
a)
(Xl
(g)
1.
IBMV 8403
1656
628
1142
51.8
212
41.5
7.9
6.5
7.30
2.
IBMV 8406
1606
664
1135
49.6
196
35.4
4.6
3.2
7.77
3
LBMV 8404
1407
612
1009
50.8
200
40.2
8.9
3.6
7.42
4.
IBMV 8402
1207
772
990
53.4
204
37.6
6.6
7.8
7.21
5.
IBMV 8405
1267
638
953
54.4
204
35.9
11.4
3.6
6.64
6.
IBMV 8413
1326
517
922
57.4
206
37.6
10.2
4.2
7.22
7.
IBMV 8416
1058
636
847
55.4
219
35.0
8.4
6.1
6.70
8
IBMV 8412
1158
522
840
58.1
180
34.8
14.0
6.4
6.53
9.
IBMV 8419
1142
510
826
62.0
211
38.4
9.2
5.5
7.08
10.
IBMV 8414
1130
515
822
58.0
188
37.5
12.0
6.5
7.44
11.
IBMV 8415
981
601
791
58.2
222
42.2
16.6
6.9
6.61
12.
IBMV 8409
1059
415
737
57.4
175
38.2
10.7
5.2
6.74
13.
Souna 3
812
539
676
62.5
196
47.3
15.4
9.7
5.91
14.
IBMV 8408
822
516
669
55.4
190
32.4
12.0
8.1
6.96
15.
IBMV 8401
701
625
663
57.5
144
49.0
11.3
7.9
6.55
16.
IBMV 8417
864
436
650
62.8
202
35.1
9.8
8.3
6.92
17.
IBMV 8411
975
320
648
58.5
183
33.4
7.5
7.5
6.28
18.
IBMV 8407
904
387
646
55.2
177
31.3
12.0
4.4
5.92
19.
IBMV 8410
827
382
604
62.9
178
34.4
10.2
6.5
4.36
20.
IBMV 8418
315
233
274
70.2
208
40.7
17.6
19.7
5.48
Mean
1061
524
792
57.6
195
37-6
10.8
6.9
6.80
SEf
168
70
106
1.5
8
2.0
2. 4
1.9
0.26
CV%
38.7
26.8
Note:
The mean for Nioro and Bambey is based over 6 and 4 repllcations, reçpectivefy.

---

b’
,
Iwc.
-” - _, :- =_., . __ . 1 _
.
Grain
Days to
Plant
Ear
Downy
yield
50%
height
length
mildew
Smut
S. No.
Entry
(lcg/ha)
bloom
(Cd
(Cd
(%)
(Xl
>
1.
111 A x IBM1 8206
1327
79.6
166
43.6
4.3
6 0
2.
x IBM1 8207
1338
79.2
149
39.4
0.4
45
3.
x IBM1 8108
1562*
71.2
160
45.6
2.6
42
4.
x PS
90-Z
1577*
73.0
152
40.6
8.4
64
5.
8 1 A x IBM1 8206
1439*
72.4
155
30.8
1.4
52
6.
x IBMI 8207
1664*
74.2
159
31.7
1.9
84
7.
x IBM1 8108
1865*
68.0
126
33.6
0.4
49
a.
x PS
90-Z
707
73.0
120
29.6
0.0
84
9.
1100 A x IBM1 8206
1191
74.8
167
39.0
0.0
5 2
ïû.
x ÏBML 8207
878
78.8
146
34.1
2.4
7 5
11.
x IBM1 8108
1072
75.8
134
40.8
0.4
70
12.
x PS
90-2
852
76.0
113
34.3
0.0
7 9
13.
1369 A x IBM1 8206
1125
76s.2
171
38.2
0.0
3 5
14.
x IBM1 8207
805
79.2
152
33.7
4.1
5 7
15.
x IBM1 8108
1121
75.4
120
37.4
1.5
5 2
i
16.
x PS
90-Z
547
78.4
112
35.2
0.8
7 4
17.
1399 A x IBM1 8206
1210
75.6
172
37.2
2.2
6 7
18.
x IBM1 8207
1067
79.0
162
37.6
2.5
49
19.
x IBM1 8107
1225
73.0
132
41.2
2.1
5 9
20.
x P S
90.2
1205
77.8
124
39.1
4.0
8 3
21.
1417 A x IBM1 8206
959
75.2
158
35.1
5.1
53 ?
22.
x IBM1 8207
1048
79.6
154
32.4
2.7
? ?
23,
x IBM1 8108
997
75.6
333
40.8
2.1
87
24,
x PS
30-2
12 70
78.4
126
41.9
6.4
7 9
25.
1644 A x IBM1 8206
1303*
76.6
165
37.3
2.9
39
26.
x IBM1 8207
1091
77.6
158
37.2
0.5
71
27.
x IBM1 8108
883
79.6
119
40.9
0.4
8 8
28.
x PS
90-Z
816
77.6
113
36.1
0.7
8 6
.
( :
29.
IBV 8004
1039
75.4
173
39.0
3.9
2 5
30.
Souna 3
1271
77.2
203
55.8
14.8
27
Mean
1148
76.1
146
38.0
2.6
61
SEf
231
1.8
4.9
1.1
1.2
9
CV%
44.9
5.4
7.5
6.5
103
3 4
"Entries selected for retesting in rainy season 1984.

