MINISTERE DU DEVEI,Of'PEMENT NATIONAL ACADEMY OE‘...
MINISTERE DU DEVEI,Of'PEMENT
NATIONAL ACADEMY OE‘ SCIENCES
HURiIL .
BOSTID
USA.
-.----------
INSTITUT SENEGALAi-S DE
RECHERCHES AGRICOLES.
_-__----
DEPARTEMENT DE RECHERCHES SIJR
I,ES PRODUCTIONS VEGETALES
IMPROVING THE YIELD AND
1
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION OF
BAMBARA GROUNDNUT
Ref. CRG GRANT NO. BNF-SN-2-84-21
SECOND ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT
Mamadou GUEYE
Soi1 microbiologist
Principal investigator
MAI 1986.
Centre National de Recherches
Agronomiques de BAMBEY. ,*
‘.
I
.
C (1 N T E. N T S
--~---
1. General. background
1: . C;bjectives
3. MateriaIs and methods
3.1. Soils
3.2. Cultivars
3.3. Field screening of bambara groundnut cultivars
3.4. Isoiati.on of native Rhizobium strains frarn bambara groundnu-t cultivars
3.5. Field inocul.ation tria1 of bambara groundnut
:3.6. Survey of diseases on bambara groundnut
i3.7. Effect of pH on the growthof bambara grzundnut
4. Results
4.1. Field screening of bambara groundnut
4.2. Nodulation and nitrogen fixing ability of bambara groundnut
4.3. Field inoculation tria1
4.4. Survey of diseases on bambara groundnut
lt.5. Response of bambara groundnut to different pH levels
4.6. Variety tria&
Appendix 11 : Equipment received under the grant
Appendix 2 : Training and consultant visit
Appendix 3 : Grant staff.
' - GENLKAL aACKGROL!ND -
In the developing countries , s p e c i a l l y i n t h e semi arid tro-
pics in Afriça, t h e food a v a i l a b i l i t y a n d q u a l i t y i s a social a n d poli-
t i c a l problem.
I t i s very i m p o r t a n t f o r t h o s e countrie:; t o develop t h e
research on the nutriti.onal crops which are the reScJilI’<:eS for the fu-
turc. On this point of view, Voandzeia subterran-) a lso know-n as Bambara
groundnut in Mali, Gajarnga (1) i n S e n e g a l i s a material of choice.
In 1983, Senegal Institute of Agricultural Research (ISRA)
had submitted a proposa.1 to National Academy of Sciences (NASI for
studying the Biological Nitrogen Fixation by bambara groundnut (Voandzeia
subterranea) in the framework of the West Africa
MIRCEN. In December
1983, Dr. Michael DOW had a long discussion with the principal investi-
gator and his collabora,tors.
The discussion was about the objectives
and methodology of the grant.
I n May, 1984, the NAS approved to ISRA a two
year grant to
carry out a research project entitled “Improving the Yield and Biological
Nitrogen Fixation of Ba.mbara groundnut”.
2 - OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the project is to improve the yield
of bambara groundnut through the nitrogen fixation. Because it is an un-
d e r e x p l o i t e d legume,
it is necessary to constitute first an important
germplasm of bambara groundnut and a collection of effective Rhizobium
strains.
This is why the objectives of the first phase of this project
a r e :
1. Obtain promising bambara groundnut germplasm in local mar-
kets and from international collections.
2. Determine responsiveness and Select pure strains based on
phenotype and yield.
3. Screen rhizobial strains, including some isolated locally
and some obtained from international collections.
4. Observe possible diseases on bambara groundnut.
( 1) Gajanga / gadjanga-/
: Name of bambara groundnut in principal national
language-in Senegaï.
-
MA’l’EHlAI>:;
ANIJ METHc~DS
_-__^----_--
3 < :t . - Soils
-.
Our expermients were carried out at two experimental stations :
Hamhey a n d Niort). E c o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e s e s t a t i o n s a r e d i f f e r e n t
and t h e t w o t y p e s o f soi1 a r e indicated i n T a b l e 1.
3 .2 * - C u l t i v a r s
-
-
SevenLy eight bambara gSWUndtlU if cul tivars ob:ained f r o m d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s
in Africa are listed in Table 2. Of these, first 24 cultivars have been
used in our experiment.
3.3. - Field screening of bambara groundnut cultivars
During 1985
rainy season field screening experiments were car-
ried out at Bambey (rainfall
: 376.9 mm) and Nioro (rainfall
: 532.3 mm)
experimental stations in Senegal. Twenty four bambara groundnut cultivars
(entries from 1 to 24) were hand sown in a randomized block design. The
cultivars were sown in two treatments : without (-NJ and with (tN) nitro-
g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n (i.e. 5 0 k g urea/ha).
Al1 plots received phosphorus and
p o t a s s i u m f e r t i l i z a t i o n (i.e. GO kg P205/ha and 120 kg KCl/ha respectively) .
Six weeks after planting, t h e R e l a t i v e E f f e c t i v e n e s s (R.E.) o f each h o s t
plant - indigenous Rhizobium strains combination was evaluated by the
following formula
X of ten samples in the -N block
R . E . = -
x 100
X of ten samples in the tN block
where X denotes shoot I root and nodule dry weights or shoot nitrogen
content.
3.4.
- Isolation of native Rhizobium strains from bambara groundnut-
nodules
Bambara groundnut nodule samples were collected from both Bambey
and Nioro experimental stati.ons. The samples were taken from plants having
well developed
but still immature pods. I n a11 45 well developed,
inter-
nally red cclored firm
nodules were sampled from the tap roots. Rhizobium
strains were isolated according to standard procedures,. Isolated Rhizobia
were cultured on agar
slants made from YEM medium. Nitrogen fixing ability
of the isolates was compared in terms of shoot dry weight and nitrogen content
of Macroptilium atropurpureu>m
_-
c u l t i v a t e d i n GIf3SON’s t u b e s . Each t e s t p l a n t
was inoculated with 1 ml of a 7 day
old isolate culture. Plants were grown
in a growth chamber fo.r 35 days at temperatures maintained between 20 and
jO”C. P l a n t t o p s w e r e clipped off, dried and weighed for dry matter produc-
t ion anti ni trogen content determination.
w
0
0
0
%
0
r--
cx,
.
CO
g
0
lr!
u;
0
! il tJ., bl
i . 0
bermplasm
expriment& station.
Entries Number
Cultivars
Origin
1
78-l
Senegal
%
79-l
Senegal
3
83-126
Mali
4
83-127
Mali
5
83-129
Mali
6
83-130
Mali
7
83-131
Mali
8
Sud Cameroun
Cameroun
9
Sarakawa 1
Togo (UBIES)*
1 0
Sarakawa 2
Togo (UNES)
11
Sarakawa 3
Togo (~MES)
12
Sarakawa 10
Togo (UNES)
13
Thitchao 3
Togo (~MES)
1 4
Awandjelo 1
Togo (~MES)
15
Ketao 2
Togo (~MES)
1 6
Ketao 3
Togo (~MES)
17
Ketao 9
Togo (~MES)
18
Alheride 1
Togo (~MES)
19
Lassa 1
Togo (~MES)
2 0
Lassa 3
Togo (~MES)
2 1
Lassa) 4
Togo (~MES)
22
v 2
Togo (UMES)
23
85001
Senegal
2 4
85002
Senegal
25
85003
Senegal
26
85004
Senegal
27
85005
Senegal
85006
Sen,egl
;s
85007
Togo (UNES)
31
J1ena Rangotra
Madagascar
32
Maso Takatra
Madagascar
33
Manga Kely
Madagascar
34
Atodin Isorohitra
Madagascar
35
Masom Pitatra
Madagascar
36
Kely Mana
Madagascar
37
Tsy Mandefitra
Madagascar
38
Marevaka
Madagascar
39
Voandelaka
Madagascar
---
. . . ! . . .
“d! !:
(c(~r‘lt:iIiueci!
._.__.._.... - ..-_ ;- ~ . ~-_-.-_ _ .___.. --_ .-- _______._ --.-_---.-- _ _-.-_ -.__ _.--. ---
.-----
v--e.-
- -__
i,:irr';ec3
111 llltbc~
'2ultivms
!%igin
---
.---__-
_._
..--.-
.-
-.- - -.--
‘+O
Manj el.atrsa
Madagascar
‘il
Dom
Madagascar
42
Mamokatra
Madagascar
‘+3
Bakoly
Madagascar
‘94
H.T.B.
Madagascar
‘1 j
SA.].
Madagascar
2-h 6
SA.2
Madagascar
47
SA.2
Madagascar
‘4 8
SA.4
Madagascar
4 9
SM.îC
Togo
5 0
SM.6
Togo
5 1
SM.lOE
Togo
5 2
SM.I.2
Togo
5 3
SM.13
Togo
54
SM.18 A
Togo
35
SM. 20 A
Togo
‘5 6
sv.34
Togo
5 7
SM.36
Togo
5 8
SM 37
Togo
‘59
SM.42
Togo
6 0
SM .52
Togo
61
SM.54
TPgP
6 2
SM.58
Togo
63
SM.62
Togo
6 4
SM.64
Togo
165
SM.65
TPgP
!66
SM,67
Togo
67
SM.68
Togo
68
SM.69
Togo
139
SM.70
Togo
7 0
SM.71
Togo
‘71
SM.95
Togo
‘7 2
SM.102B
Togo
.J3
SM.108
Togo
‘74
SM.116 A
Togo
‘7 5
SM.117
Togo
‘7 6
SM.119
Togo
‘77
SM.122A
Togo
‘78
SM.127
Togo
--
--
---
*I'hese cultivars were obtained with collaboration
with -che University of Mary.Land Eastern Shore (IJMES).
