REVUE TECHNIQUE SYNTHETIQUE
DES RESULTATS DE RECHERCHE SOLWPLANTES
OBTENUS DANS LE CADRE DES SUBVENTIONS NRBAR
DRAFT de Charles Yamoah: juin, 1998
INTRODUCTION
En 1993, deux programmes de subventions mis en concurrence ont &é créés afin de recevoir les
propositions concernant tous les aspects de la gestion des ressources nationales en matière de
production agricole. Les participants potentiels ont été encouragés à soumettre des projets
pluridisciplinaires. L’un de ces programmes ciblait les chercheurs de I%RA, essentiellement pour la
définition de nouvelles technologies, alors que le second requérait l’implication de partenaires censés
travailler en collaboration entre eux avec pour objectif premier la validation des technologies.
Une commission d’évaluation technique, mise sur pied par le DS de I’ISRA, a évalué les projets de
subvention et choisi ceux jugés hautement prioritaires et qui offraient apparemment les meilleures
chances de succès.
Les thèmes des recherches testées et validées ont été, dans les grandes lignes, classés comme il suit :
1. Gestion des sols (fumier animal, compost, engrais minéraux, conservation des sols).
2. Production agricole et amélioration des cultures (variétés améliorées et techniques culturales).
3. Agroforesterie pour une exploitation durable des terres (brise-vent, haies vives, cultures en
couloirs, réhabilitation des terres dégradées).
4. Elevage.
Les résultats des 20 projets finalisés sont basés sur des études approfondies et forment la base de
l.analyse ci-après (codes des projets de subvention : S/VOlà SNOS, SNOl 1, S/VO12, SN014,
SNOl5, SNO 17, ROl à R06 et R13). L’annexe récapitule toutes les subventions accordées.
1. TECHNIQUES DE GESTION DES SOLS
Les sols du Sénégal sont, dans l’ensemble, classés en arénosols et régosols sableux et sont hautement
exposés aux formations latéritiques compte tenu de l’absence de couvert végétal. En outre, les sols
sont de nature très variée et ont une faible teneur en matière organique (2%). La conservation des
matières organiques du sol est la condition indispensable pour assurer la durabilité des rendements
agricoles sur les sols sablonneux de la région agroécologique semi-aride de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Au
Sénégal, un second facteur lié aux sols est celui de leur faible teneur en phosphates associé à l’acidité
des sols, ce qui provoque une importante baisse des rendements.
L’apport de résidus organiques comme le fumier, le compost et les résidus de culture peut réhabiliter
les sols dégradés en améliorant leur structure (amélioration de la zone racine et de la capacité de
rétention d’eau) et en stimulant la valeur biologique des sols. Au Sénégal, le chaulage des terres n’est
pas une option réaliste, par conséquent l’alternative la meilleure est celle qui consiste à utiliser les
résidus organiques susceptibles de permettre une augmentation du pH. Le problème de la faible
teneur des sols en phosphate peut être réglé par l’utilisation d’engrais commerciaux qui - bien
qu’étant fabriqués au Sénégal - restent hors de portée des moyens financiers des paysans s’ils ne sont
pas subventionnés. Le phosphate naturel est une solution de rechange possible, il est meilleur marché
mais handicapé par sa faible solubilité. Une solution peut toutefois être trouvée à ce problème de
REVUFTECHNIQUESYNTHETlQUEIYAMOAH
1