---

i
,
c
T a b l e L b .
Pertormance of single cross hybrxds ror grarn yield in indlvrdual location durzng
-1
-_ --11..
rainy season 1984;
'
.
Nioro
Bambey
Mean
S. No.
Entry
Pedigree
kg/ha
Rank
kg/ha
Rank
kg/ha
Rank
1.
ICMH 8401
IBM1 8108 x Souna 3
2397
1 1
1502
9
1949
12
2.
ICMH 8402
IBM1 8108 x IBMV 8401
1893
21
1127
2 2
1510
2 3
* 3.
ICMH 8403
111 A x IBM1 8108
2785
4
1924
3
2354
3
* 4.
ICMH 8404
111 A x PS 90 - 2
2588
9
1680
6
2134
7
5.
ICMH 8405
111 A x IBMV 8401
2293
13
1626
7
1960
11
6.
ICMH 8406
111 A x Souna 3
2593
8
1459
10
2026
9
* 7.
ICMH 8407
111 A x F4 195
3278
2
1872
4
2575
1
8.
ICMH 8408
111 A x F4 166
2650
6
1390
13
2020
10
* 9.
Tf’MU
$$&JO
IVIIII
111 A Y IBV 8001
2662
5
1513
8
2088
8
10.
ICMH 8410
111 A x IBM1 8108-31-z
2251
15
1386
14
1818
14
* 11.
ICMH 8411
111 A x IBM1 8108-58-3
.
2594
7
2129
1
2362
4
* 12.
1CM.H 8412
8 1 A x IBM1 8206
2908
3
1730
5
2319
5
JC 13.
ICMH 8413
8 1 A x IBM1 8207
3424
1
1400
12
2412
2
-k 14.
ICMH 8414
81 A x IBMI 8108
2466
1 0
2070
2
2268
6
15.
ICMH 8415
1417 A x PS 90-Z
1569
24
870
2 5
1220
2 5
16.
ICMH 8416
1417 A x IBM1 8108-21-z
2283
1 4
1189
2 0
1736
14
17.
ICMH 8417
1417 A x IBM1 8108-31-z
2240
16
1223
19
1732
16
-JC 18.
ICMH 8418
1644 A x IBMI 8206
2370
12
1312
16
1841
15
19.
ICMH 8419
1644 A x Souna 3
1821
22
1321
15
?
1571
2 1
20.
ICMH 8420
1644 A x IBV 8001
2007
2 0
1425
11
1716
17
21,
ICMH 8421
1644 A x IBV 8004
1552
2 5
1026
24
1289
2 4
22.
ICMH 8422
1055 A 19 IBM1 8108-30-l
2150
1 8
1039
2 3
1594
2 0
23,
ICMH 8423
10551 A x IBMI 8PO8-31-1
2126
17
1227
18
1696
18
* 24.
ICMH 8424
1423 A x IBMI 8108-21-2
1743
2 3
1310
17
1526
22
25,
Souna 3
--
2068
19
1129
2 1
1598
19
Mean
2332
1435
1884 --
SI-2
271
197
168 --
CV%
28.5 --
34.0 --
30.8 --
*Entries selected for retesting in 1985.