3.5 . - Field. i n o c u l a t i o n t r i a 1 o f t)ambara_gi~oundnilt
-~-
The experiment was carried out in 1985 at Hambey experi.mental
s t a t i o n 1, rainfal1
: 376.9 mm). The indigenous rhizobial population in
the field selected ~OF t h i s w o r k i s 10 c o w p e a rhizobia/g o f soi1 a s deter-
mincd by plant infection test using Macrotyloma africanum. The
~--.
cultivar
V2 c.Jbtained f’rom T o g o w a s used.
Applied treatments
W?I'C'
, d : unj noculated,
n o N (urea) ; uninoculated + 50 kg N (urea )/ha ; jnoc.alated with 10 g
of six different peat-base Rhizobium inoculants. Four of the inocula
were supplied by the University of Maryland Eastern Shore : Mungo, Bam 618,
TAI, 1380 and AH 169 ; two of them were supplied by the West Africa MIRCEN :
MAO
11 and MAO 26. Randomized block design with four replicates was
used. The size of eacln plot was 3 and 2. l. m and the plants were spaced by
15 and 30 cm. Application of fertilizer was 60 kg P205/ha and 120 kg KCl/ha.
SixLy days after planting, plants were sampled for nodulation, dry weight
and ni trogen content determination.
3.6. - Survey of diseases on bambara groundnut
The experimental plots of bambara groundnut at both locations
w e r e v i s i t e d p e r i o d i c a l l y t o s e e w e t h e r t h e r e î s any d i s e a s e . Parmers’
f i e l d s w e r e a l s o v i s i t e d o n c e j u s t b e f o r e f l o w e r i n g . D i s e a s e d samples
of unknown disease were collected from experimental plot at Bambey. The
preliminary symptom of the disease is withering of leaves which is general-
ly observed after about one month from sowing. The leaves subsequently
dry, f i n a l l y r e s u l t i n g i n complete d e a t h o f t h e p l a n t .
In order to find out the causal organism of the disease , isola-
tions were made from the infected plant parts on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)
medium as per siandard procedure. The pathogenicity ‘;est of these isolates
was carried out by inoculating 3 weeks old seedlings of 2 varieties viz,
83-129 and 83-130. Two pots of each variety were inoculated with the spore
suspension of each isolate with the help of small
atomized . Uninocula-
t e d p o t s o f each variety s e r v e d a s c o n t r o l . The pots were kept in the moist
chamber for 48 hours and then transferred to greenho.Jse.
3.7. - Effect of pH on the growth of bambara groundnut
Bambara groundnut CV 79-l was grown in pot, each containing 15 k,g
of unsterilized soi1 from irrigate zone (A) and non irrigate zone (B). The
plants were watered with tap water (a) and distilled water (b). Thus there
were four treatments *, A t a (pH = 8.20), A + b (pH = 7.15), B t a (pH = 7.50)
and B f b (pH = 6 .OO) wi.th four replicates arranged in completely randomized
block design. T h e p H o f d i f f e r e n t treatments was detcrm-ined befort:
commencing the experi.ment as well as after completion of the experimcnt.
Daily observations on the behaviour of plants were made. The plants
were harvested 35 days after planting. The shol<)ts and roots were sepa-
rately dried and weighed.
4. - RESULTS AND DISC:USSION
4.1. - Field screening of bambara groundnut (GUEYE, M. )
Eighteen entries at Bambey station and 12 at Nioro station
had a R.E. based on shoot dry weight in the ranges of 40-70% and 40-90%
respectively . Most cultivars had a R.E. based on root. dry weight in the
range of 60-90% with a peak between 60 and 70% at Bambey station and
between 70 and 80% at Nioro station. While at Bambey station, 11 culti-
vars had a R.E. based on nodule dry weight between 30 and 50% and 3
cultivars between 80 and 90% , at Nioro station 16 and 6 cultivars
had a R.E. respectively in the ranges of 70-240 and 360-480%. Most
cultivars had a R.E. based on shoot nitrogen content between 80 and 110%
at Bambey station with a Sharp peak between 80 and 90 % and at Nioro
s t a t i o n , ail cultivars had the same R.E. over 90% with a Sharp peak
between 100 and 110%. The distribution of relative effectiveness values
(Fig. 1 and 2) shows that Bambey and Nioro rhizobial population established
a moderately effective symbiosis with the cultivars of bambara groundnut
used. Among these cultivars, 12 grew better in the two l.ocations, without
nitrogen f e r t i l i z e r : 79-1, 83-126, 83-129, 83-131, Sarakawa 1, Awandje-
10 1, Ketao 2, Ketao 3, Alheride 1, Lassa 3, V2 and 85001 (Tables 3, 4 and
5)
indi cating
t h e i r a b i l i t y to e f f e c t i v e l y s y m b i o s i s i n t h e t w o field
c o n d i t i o n s . O n i y one cultivar, Sarakawa 10 performed poorly at Nioro
station with 13% R.E. based on shoot dry weight.
These observations indicated a screening of our bambara
groundnut germplasm for 12 lines of groundnut capable of forming
most effect,ive symbiosis with suitable Rhizobium stra.ins. They Will.
be inoculated with strains isolated at Bambey and Nic,ro where they
had an effective symbiosis as an attempt to improve their performance
where they yie1.d poorly.
4
. - 2
.
Nodulation and ni trogen fixing ability of bambara
groundnut
(
GUEYE
,M.
)
Bambara groundnut cultivars sampled were moderately nodulated
on bath tap and lateral roots. Few nodules appeared to be effective as
intl icatcd hy inttirior color. .jl P~I i zc~bi a: i so 1 ates were ohtained .
9
9-
9
6
0-
0
7
7.
7
6
6-
6
5
5.
5
4 0102050~405060708 6090mml2o
1
1 L
4
4.
3
3'
3
2
2.
2
1
8.. , , ,)
0loa3040506070w90mno120
0102050~40506070
6090mml2o
A
1 A : R.E. based on shoot dry wcight
1 B : R. E. bos~d on root dry weight
1 C : R.E. based OCI nodule dry wcight
10 : R.E.
based on shoot nitrogen content
10
9 1
67
6
1
7
6
5
i,,,r’b,
*
4
3
2
0 102030405060m6090I)o1lo120
1 i
A
B
t
c
12 t
11
10
19
b
a 7
L 6
c5
s43
I
2
4 . , 1
1
i.,,,.
!
o* m
120 340 360 460 R.C.(X)
0 10 20304060 607060900ftOm,l20 R&(%I
C
?
F16.2 : Distribdoam of the RE. of 24 cultirars
of ~8BmdttîO Smbrttcraa+o Cultirotcd at Ilkwo
1 A 1 R.E. baxd on shoot dry wcight
1 B : R.E. based on root dry wcight
1 C : R.E. based on nodule dry weight
10 : R.E. based on shoot nitrogen content
t, root and nodule dry weights and shoot nitrogen content of 24 CU ltivars of Voandzeia subterranea CU
at Bambey in -N and +N blceks.
-N block
i-N biock
Shoot dry
Root dry
Nodule dry
Shoot nitnogen
Shoot dry
Root dry
Nodule dry
Jltivars
Weight (g)
weight cg>
weightcmg)
content (N B)
weight (g) weight cg>
weight (mg)
-
-
-
-
3 - l
- .A.
49,lQ ah
î.88 cd
3û b
î.58 hi
88.50 b
2.53 de
120 abc
.’ >
i , il‘j 2 a.3 e
3-î
55.50 ab
2.16 cd
50 b
1.55 hi
114.25 ab
2.77 de
100 abc
2 . ?y LC 2.
3-126
62.25 ab
1.67 d
50 b
1.62 gh
105.75 ab
2.53 de
80 abc
1 . 9 2 f$,
3-127
43.25 abc
1.94 cd
70 b
1.86 de
135.00 ab
2.85 de
150 abc
2.07
cd
3-126
55.75 ab
2.19 cd
40 b
1.62 gh
108.25 ab
3.18 cd
160 ab
1.97 ef
!-13c
62.50 ab
1.95 cd
60 b
1.70 e
104.00 ab
2.42 de
170 a
2.03 de
3-13i
56.50 ab
2.62 bc
140 a
1.79 e
92.75 b
2.56 de
160 ab
1.88 ghi
id Cameroun
37.25 bc
1.39 d
40 b
1.84 de
îo3'.79 ab
2.23 e
100 abc
-l 95
-,_._ f,_
irakawa 1
52.75 ab
2.02 cd
20 b
1.59 hi
120.00 ab
3.00 de
4"" c
l*gE ;y,
irakawa 2
49.00 ab
2.28 cd
40 b
1.90 d
84.25 b
3,02 de
110 abc
1.86 '7:
irakawa 3
44.25 abc
1.97 cd
40 b
1.92 d
124.75 ab
3.25 cd
130 abc
2.31 a
irakawa 10
11.75 c
1.20 d
30 b
2.24 b
88.00 b
2.58 de
60 bc
2.06 cd
iitchao 3
48.00 ab
2.01 cd
30 b
2.13 c
77.50 h
3.27 e
50 bc
2.'>2 2,
iandjelo 1
64.25 ab
2.64 bc
30 b
0.80 1
99.25 ab
2.96 de
60 bc
2.04
de
!tao 2
63.75 ab
2.54 bc
70 b
1.21 k
150.50 a
3.67 bc
70 abc
î.92 fg‘r.