---

solubilité en associant le phosphate naturel aux résidus du compostage pendant la période
d’incubation du compost.
Pour remédier aux difficultés susmentionnées concernant les sols, les agriculteurs, travaillant en
collaboration avec les chercheurs et les vulgarisateurs, ont identifié des technologies ne nécessitant
qu’un faible apport de facteurs de production-et qui sont susceptibles d’être validées et utilisées dans
leur propre environnement.
S
Dans l’ensemble, 26 techniques de gestion des sols ont été identifiées, 12 d’entre elles ayant été
validées et décrites en détail. Les principaux domaines ayant fait l’objet d’une validation sont les
suivants : 1) fumier amélioré (litière animale + phosphate naturel) ; 2) compost amélioré (50% de
résidus végétaux + 50% de litière animale ou de résidus végétaux + engrais minéraux, NPK) et 3)
utilisation des résidus du fumage des poissons comme une autre sorte de fumier. Les 3 techniques
susvisées appliquées à 2-4 t/ha ont permis une augmentation substantielle des rendements de mil,
d’arachide, de mais, de sorgho et de niébé.
Les nombreuses études réalisées ont permis de montrer que le fumier ou le compost associés à un
taux raisonnable de NPK ont donné les rendements les plus importants (souvent les phosphates seuls
ont suffi). Les conclusions de l’étude révèlent que le fumier amélioré (2 t/ha de fumier + compost) a
entraîné, pour le mil et l’arachide, des rendements supérieurs à ceux produits par les techniques
traditionnelles. Pour illustrer ce fait, la Figure 1 donne les moyennes obtenues sur sept sites. Elle
montre également que les rendements marginaux sont plus élevés en cas d’application de compost et
dz phosphate. Il semble que cela n’est pas uniquement dû à la teneur des résidus organiques en
éléments?nutritifs, en effet l’augmentation des taux de comparaison avec les taux élevés de NPK non
organique a toujours un effet sur les rendements du fait de la présence d’amendements organiques.
Cela laisse à penser que ces amendements organiques ont un effet autre que celui qui consiste tout
juste à fournir des éléments nutritifs. II est probable que les résidus améliorent la structure du sol, ce
qui peut permettre une meilleure rétention de l’eau et une croissance plus satisfaisante des racines.
Une autre importante découverte est le fait que le compost semble toujours donner de plus grands
rendements que le fumier sans compost (Figure 2) Ce constat est important d’un point de vue
agronomique mais il reste à déterminer si les agriculteurs sont disposés recourir au compostage sir
une grande échelle. Il convient, pour établir la supériorité du compost sur le fumier, d’initier des
études supplémentaires dans le but de comparer le fumier et le compost en tenant compte des taux de
traitement au NPK afin de neutraliser la présence des éléments nutritifs.
Le fumier, le compost et les résidus de poisson sont produits en quantités limitées au plan local et,
par conséquent, ils ne font pas encore l’objet d’une application sur une grande échelle. Il semble que
l’on ne dispose pas encore d’informations fiables sur les quantités de fumier produites. Les quelques
études réalisées reposent sur des enquêtes par sondage avec de rares évaluations des quantités
produites.
Des techniques de conservation des sols comme les billons en courbe, les fossés, les murs de pierre et
les arbres plantés sur les pentes ont également été imaginées. La faible teneur du sol en pH (PH<~)
constatée dans certaines rizières peut être due à l’importante saturation en aluminium du complexe
d’échange et aux oxydes de fer. Des problèmes similaires ont été corrigés au Cameroun et au
Rwanda par l’apport d’engrais de qualité supérieure (ex. : biomasse Lezrcaenn, fumier animal, niébé
et résidus d’arachide) en sus de la chaux locale à < 2 t/ha.
Les conclusions tirées de ces études sont les suivantes :
REVUE TECHNIQUE S’r’NTHETIQLWYPOAH
2