---

,
i
Table 1 7 .
p~~kor~1~3nce
ot single cross hyDrids ter sevea charact-ers averaged over ~VO ~~~~~~~~~
during rainy season 3.984.
Days to
Plant
Ear
Downy
1000 seed
No. of
50%
height
length
mildew
Smut
weight
heads[
S. No.
Entry
bloom
(cm)
(cm)
CZ>
(Xl
Ci)
21.06m2
1.
ICMH 8401
57.1
256
48.7
7.2
12.8
5.8
120
2.
ICMH 8402
57.0
154
45.3
4.9
9.5
6.0
112
3.
ICMH 8403
53.2
208
47.4
11.2
14.6
6.5
166
4.
ICMH 8404
51.1
194
45.7
11.0
27.3
6.8
184
5.
ICMH 8405
54.6
206
53.9
11.6
21.1
6.0
166
6.
ICMH 8406
52.6
219
52.4
6.3
17.9
5.1
160
7.
ICMH 8407
52.6
214
42.2
5.1
29.2
6.8
216
8.
ICMH 8408
56.6
239
44.8
5.8
10.4
5.5
152
9.
ICMH 8409
53.6
214
45.4
6.0
23.8
6.2
164
10.
T
L ,-l"TI
bru1 84 10
55.û
7n1
C”I
L7
7,
0
.4
7.6
15,4
5;4
154
11.
ICMH 8411
52.1
210
48.8
11.0
15.9
5.8
150
12.
ICMH 8412
49.9
217
3.5.0
4.2
20.8
8.8
174
13.
ICMH 8413
52.4
217
35.8
5.2
19.2
8.1
187
14.
ICMH 8414
51.0
152
36.0
9.6
22.6
7.0
202
15.
ICMH 8415
56.2
137
38.8
13.4
28.0
5.4
142
16.
ICMH 8416
56.4
156
42.5
12.6
10.2
7.8
139
17.
ICMH 8417
58.3
153
41.4
11.0
15.5
6.4
132
18.
ICMH 8418
55.4
211
39.0
12.2
10.2
6.4
119
19.
ICMH 8419
59.8
218
44.8
18.5
13.4
5.6
99
20.
ICMH 8420
57.9
202
36.4
8.0
35.2
6.9
110
21.
ICMH 8421
59-4
214
40.4
13.1
25-B
5-9
9 0
22.
ICMH 8422
58-O
138
37.0
3.9
8.4
5.9
114
23.
ICMH 8423
55.9
142
39-B
10.8
10.7
5.8
130
24.
ICMH 8424
57.0
l.52
41.2
11.8
8.0
4.9
110
25.
Souna 3
61.7
264
61,6
12.5
12.3
5.9
84
Mean
55.4
196
43.7
9.4
17.6
6.3
143
SEf
0.6
5.7
1-3
1.8
3-9
0.3
9.6

---

.
<
.
.
.
.._ -- -.
~Z-EïzC~C popuiac~ons progenies serecrea ror cnree cycres rrorn
1982 to 1984 rainy seasons for six characters avekageti over one to three locations.
'
Number
Days to
Plant
Ear
Downy
of
Grain yielda (kg/h
50%
height
length
mildew
Smut
Year
Population
progenies
Mean
bloom
(cm)
(cm)
(%)
a)
Souna 3
1982
Al1 prog.
364
2791
--
54.2
252
53.1
12.2
0.2
Sel. prog.
36
3858
38.2
54.0
255
51.5
4.9
0.6
1983
Al1 prog.
261
826
--
64.4
198
54.0
24.2
11.7
Sel. prog.
36
917
11.0
64.2
198
54.1
13.3
11.6
1984
Al1 prog.
432
1916
--
60.4
267
58.9
17.3
7.3
Sel _ oroe
‘ - mVe
36
2488
29.8
59.5
269
58.9
8.8
6-5
IBV 8004
1982
Al1 prog.
357
2500
--
48.6
226
32.0
2.6
3.0
Sel. prog.
40
3553
42.1
48.8
237
34.2
2.2
1.2
1983
Al1 prog.
400
833
--
61.0
183
37.0
5.7
12.7
Sel. prog.
42
1128
35.4
61.0
192
39.9
3.2
12.9
1984
Al1 prog.
432
1115
--
60.0
205
38.9
1.5
10.5
Sel. prog.
36
1501
34.6
58.8
210
40.6
0.4
.
9.6
z Grain yield = head weight x 0.7.
s, D. = Selection differential.
Note:
1982:
Planted only at Bambey.
1983:
Planted at Nioro, Bambey, Louga and disease nursery.
For downy mildew, avprage bas& Wm
Nioro, Bambey and disease nursery.
1984:
Souna 3 based on Nioro and Bambey; and downy mildew on Nioso,
Bambey and dlsease nurse~y,
IBV 8004 based on Bambey and Louga; and downy mildew rzn B&eip iiBd dG%ase ~t;e~y,