,LdO 5
66.25 ab
3.28 ab
30 b
1.32 j
87.25 b
3.44 bc
50 hc
3 C>C
L,VY -,<
t;c nJ
58.25 ab
2.30 cd
30 b
1.55 hi
119.25 ab
3.93 bc
60 bc
2.34 a
heride i
68.25 ab
2.82 bc
4G b
A.53 1i
-
117.75 af? 4,2û abc
50 bc
î.93 fg
ssa 1
44.50 abc
2.68 bc
80 ab
1.69 fg
122.50 ab
3.65 bc
90 abc
1.83 i.
ssa 3
78.50 a
3.70 a
30 b
2.31 b
134.25 ab
5.15 a
80 abc
2.31 a
ssa 4
43.50 abc
1.94 cd
80 ab
1.92 d
101.00 ab
3.18 cd
70 abc
2.12 c
61.50 ab
3.27 ab
70 b
1.63 fgh
90.00 b
4.49 ab
90 abc
2.32 a
OGl
56.50 ab
2.24 cd
.loi3 abF
1.86 de
88.00 b
2.72 de
140 abc
2.20 b'
cs,i 2
42.00 abc
1.90 cd
30-b.
2.82 a
84.50 b
2.39 de
12G abc
1.93 fg
-- ----_-
alues followed by the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at the O.GS level by Dl!NCZ{$.T's m~ultiple r,ir-iLze test.
)ie L. Shoot, root and nodule dry weights and shoot nitrogen content of 24 cultivars of Voandzeia subterranea cuitivated at
Nioro in -N and +N blocks.
-N block
+ N block
Shoot dry
Root dry
Nodule dry
Shoot nitrogen
Shoot dry Root dry
Nodule dry
.t ivars
weight (g)
weight (g>
weight (mg)
content (N %)
weight (g) weight (g)
weight (mg)
,i
28.50 SC
5.50 a
70 b
2.69 ef
33.50 c
5.00 tic-3
100 bcd
2 c 0 9 t
,l
30.40 bc
4.80 abc
70 b
3.21 a
36.40 c
4.80.bcd
70 bcd
2.85 ,Y
,126
33.60 bc
3.80 abc
80 b
2.86 d
39.40 bc
5.80 abcd
90 bcd
2.99 t-
,127
LE.20 bc
4.30 abc
140 b
3.18 a
33.30 c
5.70 abcà
100 bcd
I*ii+ a
,129
39.00 abc
5.50 a
350 b
2.61 gh
56.50 ab
6.80 ab
80 bcd
7 Pl
L.VI c
.13c
22.80 c
3.00 c
250 b
3.10 b
52.20 abc
5.30 abcd
250 a
3.02 b
,131
30.20 bc
3.30 bc
320 b
3.01 c
44.80 bc
5.30 abcd
90 bcd
2.77 26
;
Cameroun
26.60 bc
3.00 c
130 b
3.10 b
34.00 c
3.50 d
40 cd
2.71 de
,akawa 1
31.10 bc
4.30 abc
70 b
2.62 gh
-
67.70 a
5.80 abcd
30 d
2.32 h
'akawa 2
44.80 ab
5.30 bc
90 b
2.58 ghi
57.90 ab
6.50 abc
20 d
2.54 gh
'akawa 3
29.90 bc
4.30 abc
60 b
2.60 gh
49.50 bc
5.80 abcd
30 ci
2.46 hij
sakawa ic:
24.60 c
3.00 c
80 b
2.84 d
50.00 bc
4.80 bcd
8'0 bcd
2.84 c
tc&.:> 2i
41.00 ab
4.80 abc
50 b
2.57 hij
58.20 ab
6.00 abc
30 d
2eii7 hij
ndjelo i
40.50 abc
4.50 abc
90 b
2.52 ijk
61.80 a
6.~0 abc
50 cd
2 q 7 i : -
- ‘ i Vs
ao ;
31.70 bc
4.00 abc
70 b
2.36 b
64.20 a
5.80 abcd
30 d
2.ii7 ti-;
-, :
dC .,
32.9' br
II ?fÎ
.*- abc
8G b
2.58 ghi
5?,3G ab
G
J. C;c-
VL‘
ahcd
-ii^ hPrl
Ubil
z.&Li i,
a0 5
40.70 abc
5.5G a
120 b
2.54 hij
45.80 bc
5.50 abcd
30 d
?.79 /-
!ST ICI\\ 1
43.90 ab
5.8G a
220 b
2.72 e
59.70 a
'7 F.0 a
< ,"'d
11-1^ bcd
2.52
-‘k :
&“A
.sa 1
41.00 ah
5.50 a
190 h
3.56 hij
53.4G ahc
6.c,O
abc
9Q -cd
2.22 p
*Sd 2
38.60 abc
5.3û ab
170 b
2.71 ef
67.86 a
7.5~; a
150 abc
2.64 ef
;Sa -
33.2^v bc
J*OC -L-
CllJL
ôû b
2.51 jk
38.3û bc
4, 3 c cc
',r.
+v Cÿ
2.13 m
41.30 ab
5.30 ab
90 b
2.47 k
72.80 a
6.50 abc
2^ d
2 3Li
.- 1
42.00 ab
4.50 abc
230 b
2.65 fg
42.60 bc
5.50 abcd
180 ab
2.53 fg
Fz2.60 a
4.30 abc
370 a
2.57 hij
50.30 bc
6.00 abc
90 bcà
Z.5Ï fE
ues followed by the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by DUNCAN's multiple range test.
‘able 5. Relative Effectiveness (%) of 24 cultivars of Voandzeia subterranea cultivated at Bambey and Nioro experimental
stations. RE is based on shoot, root and nodule dry weights and nitrogen content.
---. - .-.- --
Bambey
Nioro
Shoot dry
Root dry
Nodule dry
Nitrogen
Shoot dry
Root dry
Nodule dry
Nitroger;
ultivars
--_II_
weight
weight
weight
content -
weight
weight
-
-
weight
content
- - - -
'7-I.L
5 5
80
33
78
85
110
7G
3-1
49
78
50
69
84
100
îGC
3-126
59
66
62
84
86
6s
88
3-127
32
68
46
90
79
75
14,s
1, - 1 1 c;.;
49
69
25
82
69
8G
437
3--13C!
50
8C
35
84
44
57
i.Cl
Y-131
61
102
87
95
62
6^
.L
422
ud Cameroun
36
62
40
94
78
8 5.
325
arakasra i
44
67
50
85
46
74
233
arakawa 2
58
75
36
SO2
?7
81
45G
arakawa 3
35
61
30
83
60
74
2OG
arakawa i0
13
46
50
108
49
62
100
iiitchac 3
62
88
60
- ,
96
7s:
80
irt,
iiandj elo 1
65
89
50
39
65
75
180
etac 2
42
69
100
63
49
69
233
etac 3
76
95
60
64
57
78
72
Qfzar.
- _uv g
49
58
50
66
88
100
400
lheride 1
58
67
90
79
73
77
157
assa i
36
73
88
92
77
92
2îl
=lssa 3
58
?2
27
:ûc
57
Lî
iî3
àssà 4
43
61
1;;
90
87
112
200
2
68
73
77
70
57
81
450
5001
64
82
71
84
98
82
127
5002
50
79
25
146
104
72
411
---
?ig.
j .dnd 11 s h o w t h e i r e f f e c t i v c n e s s c:ompared if; te1m1? :~f shoot dry w e i g h t ;
,.III(~ t-ii r,rl>gen conterIL
(,f’ Macroptiiium ~~~I~o~)u~JJ~I~~~~JII. ‘ho ::L~‘ai~ls ( MAC 11 3 7 Mn0
_
_
1 1 ii ) il a<.! we 11 sti.mulated dry mattor production oi’ test plants used while
there was no difference between thc strains in shoot nitrogen content,.
MAO 113, MAO 118 and three Niftal Rhizobium strains (TAI, 221,
TAI. lf;Y and TAI, 569) were selecteci for a study of hos t bambara groundnut
cul tivars - Rhizobium strains interactions. Niftal strains served as stan-
dards for comparison against
the native Rhizobium strains. This experiment
is still. in progress and the results are not yet available.
4 . 3 .
- -
Fiel’d inoculation tria1 (GUEYE , M. )
Response of bambara groundnut to inoculation with selected
Rhizobium strai.ns is shown in Table 6 . In most tropical soils, very effec-
t i v e and/or competitive s t r a i n s may b e t h e m a j o r constituents o f t h e n a t i -
ve rhizobial population. In Dior soi1 used for our triai, the native
rhizobial population is lacking and the introduction of other strains
had resulted in increase of nitrogen fixation. However, Rhizobium strains
used as inocula varied markedly in ability to promote plant growth, in shoot
nitrogen content and in nodule development.Appreciable responses to ino-
culation were obtained in shoot
dry weight wfth strain Bam 618 (increase
of 144 %), in nodule dry weight with strains Mungo, Bam 618 and MAO. 26
i increase of 95%,
100X, 73% respectively) and in nitrogen content with
strains Bam 618, TAL 1380, MAO 11 and MAO 26 (increase of 27%, 39%, 24%,
17% respectively!. Increase in total shoot nitrogen was obtained with
strains Bam 618 (t 209%) and MAO 11 (+135%).
rr.
From these results, it is apparent that bambara groundnut , cv.