---

1. Aucune technologie ne peut, à elle seule, restaurer ou protéger la fertilité des sols et maintenir les
rendements à des niveaux raisonnables dans les conditions vécues par les paysans.
2. Les rendements les plus élevés du mil et de l’arachide sont obtenus grâce à une combinaison de
résidus organiques à 2-4 t/ha et l’apport de 30 kg de P205/ha (Figure 3).
3. Le compost est plus efficace que les engrais en termes de rendement (Figure 1).
4. Les dérivés du poisson sont un bon amendement pour le sol et, appliqués à 2 tiha, ils ont
contribué à maintenir les rendements de mil à 2.500 kg/ha.
Technologies spécifïques de Gestion des Sois : Traitements et Résultats
1.1) Technologie : Fumier animal amélioré
1 I Traitement~
L-d.’ Traitements comparés : 1) parcelle témoin sans fumier, 2) 2 t/ha de fumier par an et
pendant deux années, 2 t/ha de fumier + phosphate naturel local (équivalent de 30 kg P2CWha) ou
de fumier amélioré chaque année pendant deux ans, techniques traditionnelles avec < 2 t/ha de fumier
et 2 t/ha de fumier une fois tous les deux ans. Les cultures expérimentales touchaient les arachides
(variétés 55-432, Fleur 11 et GC 8- 1.5) et le mil ( variétés LBMV 8204 et Souna 3).
Iiéslrltclt.~ : Deux t/ha de fumier + phosphate naturel (fumier amélioré) ont donné les meilleurs
rendements d’arachide (1.073 kdha) et de mil (1.033 kg/ha) de 1991 à 1995. Les rendements des
parcelles témoins étaient de 299 kg/ha, pour l’arachide, et de 243 kg/ha, pour le mil.
1.2 7k-Gtenwrts : Comparaison du compost amélioré (résidus de culture + fumier animal à parts
égales) avec le fumier ordinaire. 1) Parcelle témoin sans compost amélioré, 2) deux t/ha de fumier
par année pendant deux ans, 3) 4 t/ha de compost amélioré par année pendant deux ans, 4) 2 t/ha de
fumier ordinaire par année pendant deux ans, 5) 4 t/ha de fumier par année pendant deux ans.
Résd~crts : Deux t/ha de compost amélioré ont donné les plus hauts rendements de graines d’arachide
(794 kg/ha) par rapport aux 345 kg/ha de la parcelle témoin. Les rendements du mil étaient de 917
kg/ha pour le compost amélioré et de 305 kg/ha pour les parcelles témoins sans compost amélioré.
1.3 Traitements : L’objectif était de comparer les rendements du mil exploité tout seul (variété
IBhlV 8402) à ceux du niébé exploité seul (variété fourragère et variété de graines Ndiambour) et à
ceux de l’association mil/niébé avec 3 traitements au compost.
Rthrltnts : Les tests effectués sur différents sites ont montré que l’association mil/niébé ne doit pas
être préconisée. Les pertes de rendement imputables à cette association sont les suivants : 17% pour
Serigne Mbacké Fall, 45% pour Barra Fall, 57% pour Modou Ngom, 73% pour Modou Fall, 23%
pour Diaga Basse, 56% pour Cheikhna Thiam, 3% pour Aath Faye, 23% pour Jacques Youm, 49%
pour Oustass Diaw Faye et 54% pour Gabriel Sène. Toutefois, pour Ngor Djilène Faye, les cultures
associées ont donné des rendements supérieurs de 12% aux rendements obtenus par une culture
unique. Cependant, les coeff’cients d’équivalent en surface (CES > 1) indiquent que la terre a été
mieux utilisée dans les situations d’association.
Les conclusions de l’étude précisent que :
1) Le fumier amélioré (fumier à 2 t/ha + 30 kg P205/ha de phosphate naturel) et le compost
amélioré (compost enrichi par apport de firmier) ont augmenté les rendements de mil et d’arachide
par rapport aux rendetnents liés au techniques traditionnelles.
RE\\VE TECHNIQUE S’I’NTHETIQLiF;YA!dOAH
3