---

_
.
.
.
rerLoIm<IIIL~e 0.~ syornec~cs imyravea
LaDle

17.
1VL
LWO cys+es ii: scnega; +Or grrLl.$ yle$&tr 2"
L.1 .A'%2 ,.,A
Bambey locations and for six characters averaged over' locafions during rainy season 198rC.
Day8 to
Plant
Ear
Downy
1000 seed
Grain yield (kg/ha)
50%
height
length
mildew
Smut
weight
S. No.
Pedigree
Nioro
Bambey
Mean
bfoom
(CE?)
(Cd
(X)
tx)
Cg)
1.
Souna 3 CO
1155
1122
1138
61.5
254
57.0
16.4
11.2
6.2
2.
Souna 3 (SI) Cl
1409
1313
1361
61.4
259
58.4
14.2
11.3
6.0
3.
Sounda 3 (HS) Cq
1301
1174
1237
60.6
255
57.4
9.8
10.4
5.8
L
4.
IBV 8004 CO
1660
1449
1555
53.2
242
43.3
4.8
8.8
7.2
5.
IBV 8004 (SI) Cl
1611
1559
1585
52.7
244
40.6
5.4
7.0
7.2
6.
IBV 8004 (HS) C2
1801
1410
1606
54.2
252
43.0
6.0
6.0
7.0
7
8OQl -n
1485
1328
1406
55.8
248
39.4
6.0
5.6
6.9
?? ?
???
8.
IBV 8001 & C2
1902
1292
1597
54.4
250
43.6
7.2
6.7
6.8
9.
IBV 8004 (M) C,
1620
1457
1538
54.0
254
43.5
6.9
7.4
6.7
10.
IBMV 8401
-
968
1169
1068
57.4
147
50.4
9.2
19.3
5.4
Mean
1491
1327
1409
56.5
240
47.6
8.6
9.4
6.5
SEf
137
104
8 6
0.5
5
1.4
1.2
1.8
0.2
CV%
25.9
22.2
.

---

.
_ ..__ ,-,... - _
T a b l e 20.
Uean squares ot Genotype x Pertrlizer x spaclng trIa LUL
XIVe ClKLLa~LrLb pIcuaLCU L&& .
split‘split plot deskgn during rainy seasons of $198L to 3.984 at Bambey,
Source of
Grain yield
Days to
Plant height
Ear length Downy mildew
variation
D.P.
(q/ha)
50% bloom
(cm)
(cm)
(Xl
1
2
3
4
5
6
Year 1982
Replications (R)
5
74.18
1.89
320.7
6.68
23.0
Fertilizer (F)
1
85.66*
0.69
798.1
16.67
26.4
Error a
5
12.87
0.54
146.0
30.06
19.0
Spacing (S-1
2
76.08
0.51
412.0
46.15"
200.6**
S*F
2
14.70
0.63
16.1
1.30
17.1
Error b
2 0
22.00
1.14
130.9
10.64
27.4
Genotype (G)
3
1350.20**
495*93*x"
3&-j84.3**
4226.2(-j&*
Q71 2**
VI A.4
F * G
3
22.65
0.55
29.2
2.48
20.9
S"G
6
15.26
1.27
58.2
7.86
165.2"*
Fh'S*G
6
8.93
0 .*98
284.2*
6.66
25.9
Error c
9 0
17.34
0.61
124.3
5.44
23.1
Year 1983
R
5
10.51
38.15
901.2
121.78
33.0
G
3
40.26
413.39**
47604.7**
906.25**
880.9*-k
Error a
15
32.24
41.49
350.9
15.50
15.5
F
2
0.19
2.02
157.6
0.19
42.8**.
GkF
6
2.12
LB.35
81-9
7.32
44.1**
Esror b
40
16.07
20-21
179-7
8-65
6.7
S
1
0.98
28,44*
2917, $Jw
258<, 6 7aAB‘
X3 *4&*
S*G
3
6.66
7.17
384,5
7."45
27,4*+
S*F
2
1.35
8.22
49-9
6, 05
1.7
F*S"G
6
0.91
1.33
15.*3
8" QS
1-o
Exrror c
60
4.41
6.53
139-9
7-38
3.7
-QcIII