V2 requires an inoculation with suitable Rhizobium strain for adequate
nodulation and nitrogen fixation in Dior soi1 used. However, it is very
important to know exactly the amount of nitrogen fixed by bambara groundnut.
Pot experiment is being carried out for assessing the nitrogen fixed by
bambara groundnut cv. 79-l using 15, methods. Results of this experiment
are not yet available.
4.4. - Survey of diseases on bambara groundnut (GAIKWAD, D.G.)
No serious disease was noticed on bambara groundnut except one
at Bambey experimental station. The microscopic observations of the isola-
tes obtained from the diseased plants revealed the presence of Alternaria sp.
However, in the pathogenicity test, a11 t h e isolates failed to p r o d u c e t h e
disease symptoms. But during the course of time, the symptoms were developed
on bath the varieties including the uninoculated plants. This indicates that
1
*
*
dry woight (mg
!Mot
A
-
-
4
?
L
’
L
-
L
’
MAO113
MA0114
MA0119
MAOllS
MAO116
MAO 117
MAOl2.C’
MAO122
4MAOlU
MA0U4
MAOla
Mm26
11
12
CONTROL
4
I4
1~
f6
17
I)
b
Il0
Ill
Il2
113MAOM
114
Im
1%
Il7
Il6
fis
120
121
I&MOl21
b
X2
‘25
I26
129
I)o
131
5. Sl&<ot and nodule dry weights, shoot nitrogen content and total. shoot nitrogen of Voandzeia subterranea
(cv. *d2:
cultivated at Bambey in field and inoculated with Rhizobium s-trains Mungo, Bam 618, TAI, 1380, AH 169, MAO l!. and M.3.:: .:k.
-----------_II
Shcot dry weight
Nodule dry weight
Shoot nitrogen
??Ota1 skoot
r1 i :r,>g-n
eatment s
(g/iO plants)
(mg/10 plants)
content (N %)
cg/10 plants)
- -
ülated
10.?5 d
55.00 bc
1.81 g
1..95 e
ulated +
PJ (urea)/ha
13.25 cd
40.00 c
1.88 f
2 5n
."" An
UL
15.50 bcd
107.50 a
1.92 e
2.98 cde
8
26.25 a
110.00 a
2.30 b
5,03 a
a0
15.75 bcd
30.00 c
2.51 a
3.94 bc
20.00 b
77.50 ab
1.87 f
3.7L bcd
20.50 ab
30.00 c
2.24 c
4.58 b
18.50 bc
95.00 a
2.12 d
3.90 bc
Ja’ Iloc
AUVJ are
averages
of 10 plants.
Jalues followed by the same letter in each column do not differ-significantly at the 0,05 level by DUNCAN's
muitiple range test,
ihe A
l
temaria 1 ungud
^- -..~.-
i s net the cause o f ’ t h e disease, b u t i t w a s develo-
ped syprophyti vii; ly
on the deacl tissues.
It was suspecteci that the death of bambara groundnut plants at
E3ambey i s associated with high pH of irrigation water which is later con-
f’irmed b:y a n o t h e r experi.ment.
The results are presented under 4.5.
4.5. - Response of bambara groundnut to diff’erent pH levels (GIJEYEI,M. )
At pH 6.00 plant leaves were present and sone Seaves were yellow.
At pH ‘7.20 and 7.50 the plants grew better, a11 leaves were still green
and did not wither. At pH 8.20 a11 leaves withered, the plants were very small
and were dying. Fig. 5 shows shoot and root dry weights of cv. 79-l at
d i f f e r e n t p H l e v e l s . Better dry matter production is at pH 7.15. These
results indicated that high pH levels stop the growth of bambara groundnut.
Probably the absorption of unknown nutrients is not possible at these
pH levels. POLLACE; (15173) reported nutrients deficiency symptoms in
bambara groundnut cultivated in water-culture or Sand-culture lacking
either nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur or iron. However, the
behaviour of plants varied with the cultivars (GUEYE, M.).
4.6. - Variety trials (CISSE, N. ).
Agronomie c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f e i g h t cultivars a n d t h e i r c o r r e l a t i o n s
with yield are shown in Tables 7 and 8. Variations were observed in respon-
ses of individual cuit ivars. Grain yields at Nioro we:ne generally higher
than at Bambey station. This is due to higher rainfall at Nioro (532.3 mm)
than at Bambey (379.6 mm). However, grain yield was more than 1 t at
both stations. At Bambey, the weight of 100 seeds only was significantly
correlated with the yi.eld while at Nioro number and weight of the pods and
seeds were correlated with the yield. In conclusion, (cv. 79-l was the best
one with 141946 kg/ha at Bambey and 1278.40 kg/ha at Nioro station. However,
a s e c o n d year t e s t i s n e e d e d a t t h e same s t a t i o n s and/or o t h e r s i t e s . A f t e r
that , one o r t w o culti.vars Will b e p r o p o s e d f o r v u l g a r i s a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e ,
it is necessary to initiate or to continue the study ‘on population density
or fertilization of bambara groundnut. Number and wei,ght of the pods and seeds
and the weight of 100 seeds seemed determinant for yield evaluation . This
would be important for a variety improvement program.
4-J
r-Olt--PO~r- u7mmLnomu)
. . . . . .
1
.
7-i
*
CI <,
. . .
r-0
07
C\\I
.
r! .
Table 3 : Agronomie characteristics of eight cultivars of bambara groundnut at Nioro expérimental station.
Number per plant
Weight cg> per plant
Weight Cg) ûf
G-air. yieîl
Cultivars
Leaves
Pods
Seeds
Leaves
Stern
Pods
Seeds
100 seeds
(kg/ha)
~._
-
-
-
~-
78-l
68.50 a
9.75 a
15.50 a
17.50 a
11.38 a
2.09 a
8.34 abc
6.19 abc
54.00 d
'/Y-l
64.25 a
14.00 a
21.50 a
22.75 a
13.03 a
1.99 a
11.08 ab
8.76 ab
60.09 bc
83 -126
64.50 a
10.25 a
11.75 a
13.75 a
11.39 a
1.67 a
7.43 abc
5.74 bc
63.98 ab
83-127
61.00 a
9.25 a
12.25 a
13.00 a
9.75 a
1.49 a
6.39 c
5.12 c
61.15 bc
83-129
59.75 a
9.75 a
17.00 a
21.75 a
10.82 a
1.76 a
11.64 a
9.39 a
69.23 a
v3-130
72.25 a
9.75 a
18.00 a
19.75 a
13.30 a
1.92 a
9.53 abc
7.76 abc
58.65 bcd
33-131
77.00 a
14.25 a
13.00 a
15.00 a
12.47 a
2.34 a
7.17 bc
5,35 c
54.00 b
Sud-
Cameroun
70.50 a
9.50 a
16.25 a
19.25 a
11.54 a
1.75 a
8.26 abc
6.73 abc
55.65 cd
-.-.-_-
Correlation
with grain
yield
o.o4ns
0.03ns
0.38'
0.41S
0.07ns
0.15ns
o.50s
0.52'
0.24ns
s : significant
ns : non significant
Values followed by the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at the 0,05 level by DUNCAN's multiple range test.
-7-
IiE1'ERENCES
--------_- ____ --.---
- Duncan, D.B. 1985 .Elult iple range and mult iple F tests, Biometrics.
11, l-42.
- Gueye, M. 1985 .Improving the yield and biological nitrogen fixation
of bambara groundnut. - Annual progress report to National Academy of Sciences1
(Washington).
- Olsen, S.R., Cale, L.V., Watanabe, F.S. and Dean, L.A. 1954. Estima-
tion of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium
bicarbonate.
Cire. U.S. Dep. Agric. 939.
t
- Pollack, S.B. 1973. The bambara groundnut : its morphology, culture
and nutritional deficiency symptoms.
M.S. Thesis, University of
Florida,
Gainsville, USA.
-. ii -
AI)I'ENDIX 1 : Equipments receivtxl under the grant, .
---_-~
Equipment
1986
Incubator
Autostill
pH meter
Shaker (1)
Centrifuge
Freezer
Refrigerator
Kjeldhal digester (2)
1
Glassware
many
many
)
(1) : The first shaker NAS sent is with l3ambey National Center of Agronomie
Research (CNRA) for returning it to Thomas Scientific : att.
M. Mitchel MONTCHINSKI.
(2) : Al1 equipment for kjeldahl nitrogen analysis are net yet received.
Kjeldahl distilling unit is still awaited.
- 9 -’
APPENDIX ;! : Training and consultants'visits.
1 *
Programme teaching is not included in the grant. Eut a consultant
visit was held during the second year of the project. Consultant was
BORDELEAU,
L.M. from Canada Agriculture . He has made some suggestions
as indicated by Dr. SOMASEGARAN from Niftal project in Hawaii.
2 *
NAS audit mission supervised by Ms. Joyce FREELAND inspected our pra-
ject during 1986. MS FREELAND had to give her conclusions to NAS.
- 10 -
APPENDIX 3 : Grant staff
-
The following staff devoted the percentage of work time indicated
below to research under the grant.
Ndiaga CISSE, plant breeder 30 percent each year
I
D.G. GAIKWADi* phytopathologist 30 percent each year
Mamadou GUEYEI, microbiologist 80 percent each year
Oumar TOURE, technician 100 percent each year.
* : D.G. GAIKWAD replaced Demba F. MBAYE because GAIKWAD , D.G. works for
legume pathology and MBAYE, D.F. works for cereal pathology according to
ISRA staff.