---

2) Le mil et le niébé cultivés séparément ont donné de meilleurs rendements que lorsqu’ils sont
associés. Cependant, l’utilisation des terres est plus efficace en situation d’association (Subvention
code S’VOZ).
1.2) Technologie : Compost amélioré
2.1 Traiteme?& : Six traitements ont été comparés sur sept sites : 1) parcelle témoin (pas de
compost ou d’engrais), 2) techniques traditionnelles, 3) 2 t/ha de compost consistant en résidus de
cultures, 4) 2 t/ha de compost + taux d’engrais recommandé (150 kg/ha 10-2 1-21 NPK basique +
100 kg/ha d’urée appliquée en surface), 5) 2 t/ha de compost + phosphate naturel (équivalent à 60
kg P205/ha) et 6) taux d’engrais recommandé (150 kg/ha 10-2 1-2 1 NPK basique + 100 kg/ha
d’urée appliquée en surface).
Cinq groupements féminins ont également testé le compost amélioré pour la production maraîchère
Részrltats : Le rendement le plus élevé pour le mil (variété Souna 3) était de 1.204 kg/ha avec
l’application de 2 t/ha de compost -+ le taux d’engrais recommandé (traitement 4). En outre, le
bénéfice net était plus important dans les exploitations sur lesquelles on avait appliqué 2 t/ha de
compost + du phosphate naturel (37.000 francs CFA). Les exploitations n’ayant reçu que du
compost ont eu des bénéfices nets de 3 1.000 francs CFA. Dans l’ensemble, 3 16 paysans ont été
formés à la préparation du compost amélioré mais seuls 50% d’entre eux (soit 158 paysans) ont
utilisé cette technique au cours de la période des essais. Le profit économique net varie de 10 1.652 à
9.607 francs CFA par saison avec la production de choux, d’aubergines, de salade, d’oignons et de
tomates.
:
2.2 T~aiiemen& La seconde étude a permis de tester des variétés de mil au niveau de plusieurs sites.
Les variétés dt. mil IBV 8004, IBV 8001 et le Souna 3 ont été testés sur 119 champs avec ou sans
compost à 2 t/ha.
Résultats : Les variétés améliorées TBV 8004 et IBV 8001 ont donné de meilleurs rendements que
les variétés locales (entre 27 et 56% de mieux). L’application de 2 t/ha de compost a augmenté les
rendements des variétés améliorées de 40%. La variété Souna 3 a eu de meilleurs rendentents (de 40
à 64%) que la variété locale. Le compost a permis une amélioration des rendements de la variété
Souna 3 de 60%.
2.3 Traitements : Comparaison entre l’application de 2 t/ha de compost et les techniques agricoles
traditionnelles (< 2 t/ha de compost) en utilisant la variété de mil Souna 3 comme culture test dans
deux villages.
Részrltata : Les rendements de mil à 2 t/ha de compost (1.305 kg/ha) étaient de loin meilleurs à ceux
obtenus grâce aux techniques agricoles traditionnelles (981 kg/ha) à Ndiakane. Les rendements de
Diakael étaient meilleurs que ceux de Ndiakane mais l’application de 2 t/ha de compost donne
toujours de meilleurs résultats (1875 kg/ha) que les méthodes traditionnelles (1574 kg/ha).
Les études ont confimlé que les variétés améliorées de mil (IBV 8004, IBV 8001 et Souna 3) a\\‘ec
application de 2 t/ha de compost ont donné de meilleurs rendements que les techniques agricoles
traditionnelles sans compost ou avec moins de compost (Subvention code S/F’O2).
1.3) Technologie : Technique du compost en champ
RECZ’E TECHMQL7? SYNTHETlQllEiYAMOAH

---

3.1 Traitements : Comparaisons couplées des exploitations agricoles avec ou sans application de
compost à 2 t/ha. Le mil (variété Souna 3) a été testé sur 10 exploitations agricoles de huit villages.
Le compost était préparé dans des puits cimentés de 2m x 2m x 1,4m. Les matériaux utilisés pour
faire du compost comprenaient des résidus de mil, des herbes sèches et du fumier animal. On alterne
une couche de résidus d’environ 30 cm d’épaisseur avec une couche de fumier de 5 à 10 cm. Le
contenu est périodiquement retourné et arrosé.
Résultats : Les rendements de mil à 2 t/ha de compost étaient de 718 kg/ha alors que sans compost
les rendements obtenus ne sont que de 357 kg/ha, soit une considérable augmentation de 100%
environ. Les résidus du mil sont de 4.000 kg/ha avec compost et de 2.700 kg/ha sans compostage.
L’application des résidus de cultures dans les champs contribuent à maintenir les matières organiques
du sol, condition indispensable pour rendre les rendements obtenus durables. (Subvention Sr,YOS).
1.4) Technologie : Dérivé du poisson fumé utilisé comme engrais
4.1 Traitements : La première expérience a permis des comparaisons à quatre niveaux (parcelle
témoin, 2, 4, et 6 t/ha), rendements des résidus de poisson fumé appliqués au mil (Souna 3) et de
maïs (variété CP 75) et la seconde a comparé (0, 0,5, 1, 1,5 et 2 tia) l’effet des résidus de poisson
sur les rendements de l’arachide (variété 55-437).
Résultats : Les rendements les plus élevés sont les suivants : 2.500 kg/ha pour le mil à 6 t/ha de
fumier de poisson suivi de 2.400 kg/ha à 4 t/ha de fumier de poisson (pas de grande différence), 953
kg/ha pour l’arachide à 2 t/ha de fumier (pas de grande différence avec l’application de 1,5 t/ha de
fumier)
4.2 Traitements : Techniques d’application de fumier de poisson étudiées pour le mil (Souna 3) et le
maïs (CP 75). Les traitements étaient les suivants : 4 t/ha appliqués en surface ; 4 t/ha incorporés ; 4
t/ha en ligne ; engrais minéraux et parcelle de contrôle sans résidus ou engrais.
Résultats : Les plus importants rendements de mil étaient de 1.844 kg/ha (appliqués en surface)
suivis de 1.754 kg/ha (incorporés) à 4/t ha, ils n’étaient pas vraiment différents et cela quelle que soit
la méthode utilisée. De même, pour le maïs, les rendements de 2.650 kg/ha (en surface) et 2.533
kg/ha (incorporés) à 4 tha n’étaient pas réellement différents quelle que soit la technique
d’application d’engrais utilisée.
4.3 Traitements : La troisième étude a permis l’évaluation des résidus de poisson à 4 tiha et des
engrais recommandés par les chercheurs (150 kg/ha 8-l 8-27 NPK + 100 kg/ha d’urée) sur les
rendements de mil (Souna 3) d’arachide (55-437) de niébé (variétés Mouride, Diongoma).
Résultats : Quatre t/ha de fumier de poisson appliqués en surface ou incorporés ont donné les plus
hauts rendements de mil (1.500 kgiha), soit une augmentation de 85% par rapport aux engrais
minéraux, les rendements de l’arachide (900 kg/ha) étaient à peu près les mêmes que ceux obtenus
avec l’engrais minéral, les rendements de niebé (variété Mouride) ont augmenté de 34% alors que
ceux de la variété Diongoma ont progressé de 140% grâce aux engrais minéraux. (Subve~~tio~~ code
S'VOZZ et R/‘@i)
1.5) Technologie : Fumier d’étable par rapport à fumier de plein champ
5.1 Traitements : Comparaison des effets, sur le mil et le maïs produits localement, du fumier produit
en stabulation et de ceux du fumier recueilli sur les terrains de parcours ouverts. Les traitements
REVUE TECHNIQUE SYNTHETIQUE’YA??OAH
5