---

i
1
2
3
4
5
6
Year 1984
R
7
193.73
10.58
1891.1
47.91
34.2
F
2
4.56
4.13
215.8
2.85
7.6
Error a
14
32.43
7.58
634.5
68.30
14.8
S
1
352.03**
48.00"
1957.1
851.35""
620.3**
S*F
2
46.11
5.83
83.2
0.92
8.8
Error b
21
16.03
6.45
775.0
21.02
31.6
G
3
113.94**
513.79**
10917.4**
927.76-k-k
886.2**
F * G
6
2.11
3.47
290.1
10.10
15.5
S * G
3
10.19
2.88
28.3
15.88
124.1**
Fh"Sh"G
6
7.64
3.14
371.8
13.26
5.6
Error c
126
7.84
2.8/
ne-._
3x.i.
ii.ii
i7.0
*
** Indicates mean squares significantly different from corresponding error terms at the 0.05 and 0.01
3
levels of significance, respectively.

---

i.
u
-.--%l
Table 21.
Mean performance of Jîfferent genotypes, spacîags, ~-id fertîlîtîes for three characters planted
in splît split plot designa at Bambey.
Grain yield (kg/ha)
Days to 50% bloom
Plant height (cm)
Entry
1982
1983
1984
1982
1983
1984
1982
1983
1984
Genotypes (a>
Souna 3
3435
1059
650
50.6
70.7
59.2
291
204
236
H7-66
2987
1217
904
43.7
64.4
53.2
246
179
208
IBV 8004
3025
1009
958
44.5
66.2
51.7
260
189
222
IVS 5454
1993 --
--
42.0
--
--
215 --
--
IBMV 8401
--
979
686
--
71.4
54.4
--
121
130
SE*
69
95
40
0.13
1.07
0.24
1.9
3.1
2.6
Spacings (b)
90 x 90 cm
2746
1058
935
45.3
07.7
55.i
257
i78
ïoï
90 x 60 cm
2838 --
--
- 45.1
--
253
--
--
90 x 30 cm
2995 --
--
45.1
--
251
--
--
90 x 45 cm
--
1074
664
* --
68.6
54.1
--
169
196
SEf
67
25
41
0.15
0.30
0.26
1.6
1.3
2.8
Fertility cc>
0:o:o
--
1066
779
--
68.4
54.9
175
197
-a
33:21:21
2783
1072
830
45.3
68.0
54.4
251
173
201
61:31:31
2937
1059
790
45.1
68.0
54.6
256
172
199
SEf
42
60
71
0.09
0.65
0.34
1.4
1.9
3.1
.
Triai Mean
2860
1066
799
45.2
68.2
54.6
253
173
199
CV% (a>
14.6
53.3
35.0
1.7
9.4
3.1
4.4
10.8
9.2
CV% (b)
16.4
29-7
50-l
2.4
3.7
4.6
4.5
6.3
14.0
CV% Cc)
12.5
3?-0
71.3
1.6
6.6
5.0
4.8
7.7
12.6
a During 1982 2nd 1984, main plots, sub plots, and sub-sub plots were fertility levels, spacings, and
genotypes, respectivefy.
zû 1983 main pfo~s were genotypes, sub plots, fertility leveis, and sub-sub plots
were spacings,