NATIONAL ACADEMY OE‘ SCIENCES
HURiIL .
BOSTID
USA.
-.----------
INSTITUT SENEGALAi-S DE
RECHERCHES AGRICOLES.
_-__----
DEPARTEMENT DE RECHERCHES SIJR
I,ES PRODUCTIONS VEGETALES
IMPROVING THE YIELD AND
1
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION OF
BAMBARA GROUNDNUT
Ref. CRG GRANT NO. BNF-SN-2-84-21
SECOND ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT
Mamadou GUEYE
Soi1 microbiologist
Principal investigator
MAI 1986.
Centre National de Recherches
Agronomiques de BAMBEY. ,*
‘.
I
.
C (1 N T E. N T S
--~---
1. General. background
1: . C;bjectives
3. MateriaIs and methods
3.1. Soils
3.2. Cultivars
3.3. Field screening of bambara groundnut cultivars
3.4. Isoiati.on of native Rhizobium strains frarn bambara groundnu-t cultivars
3.5. Field inocul.ation tria1 of bambara groundnut
:3.6. Survey of diseases on bambara groundnut
i3.7. Effect of pH on the growthof bambara grzundnut
4. Results
4.1. Field screening of bambara groundnut
4.2. Nodulation and nitrogen fixing ability of bambara groundnut
4.3. Field inoculation tria1
4.4. Survey of diseases on bambara groundnut
lt.5. Response of bambara groundnut to different pH levels
4.6. Variety tria&
Appendix 11 : Equipment received under the grant
Appendix 2 : Training and consultant visit
Appendix 3 : Grant staff.
' - GENLKAL aACKGROL!ND -
In the developing countries , s p e c i a l l y i n t h e semi arid tro-
pics in Afriça, t h e food a v a i l a b i l i t y a n d q u a l i t y i s a social a n d poli-
t i c a l problem.
I t i s very i m p o r t a n t f o r t h o s e countrie:; t o develop t h e
research on the nutriti.onal crops which are the reScJilI’<:eS for the fu-
turc. On this point of view, Voandzeia subterran-) a lso know-n as Bambara
groundnut in Mali, Gajarnga (1) i n S e n e g a l i s a material of choice.
In 1983, Senegal Institute of Agricultural Research (ISRA)
had submitted a proposa.1 to National Academy of Sciences (NASI for
studying the Biological Nitrogen Fixation by bambara groundnut (Voandzeia
subterranea) in the framework of the West Africa
MIRCEN. In December
1983, Dr. Michael DOW had a long discussion with the principal investi-
gator and his collabora,tors.
The discussion was about the objectives
and methodology of the grant.
I n May, 1984, the NAS approved to ISRA a two
year grant to
carry out a research project entitled “Improving the Yield and Biological
Nitrogen Fixation of Ba.mbara groundnut”.
2 - OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the project is to improve the yield
of bambara groundnut through the nitrogen fixation. Because it is an un-
d e r e x p l o i t e d legume,
it is necessary to constitute first an important
germplasm of bambara groundnut and a collection of effective Rhizobium
strains.
This is why the objectives of the first phase of this project
a r e :
1. Obtain promising bambara groundnut germplasm in local mar-
kets and from international collections.
2. Determine responsiveness and Select pure strains based on
phenotype and yield.
3. Screen rhizobial strains, including some isolated locally
and some obtained from international collections.
4. Observe possible diseases on bambara groundnut.
( 1) Gajanga / gadjanga-/
: Name of bambara groundnut in principal national
language-in Senegaï.
-
MA’l’EHlAI>:;
ANIJ METHc~DS
_-__^----_--
3 < :t . - Soils
-.
Our expermients were carried out at two experimental stations :
Hamhey a n d Niort). E c o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e s e s t a t i o n s a r e d i f f e r e n t
and t h e t w o t y p e s o f soi1 a r e indicated i n T a b l e 1.
3 .2 * - C u l t i v a r s
-
-
SevenLy eight bambara gSWUndtlU if cul tivars ob:ained f r o m d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s
in Africa are listed in Table 2. Of these, first 24 cultivars have been
used in our experiment.
3.3. - Field screening of bambara groundnut cultivars
During 1985
rainy season field screening experiments were car-
ried out at Bambey (rainfall
: 376.9 mm) and Nioro (rainfall
: 532.3 mm)
experimental stations in Senegal. Twenty four bambara groundnut cultivars
(entries from 1 to 24) were hand sown in a randomized block design. The
cultivars were sown in two treatments : without (-NJ and with (tN) nitro-
g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n (i.e. 5 0 k g urea/ha).
Al1 plots received phosphorus and
p o t a s s i u m f e r t i l i z a t i o n (i.e. GO kg P205/ha and 120 kg KCl/ha respectively) .
Six weeks after planting, t h e R e l a t i v e E f f e c t i v e n e s s (R.E.) o f each h o s t
plant - indigenous Rhizobium strains combination was evaluated by the
following formula
X of ten samples in the -N block
R . E . = -
x 100
X of ten samples in the tN block
where X denotes shoot I root and nodule dry weights or shoot nitrogen
content.
3.4.
- Isolation of native Rhizobium strains from bambara groundnut-
nodules
Bambara groundnut nodule samples were collected from both Bambey
and Nioro experimental stati.ons. The samples were taken from plants having
well developed
but still immature pods. I n a11 45 well developed,
inter-
nally red cclored firm
nodules were sampled from the tap roots. Rhizobium
strains were isolated according to standard procedures,. Isolated Rhizobia
were cultured on agar
slants made from YEM medium. Nitrogen fixing ability
of the isolates was compared in terms of shoot dry weight and nitrogen content
of Macroptilium atropurpureu>m
_-
c u l t i v a t e d i n GIf3SON’s t u b e s . Each t e s t p l a n t
was inoculated with 1 ml of a 7 day
old isolate culture. Plants were grown
in a growth chamber fo.r 35 days at temperatures maintained between 20 and
jO”C. P l a n t t o p s w e r e clipped off, dried and weighed for dry matter produc-
t ion anti ni trogen content determination.
w
0
0
0
%
0
r--
cx,
.
CO
g
0
lr!
u;
0
! il tJ., bl
i . 0
bermplasm
expriment& station.
Entries Number
Cultivars
Origin
1
78-l
Senegal
%
79-l
Senegal
3
83-126
Mali
4
83-127
Mali
5
83-129
Mali
6
83-130
Mali
7
83-131
Mali
8
Sud Cameroun
Cameroun
9
Sarakawa 1
Togo (UBIES)*
1 0
Sarakawa 2
Togo (UNES)
11
Sarakawa 3
Togo (~MES)
12
Sarakawa 10
Togo (UNES)
13
Thitchao 3
Togo (~MES)
1 4
Awandjelo 1
Togo (~MES)
15
Ketao 2
Togo (~MES)
1 6
Ketao 3
Togo (~MES)
17
Ketao 9
Togo (~MES)
18
Alheride 1
Togo (~MES)
19
Lassa 1
Togo (~MES)
2 0
Lassa 3
Togo (~MES)
2 1
Lassa) 4
Togo (~MES)
22
v 2
Togo (UMES)
23
85001
Senegal
2 4
85002
Senegal
25
85003
Senegal
26
85004
Senegal
27
85005
Senegal
85006
Sen,egl
;s
85007
Togo (UNES)
31
J1ena Rangotra
Madagascar
32
Maso Takatra
Madagascar
33
Manga Kely
Madagascar
34
Atodin Isorohitra
Madagascar
35
Masom Pitatra
Madagascar
36
Kely Mana
Madagascar
37
Tsy Mandefitra
Madagascar
38
Marevaka
Madagascar
39
Voandelaka
Madagascar
---
. . . ! . . .
“d! !:
(c(~r‘lt:iIiueci!
._.__.._.... - ..-_ ;- ~ . ~-_-.-_ _ .___.. --_ .-- _______._ --.-_---.-- _ _-.-_ -.__ _.--. ---
.-----
v--e.-
- -__
i,:irr';ec3
111 llltbc~
'2ultivms
!%igin
---
.---__-
_._
..--.-
.-
-.- - -.--
‘+O
Manj el.atrsa
Madagascar
‘il
Dom
Madagascar
42
Mamokatra
Madagascar
‘+3
Bakoly
Madagascar
‘94
H.T.B.
Madagascar
‘1 j
SA.].
Madagascar
2-h 6
SA.2
Madagascar
47
SA.2
Madagascar
‘4 8
SA.4
Madagascar
4 9
SM.îC
Togo
5 0
SM.6
Togo
5 1
SM.lOE
Togo
5 2
SM.I.2
Togo
5 3
SM.13
Togo
54
SM.18 A
Togo
35
SM. 20 A
Togo
‘5 6
sv.34
Togo
5 7
SM.36
Togo
5 8
SM 37
Togo
‘59
SM.42
Togo
6 0
SM .52
Togo
61
SM.54
TPgP
6 2
SM.58
Togo
63
SM.62
Togo
6 4
SM.64
Togo
165
SM.65
TPgP
!66
SM,67
Togo
67
SM.68
Togo
68
SM.69
Togo
139
SM.70
Togo
7 0
SM.71
Togo
‘71
SM.95
Togo
‘7 2
SM.102B
Togo
.J3
SM.108
Togo
‘74
SM.116 A
Togo
‘7 5
SM.117
Togo
‘7 6
SM.119
Togo
‘77
SM.122A
Togo
‘78
SM.127
Togo
--
--
---
*I'hese cultivars were obtained with collaboration
with -che University of Mary.Land Eastern Shore (IJMES).