---

Table 22.
Mean performance of different genotypes, spacings, and
fertilities for ear length and downy mildew incidence
planted in split split plot designa at B&ey.
Kar length (cm)
Downy mildew (%)
Entry
1982
1983
1984
1982
1983
1984
.
Genotypes (a>
Souna 3
54.9
50.7
47.9
10.9
13.2
K7-66
46.1
45.2
43.8
1.0
4.3
IBV 8004
39.4
38.4
37.2
a.8
4. 1
IVS 5454
29.2
--
--
4..
-.m
IBMV 8401
--
45.6
43.3
0.4
5.8
SEf
0.39
0.66
0.60
0.66
0.60
Spacings (b)
90 x 90 cm
42.5
46.3
45.2
4.5
a.7
90 x 60 cm
43.3
--
--
--
w-
90 x 30 cm
41.4
--
--
-.v
-Ve
,4
90 x 45 cm
--
43.6
41.0
2.6
5.1
SEf
0.4;7
0.32
0.47
0*23
0.57
Fertility
0:o:o
--
45.0
43.1
I)”
2.9
6.7
33:21:21
42.1
45.0
43.2
2.3
3.2
6.6
61:31:31
42.8
44.. 9
42.8
3,1
4.6
7.3
SEf
0.65
0.42
1.03
0,51
0.37
0.48
Tria1 Mean
42.4
45.0
43.1
3.2
3.3
6.9
CV% (a)
5.5
8.7
9.6
150.2
112.5
59.8
CV% (b)
7.7
6.0
10.6
163.6
55.0
81.5
cv% cc>
12.9
6.5
19.2
136.2
74.0
55.8
a During 1982 and 1984, main plots, sub plots, and sub-sub plots were
fertility levels, spacings, and genotypes, respectfvely.
In 1983, main
4
.
plots were genotypes, sub plots-fertility levels and sub-sub plots were
spacings.

---

_.
9 -.'.- -
cy-

-__

=
*
_II_.-

‘La-.-

-CU

--.e.--...e-

e__-

__

.
__-*-__
__...-

- . *
-.*---
1980 to 1984%
'
er-
b
-- *
Nioro
Darou
Period
80
81
82
83
8-T
81
82
'. 83
8 4
June
l-10
12.5
1.6
76.7
0.3
3.5
38.0
11-20
0.5
58.2
19.0
4.4
4.0
32.5
21-30
31.6
5.4
6.6
90.3
32,O
115.9
July
l- 10
16.7
78.7
4.0
38.2
41.6
56.6
21.8
15.0
9.3
11-20
15.5
42.7
100.6
102.1
21.3
17.9
93.2
49.4
34.2
21-31
52.0
111.6
44.2
0.1
8.5
78.7
104.0
36.4
Aug.
l-10
139.5
95.1
55.6
45.8
76.6
130.4
62.7
94.0
50.1
11-20
26.5
69.5
47.4
5.7
19.3
67.6
53.8
18.6
17.5
21-31
50.5
107,l
117.5
18.4
15.5
153.8
221.3
60.8
26.0
Sept.
l-10
148.1
78.5
22.8
80.8
8.0
31.9
54.6
45.3
0.8
11-20
18.0
81.7
59.7
9.7
64.8
50.7
90.1
10.4
165.0
21-30
i5.5
14.1
20.3
19.4
51.8
8.5
55.8
75.5
oct.
l-10
23.0
20.8
34.0
6.0
42.9
0.7
4.0
25.8
14.3
11-20
1.8
45.8
27.9
16.1
54.8
23.0
10.7
21-31
17.0
TOTAL
520.1
777.2
541.5
407.1
536.3
692.4
744.9
389.8
615.5
Bambey
Louga
Period
80
81
82
8 3
84
80
81
82
83
84
June l-10
4.6
0.2
0.5
11-20
25.
75.0
81.5
5.4
7.2
21-30
32.0
5.4
1.6
July
l-10
0.1
25.0
6.0
12.0
5.1
6.3
2.3
.
11-20
0.2
3.0
89.6
1.5
3-7
50.5
1-l
3.3
21-31
8.6
73.3
79.5
40.0
70.7
44-l
40.9
37-2
9-3
Aug.
l-10
130.6
99.7
17.0
62-O
103-6
75.2
24-9
EL3
11-20
78.4
17.1
49.0
8.5
49.0
L.6
2.2
27.1
19,9
21-31
35.1
36.9
110.8
67.6
7.0
16.9
52-7
26-G
;ti)6,3
0.5
Sept.
l-10
103.9
27-l
63.8
15.5
41.3
51.8
35.8
11*3
l-5
21.7
11-20
18.5
177.9
21.1
18.0
60.2
l"5
31.2
25-5
7-a
SO,7
21-30
3.2
7.3
6.8
83.8
22.4
29-3
l-3
6.4
oct.
l-10
23.4
0.9
11.4
19..4
8.6
0. e
,..lo*4
il-20
2.6
14.6
1.7
O-3
21-31
8.0
TOTAL
402.0
503.8
452.2
315.9
457.8
273.5
249.3
214.8
145.7
173.3

---