3.5 . - Field. i n o c u l a t i o n t r i a 1 o f t)ambara_gi~oundnilt
-~-
The experiment was carried out in 1985 at Hambey experi.mental
s t a t i o n 1, rainfal1
: 376.9 mm). The indigenous rhizobial population in
the field selected ~OF t h i s w o r k i s 10 c o w p e a rhizobia/g o f soi1 a s deter-
mincd by plant infection test using Macrotyloma africanum. The
~--.
cultivar
V2 c.Jbtained f’rom T o g o w a s used.
Applied treatments
W?I'C'
, d : unj noculated,
n o N (urea) ; uninoculated + 50 kg N (urea )/ha ; jnoc.alated with 10 g
of six different peat-base Rhizobium inoculants. Four of the inocula
were supplied by the University of Maryland Eastern Shore : Mungo, Bam 618,
TAI, 1380 and AH 169 ; two of them were supplied by the West Africa MIRCEN :
MAO
11 and MAO 26. Randomized block design with four replicates was
used. The size of eacln plot was 3 and 2. l. m and the plants were spaced by
15 and 30 cm. Application of fertilizer was 60 kg P205/ha and 120 kg KCl/ha.
SixLy days after planting, plants were sampled for nodulation, dry weight
and ni trogen content determination.
3.6. - Survey of diseases on bambara groundnut
The experimental plots of bambara groundnut at both locations
w e r e v i s i t e d p e r i o d i c a l l y t o s e e w e t h e r t h e r e î s any d i s e a s e . Parmers’
f i e l d s w e r e a l s o v i s i t e d o n c e j u s t b e f o r e f l o w e r i n g . D i s e a s e d samples
of unknown disease were collected from experimental plot at Bambey. The
preliminary symptom of the disease is withering of leaves which is general-
ly observed after about one month from sowing. The leaves subsequently
dry, f i n a l l y r e s u l t i n g i n complete d e a t h o f t h e p l a n t .
In order to find out the causal organism of the disease , isola-
tions were made from the infected plant parts on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)
medium as per siandard procedure. The pathogenicity ‘;est of these isolates
was carried out by inoculating 3 weeks old seedlings of 2 varieties viz,
83-129 and 83-130. Two pots of each variety were inoculated with the spore
suspension of each isolate with the help of small
atomized . Uninocula-
t e d p o t s o f each variety s e r v e d a s c o n t r o l . The pots were kept in the moist
chamber for 48 hours and then transferred to greenho.Jse.
3.7. - Effect of pH on the growth of bambara groundnut
Bambara groundnut CV 79-l was grown in pot, each containing 15 k,g
of unsterilized soi1 from irrigate zone (A) and non irrigate zone (B). The
plants were watered with tap water (a) and distilled water (b). Thus there
were four treatments *, A t a (pH = 8.20), A + b (pH = 7.15), B t a (pH = 7.50)
and B f b (pH = 6 .OO) wi.th four replicates arranged in completely randomized
block design. T h e p H o f d i f f e r e n t treatments was detcrm-ined befort:
commencing the experi.ment as well as after completion of the experimcnt.
Daily observations on the behaviour of plants were made. The plants
were harvested 35 days after planting. The shol<)ts and roots were sepa-
rately dried and weighed.
4. - RESULTS AND DISC:USSION
4.1. - Field screening of bambara groundnut (GUEYE, M. )
Eighteen entries at Bambey station and 12 at Nioro station
had a R.E. based on shoot dry weight in the ranges of 40-70% and 40-90%
respectively . Most cultivars had a R.E. based on root. dry weight in the
range of 60-90% with a peak between 60 and 70% at Bambey station and
between 70 and 80% at Nioro station. While at Bambey station, 11 culti-
vars had a R.E. based on nodule dry weight between 30 and 50% and 3
cultivars between 80 and 90% , at Nioro station 16 and 6 cultivars
had a R.E. respectively in the ranges of 70-240 and 360-480%. Most
cultivars had a R.E. based on shoot nitrogen content between 80 and 110%
at Bambey station with a Sharp peak between 80 and 90 % and at Nioro
s t a t i o n , ail cultivars had the same R.E. over 90% with a Sharp peak
between 100 and 110%. The distribution of relative effectiveness values
(Fig. 1 and 2) shows that Bambey and Nioro rhizobial population established
a moderately effective symbiosis with the cultivars of bambara groundnut
used. Among these cultivars, 12 grew better in the two l.ocations, without
nitrogen f e r t i l i z e r : 79-1, 83-126, 83-129, 83-131, Sarakawa 1, Awandje-
10 1, Ketao 2, Ketao 3, Alheride 1, Lassa 3, V2 and 85001 (Tables 3, 4 and
5)
indi cating
t h e i r a b i l i t y to e f f e c t i v e l y s y m b i o s i s i n t h e t w o field
c o n d i t i o n s . O n i y one cultivar, Sarakawa 10 performed poorly at Nioro
station with 13% R.E. based on shoot dry weight.
These observations indicated a screening of our bambara
groundnut germplasm for 12 lines of groundnut capable of forming
most effect,ive symbiosis with suitable Rhizobium stra.ins. They Will.
be inoculated with strains isolated at Bambey and Nic,ro where they
had an effective symbiosis as an attempt to improve their performance
where they yie1.d poorly.
4
. - 2
.
Nodulation and ni trogen fixing ability of bambara
groundnut
(
GUEYE
,M.
)
Bambara groundnut cultivars sampled were moderately nodulated
on bath tap and lateral roots. Few nodules appeared to be effective as
intl icatcd hy inttirior color. .jl P~I i zc~bi a: i so 1 ates were ohtained .
9
9-
9
6
0-
0
7
7.
7
6
6-
6
5
5.
5
4 0102050~405060708 6090mml2o
1
1 L
4
4.
3
3'
3
2
2.
2
1
8.. , , ,)
0loa3040506070w90mno120
0102050~40506070
6090mml2o
A
1 A : R.E. based on shoot dry wcight
1 B : R. E. bos~d on root dry weight
1 C : R.E. based OCI nodule dry wcight
10 : R.E.
based on shoot nitrogen content
10
9 1
67
6
1
7
6
5
i,,,r’b,
*
4
3
2
0 102030405060m6090I)o1lo120
1 i
A
B
t
c
12 t
11
10
19
b
a 7
L 6
c5
s43
I
2
4 . , 1
1
i.,,,.
!
o* m
120 340 360 460 R.C.(X)
0 10 20304060 607060900ftOm,l20 R&(%I
C
?
F16.2 : Distribdoam of the RE. of 24 cultirars
of ~8BmdttîO Smbrttcraa+o Cultirotcd at Ilkwo
1 A 1 R.E. baxd on shoot dry wcight
1 B : R.E. based on root dry wcight
1 C : R.E. based on nodule dry weight
10 : R.E. based on shoot nitrogen content
t, root and nodule dry weights and shoot nitrogen content of 24 CU ltivars of Voandzeia subterranea CU
at Bambey in -N and +N blceks.
-N block
i-N biock
Shoot dry
Root dry
Nodule dry
Shoot nitnogen
Shoot dry
Root dry
Nodule dry
Jltivars
Weight (g)
weight cg>
weightcmg)
content (N B)
weight (g) weight cg>
weight (mg)
-
-
-
-
3 - l
- .A.
49,lQ ah
î.88 cd
3û b
î.58 hi
88.50 b
2.53 de
120 abc
.’ >
i , il‘j 2 a.3 e
3-î
55.50 ab
2.16 cd
50 b
1.55 hi
114.25 ab
2.77 de
100 abc
2 . ?y LC 2.
3-126
62.25 ab
1.67 d
50 b
1.62 gh
105.75 ab
2.53 de
80 abc
1 . 9 2 f$,
3-127
43.25 abc
1.94 cd
70 b
1.86 de
135.00 ab
2.85 de
150 abc
2.07
cd
3-126
55.75 ab
2.19 cd
40 b
1.62 gh
108.25 ab
3.18 cd
160 ab
1.97 ef
!-13c
62.50 ab
1.95 cd
60 b
1.70 e
104.00 ab
2.42 de
170 a
2.03 de
3-13i
56.50 ab
2.62 bc
140 a
1.79 e
92.75 b
2.56 de
160 ab
1.88 ghi
id Cameroun
37.25 bc
1.39 d
40 b
1.84 de
îo3'.79 ab
2.23 e
100 abc
-l 95
-,_._ f,_
irakawa 1
52.75 ab
2.02 cd
20 b
1.59 hi
120.00 ab
3.00 de
4"" c
l*gE ;y,
irakawa 2
49.00 ab
2.28 cd
40 b
1.90 d
84.25 b
3,02 de
110 abc
1.86 '7:
irakawa 3
44.25 abc
1.97 cd
40 b
1.92 d
124.75 ab
3.25 cd
130 abc
2.31 a
irakawa 10
11.75 c
1.20 d
30 b
2.24 b
88.00 b
2.58 de
60 bc
2.06 cd
iitchao 3
48.00 ab
2.01 cd
30 b
2.13 c
77.50 h
3.27 e
50 bc
2.'>2 2,
iandjelo 1
64.25 ab
2.64 bc
30 b
0.80 1
99.25 ab
2.96 de
60 bc
2.04
de
!tao 2
63.75 ab
2.54 bc
70 b
1.21 k
150.50 a
3.67 bc
70 abc
î.92 fg‘r.
,LdO 5
66.25 ab
3.28 ab
30 b
1.32 j
87.25 b
3.44 bc
50 hc
3 C>C
L,VY -,<
t;c nJ
58.25 ab
2.30 cd
30 b
1.55 hi
119.25 ab
3.93 bc
60 bc
2.34 a
heride i
68.25 ab
2.82 bc
4G b
A.53 1i
-
117.75 af? 4,2û abc
50 bc
î.93 fg
ssa 1
44.50 abc
2.68 bc
80 ab
1.69 fg
122.50 ab
3.65 bc
90 abc
1.83 i.
ssa 3
78.50 a
3.70 a
30 b
2.31 b
134.25 ab
5.15 a
80 abc
2.31 a
ssa 4
43.50 abc
1.94 cd
80 ab
1.92 d
101.00 ab
3.18 cd
70 abc
2.12 c
61.50 ab
3.27 ab
70 b
1.63 fgh
90.00 b
4.49 ab
90 abc
2.32 a
OGl
56.50 ab
2.24 cd
.loi3 abF
1.86 de
88.00 b
2.72 de
140 abc
2.20 b'
cs,i 2
42.00 abc
1.90 cd
30-b.
2.82 a
84.50 b
2.39 de
12G abc
1.93 fg
-- ----_-
alues followed by the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at the O.GS level by Dl!NCZ{$.T's m~ultiple r,ir-iLze test.
)ie L. Shoot, root and nodule dry weights and shoot nitrogen content of 24 cultivars of Voandzeia subterranea cuitivated at
Nioro in -N and +N blocks.
-N block
+ N block
Shoot dry
Root dry
Nodule dry
Shoot nitrogen
Shoot dry Root dry
Nodule dry
.t ivars
weight (g)
weight (g>
weight (mg)
content (N %)
weight (g) weight (g)
weight (mg)
,i
28.50 SC
5.50 a
70 b
2.69 ef
33.50 c
5.00 tic-3
100 bcd
2 c 0 9 t
,l
30.40 bc
4.80 abc
70 b
3.21 a
36.40 c
4.80.bcd
70 bcd
2.85 ,Y
,126
33.60 bc
3.80 abc
80 b
2.86 d
39.40 bc
5.80 abcd
90 bcd
2.99 t-
,127
LE.20 bc
4.30 abc
140 b
3.18 a
33.30 c
5.70 abcà
100 bcd
I*ii+ a
,129
39.00 abc
5.50 a
350 b
2.61 gh
56.50 ab
6.80 ab
80 bcd
7 Pl
L.VI c
.13c
22.80 c
3.00 c
250 b
3.10 b
52.20 abc
5.30 abcd
250 a
3.02 b
,131
30.20 bc
3.30 bc
320 b
3.01 c
44.80 bc
5.30 abcd
90 bcd
2.77 26
;
Cameroun
26.60 bc
3.00 c
130 b
3.10 b
34.00 c
3.50 d
40 cd
2.71 de
,akawa 1
31.10 bc
4.30 abc
70 b
2.62 gh
-
67.70 a
5.80 abcd
30 d
2.32 h
'akawa 2
44.80 ab
5.30 bc
90 b
2.58 ghi
57.90 ab
6.50 abc
20 d
2.54 gh
'akawa 3
29.90 bc
4.30 abc
60 b
2.60 gh
49.50 bc
5.80 abcd
30 ci
2.46 hij
sakawa ic:
24.60 c
3.00 c
80 b
2.84 d
50.00 bc
4.80 bcd
8'0 bcd
2.84 c
tc&.:> 2i
41.00 ab
4.80 abc
50 b
2.57 hij
58.20 ab
6.00 abc
30 d
2eii7 hij
ndjelo i
40.50 abc
4.50 abc
90 b
2.52 ijk
61.80 a
6.~0 abc
50 cd
2 q 7 i : -
- ‘ i Vs
ao ;
31.70 bc
4.00 abc
70 b
2.36 b
64.20 a
5.80 abcd
30 d
2.ii7 ti-;
-, :
dC .,
32.9' br
II ?fÎ
.*- abc
8G b
2.58 ghi
5?,3G ab
G
J. C;c-
VL‘
ahcd
-ii^ hPrl
Ubil
z.&Li i,
a0 5
40.70 abc
5.5G a
120 b
2.54 hij
45.80 bc
5.50 abcd
30 d
?.79 /-
!ST ICI\\ 1
43.90 ab
5.8G a
220 b
2.72 e
59.70 a
'7 F.0 a
< ,"'d
11-1^ bcd
2.52
-‘k :
&“A
.sa 1
41.00 ah
5.50 a
190 h
3.56 hij
53.4G ahc
6.c,O
abc
9Q -cd
2.22 p
*Sd 2
38.60 abc
5.3û ab
170 b
2.71 ef
67.86 a
7.5~; a
150 abc
2.64 ef
;Sa -
33.2^v bc
J*OC -L-
CllJL
ôû b
2.51 jk
38.3û bc
4, 3 c cc
',r.
+v Cÿ
2.13 m
41.30 ab
5.30 ab
90 b
2.47 k
72.80 a
6.50 abc
2^ d
2 3Li
.- 1
42.00 ab
4.50 abc
230 b
2.65 fg
42.60 bc
5.50 abcd
180 ab
2.53 fg
Fz2.60 a
4.30 abc
370 a
2.57 hij
50.30 bc
6.00 abc
90 bcà
Z.5Ï fE
ues followed by the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level by DUNCAN's multiple range test.
‘able 5. Relative Effectiveness (%) of 24 cultivars of Voandzeia subterranea cultivated at Bambey and Nioro experimental
stations. RE is based on shoot, root and nodule dry weights and nitrogen content.
---. - .-.- --
Bambey
Nioro
Shoot dry
Root dry
Nodule dry
Nitrogen
Shoot dry
Root dry
Nodule dry
Nitroger;
ultivars
--_II_
weight
weight
weight
content -
weight
weight
-
-
weight
content
- - - -
'7-I.L
5 5
80
33
78
85
110
7G
3-1
49
78
50
69
84
100
îGC
3-126
59
66
62
84
86
6s
88
3-127
32
68
46
90
79
75
14,s
1, - 1 1 c;.;
49
69
25
82
69
8G
437
3--13C!
50
8C
35
84
44
57
i.Cl
Y-131
61
102
87
95
62
6^
.L
422
ud Cameroun
36
62
40
94
78
8 5.
325
arakasra i
44
67
50
85
46
74
233
arakawa 2
58
75
36
SO2
?7
81
45G
arakawa 3
35
61
30
83
60
74
2OG
arakawa i0
13
46
50
108
49
62
100
iiitchac 3
62
88
60
- ,
96
7s:
80
irt,
iiandj elo 1
65
89
50
39
65
75
180
etac 2
42
69
100
63
49
69
233
etac 3
76
95
60
64
57
78
72
Qfzar.
- _uv g
49
58
50
66
88
100
400
lheride 1
58
67
90
79
73
77
157
assa i
36
73
88
92
77
92
2îl
=lssa 3
58
?2
27
:ûc
57
Lî
iî3
àssà 4
43
61
1;;
90
87
112
200
2
68
73
77
70
57
81
450
5001
64
82
71
84
98
82
127
5002
50
79
25
146
104
72
411
---
?ig.
j .dnd 11 s h o w t h e i r e f f e c t i v c n e s s c:ompared if; te1m1? :~f shoot dry w e i g h t ;
,.III(~ t-ii r,rl>gen conterIL
(,f’ Macroptiiium ~~~I~o~)u~JJ~I~~~~JII. ‘ho ::L~‘ai~ls ( MAC 11 3 7 Mn0
_
_
1 1 ii ) il a<.! we 11 sti.mulated dry mattor production oi’ test plants used while
there was no difference between thc strains in shoot nitrogen content,.
MAO 113, MAO 118 and three Niftal Rhizobium strains (TAI, 221,
TAI. lf;Y and TAI, 569) were selecteci for a study of hos t bambara groundnut
cul tivars - Rhizobium strains interactions. Niftal strains served as stan-
dards for comparison against
the native Rhizobium strains. This experiment
is still. in progress and the results are not yet available.
4 . 3 .
- -
Fiel’d inoculation tria1 (GUEYE , M. )
Response of bambara groundnut to inoculation with selected
Rhizobium strai.ns is shown in Table 6 . In most tropical soils, very effec-
t i v e and/or competitive s t r a i n s may b e t h e m a j o r constituents o f t h e n a t i -
ve rhizobial population. In Dior soi1 used for our triai, the native
rhizobial population is lacking and the introduction of other strains
had resulted in increase of nitrogen fixation. However, Rhizobium strains
used as inocula varied markedly in ability to promote plant growth, in shoot
nitrogen content and in nodule development.Appreciable responses to ino-
culation were obtained in shoot
dry weight wfth strain Bam 618 (increase
of 144 %), in nodule dry weight with strains Mungo, Bam 618 and MAO. 26
i increase of 95%,
100X, 73% respectively) and in nitrogen content with
strains Bam 618, TAL 1380, MAO 11 and MAO 26 (increase of 27%, 39%, 24%,
17% respectively!. Increase in total shoot nitrogen was obtained with
strains Bam 618 (t 209%) and MAO 11 (+135%).
rr.
From these results, it is apparent that bambara groundnut , cv.
V2 requires an inoculation with suitable Rhizobium strain for adequate
nodulation and nitrogen fixation in Dior soi1 used. However, it is very
important to know exactly the amount of nitrogen fixed by bambara groundnut.
Pot experiment is being carried out for assessing the nitrogen fixed by
bambara groundnut cv. 79-l using 15, methods. Results of this experiment
are not yet available.
4.4. - Survey of diseases on bambara groundnut (GAIKWAD, D.G.)
No serious disease was noticed on bambara groundnut except one
at Bambey experimental station. The microscopic observations of the isola-
tes obtained from the diseased plants revealed the presence of Alternaria sp.
However, in the pathogenicity test, a11 t h e isolates failed to p r o d u c e t h e
disease symptoms. But during the course of time, the symptoms were developed
on bath the varieties including the uninoculated plants. This indicates that
1
*
*
dry woight (mg
!Mot
A
-
-
4
?
L
’
L
-
L
’
MAO113
MA0114
MA0119
MAOllS
MAO116
MAO 117
MAOl2.C’
MAO122
4MAOlU
MA0U4
MAOla
Mm26
11
12
CONTROL
4
I4
1~
f6
17
I)
b
Il0
Ill
Il2
113MAOM
114
Im
1%
Il7
Il6
fis
120
121
I&MOl21
b
X2
‘25
I26
129
I)o
131
5. Sl&<ot and nodule dry weights, shoot nitrogen content and total. shoot nitrogen of Voandzeia subterranea
(cv. *d2:
cultivated at Bambey in field and inoculated with Rhizobium s-trains Mungo, Bam 618, TAI, 1380, AH 169, MAO l!. and M.3.:: .:k.
-----------_II
Shcot dry weight
Nodule dry weight
Shoot nitrogen
??Ota1 skoot
r1 i :r,>g-n
eatment s
(g/iO plants)
(mg/10 plants)
content (N %)
cg/10 plants)
- -
ülated
10.?5 d
55.00 bc
1.81 g
1..95 e
ulated +
PJ (urea)/ha
13.25 cd
40.00 c
1.88 f
2 5n
."" An
UL
15.50 bcd
107.50 a
1.92 e
2.98 cde
8
26.25 a
110.00 a
2.30 b
5,03 a
a0
15.75 bcd
30.00 c
2.51 a
3.94 bc
20.00 b
77.50 ab
1.87 f
3.7L bcd
20.50 ab
30.00 c
2.24 c
4.58 b
18.50 bc
95.00 a
2.12 d
3.90 bc
Ja’ Iloc
AUVJ are
averages
of 10 plants.
Jalues followed by the same letter in each column do not differ-significantly at the 0,05 level by DUNCAN's
muitiple range test,
ihe A
l
temaria 1 ungud
^- -..~.-
i s net the cause o f ’ t h e disease, b u t i t w a s develo-
ped syprophyti vii; ly
on the deacl tissues.
It was suspecteci that the death of bambara groundnut plants at
E3ambey i s associated with high pH of irrigation water which is later con-
f’irmed b:y a n o t h e r experi.ment.
The results are presented under 4.5.
4.5. - Response of bambara groundnut to diff’erent pH levels (GIJEYEI,M. )
At pH 6.00 plant leaves were present and sone Seaves were yellow.
At pH ‘7.20 and 7.50 the plants grew better, a11 leaves were still green
and did not wither. At pH 8.20 a11 leaves withered, the plants were very small
and were dying. Fig. 5 shows shoot and root dry weights of cv. 79-l at
d i f f e r e n t p H l e v e l s . Better dry matter production is at pH 7.15. These
results indicated that high pH levels stop the growth of bambara groundnut.
Probably the absorption of unknown nutrients is not possible at these
pH levels. POLLACE; (15173) reported nutrients deficiency symptoms in
bambara groundnut cultivated in water-culture or Sand-culture lacking
either nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur or iron. However, the
behaviour of plants varied with the cultivars (GUEYE, M.).
4.6. - Variety trials (CISSE, N. ).
Agronomie c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f e i g h t cultivars a n d t h e i r c o r r e l a t i o n s
with yield are shown in Tables 7 and 8. Variations were observed in respon-
ses of individual cuit ivars. Grain yields at Nioro we:ne generally higher
than at Bambey station. This is due to higher rainfall at Nioro (532.3 mm)
than at Bambey (379.6 mm). However, grain yield was more than 1 t at
both stations. At Bambey, the weight of 100 seeds only was significantly
correlated with the yi.eld while at Nioro number and weight of the pods and
seeds were correlated with the yield. In conclusion, (cv. 79-l was the best
one with 141946 kg/ha at Bambey and 1278.40 kg/ha at Nioro station. However,
a s e c o n d year t e s t i s n e e d e d a t t h e same s t a t i o n s and/or o t h e r s i t e s . A f t e r
that , one o r t w o culti.vars Will b e p r o p o s e d f o r v u l g a r i s a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e ,
it is necessary to initiate or to continue the study ‘on population density
or fertilization of bambara groundnut. Number and wei,ght of the pods and seeds
and the weight of 100 seeds seemed determinant for yield evaluation . This
would be important for a variety improvement program.
4-J
r-Olt--PO~r- u7mmLnomu)
. . . . . .
1
.
7-i
*
CI <,
. . .
r-0
07
C\\I
.
r! .
Table 3 : Agronomie characteristics of eight cultivars of bambara groundnut at Nioro expérimental station.
Number per plant
Weight cg> per plant
Weight Cg) ûf
G-air. yieîl
Cultivars
Leaves
Pods
Seeds
Leaves
Stern
Pods
Seeds
100 seeds
(kg/ha)
~._
-
-
-
~-
78-l
68.50 a
9.75 a
15.50 a
17.50 a
11.38 a
2.09 a
8.34 abc
6.19 abc
54.00 d
'/Y-l
64.25 a
14.00 a
21.50 a
22.75 a
13.03 a
1.99 a
11.08 ab
8.76 ab
60.09 bc
83 -126
64.50 a
10.25 a
11.75 a
13.75 a
11.39 a
1.67 a
7.43 abc
5.74 bc
63.98 ab
83-127
61.00 a
9.25 a
12.25 a
13.00 a
9.75 a
1.49 a
6.39 c
5.12 c
61.15 bc
83-129
59.75 a
9.75 a
17.00 a
21.75 a
10.82 a
1.76 a
11.64 a
9.39 a
69.23 a
v3-130
72.25 a
9.75 a
18.00 a
19.75 a
13.30 a
1.92 a
9.53 abc
7.76 abc
58.65 bcd
33-131
77.00 a
14.25 a
13.00 a
15.00 a
12.47 a
2.34 a
7.17 bc
5,35 c
54.00 b
Sud-
Cameroun
70.50 a
9.50 a
16.25 a
19.25 a
11.54 a
1.75 a
8.26 abc
6.73 abc
55.65 cd
-.-.-_-
Correlation
with grain
yield
o.o4ns
0.03ns
0.38'
0.41S
0.07ns
0.15ns
o.50s
0.52'
0.24ns
s : significant
ns : non significant
Values followed by the same letter in each column do not differ significantly at the 0,05 level by DUNCAN's multiple range test.
-7-
IiE1'ERENCES
--------_- ____ --.---
- Duncan, D.B. 1985 .Elult iple range and mult iple F tests, Biometrics.
11, l-42.
- Gueye, M. 1985 .Improving the yield and biological nitrogen fixation
of bambara groundnut. - Annual progress report to National Academy of Sciences1
(Washington).
- Olsen, S.R., Cale, L.V., Watanabe, F.S. and Dean, L.A. 1954. Estima-
tion of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium
bicarbonate.
Cire. U.S. Dep. Agric. 939.
t
- Pollack, S.B. 1973. The bambara groundnut : its morphology, culture
and nutritional deficiency symptoms.
M.S. Thesis, University of
Florida,
Gainsville, USA.
-. ii -
AI)I'ENDIX 1 : Equipments receivtxl under the grant, .
---_-~
Equipment
1986
Incubator
Autostill
pH meter
Shaker (1)
Centrifuge
Freezer
Refrigerator
Kjeldhal digester (2)
1
Glassware
many
many
)
(1) : The first shaker NAS sent is with l3ambey National Center of Agronomie
Research (CNRA) for returning it to Thomas Scientific : att.
M. Mitchel MONTCHINSKI.
(2) : Al1 equipment for kjeldahl nitrogen analysis are net yet received.
Kjeldahl distilling unit is still awaited.
- 9 -’
APPENDIX ;! : Training and consultants'visits.
1 *
Programme teaching is not included in the grant. Eut a consultant
visit was held during the second year of the project. Consultant was
BORDELEAU,
L.M. from Canada Agriculture . He has made some suggestions
as indicated by Dr. SOMASEGARAN from Niftal project in Hawaii.
2 *
NAS audit mission supervised by Ms. Joyce FREELAND inspected our pra-
ject during 1986. MS FREELAND had to give her conclusions to NAS.
- 10 -
APPENDIX 3 : Grant staff
-
The following staff devoted the percentage of work time indicated
below to research under the grant.
Ndiaga CISSE, plant breeder 30 percent each year
I
D.G. GAIKWADi* phytopathologist 30 percent each year
Mamadou GUEYEI, microbiologist 80 percent each year
Oumar TOURE, technician 100 percent each year.
* : D.G. GAIKWAD replaced Demba F. MBAYE because GAIKWAD , D.G. works for
legume pathology and MBAYE, D.F. works for cereal pathology according to
ISRA staff.