---

étaient les suivants : 1) fumier des parcours ouverts, 2) fumier d‘étable, 10 t/ha de fùmier d’étable
fournis par I’ISRA au niveau de deux Mages.
Résulhts : Au village de Sare Samboudiang, les rendements du maïs obtenus après application de
fumier produit par les trois méthodes identifiées étaient sensiblement les mêmes : 1.645 kg/ha de
fumier des parcours ouverts, 1.785 kg/ha de tirnier d’étable et 1.680 kg/ha de tirnier de I’ISRA. Sur
le site de Ndangane, les rendements de maïtiétaient relativement plus élevés : 2.110 kg/ha pour le
fumier des parcours ouverts et 2.276 kg/ha, pour le fumier d’étable et 2.253 pour le fumier de
I’ISRA. Les rendements du mil suivent le même schéma (Subvention RO$I.
2. AMELIORATION DES CULTURES
Une meilleure gestion de la fertilité des sols, la lutte contre les santériaux et les maladies, un bon
climat, et l’utilisation de variétés améliorées sont partout dans le monde des conditions
nécessaires pour accroître le niveau des récoltes. Les fermiers des pays développés maîtrisent
quelque peu ces éléments, mais en Afrique au Sud du Sahara sont vulnérables à cause du climat
plus rude et des ressources limitées dont ils disposent pour acheter des intrants. La production de
variétés améliorées peut être une technologie à coût raisonnable. Cependant, ces variétés doivent
non seulement permettre d’avoir des récoltes plus abondantes que celles obtenues avec des
variétés locales associées à ces intrants de hauts niveaux, mais il faut qu’elles puissent être
utilisées avec les pratiques culturelles en cours. Ce projet en outre, s’est pratiquement intéressé à
la question de savoir si les variétés améliorées peuvent
donner de bons résultés avec les
changements préconisée par l’agriculture biologique.
Les équipes de recherches de 1SRA;XRBAR a répondu à ces c besoins en développement des
VariétéFaméliorées. Les variétés IBV 8004, IBV 8001 et variétés IBV 8004, IBV 8001 et Souna
II pour le mil, les variétés 58-70, Ndiambour, et baye Ngagne pour le niébé, les variété DJ8-509,
DJ8-341, Tox 728-1, DJ 11-509, War 77-3-2, Warl et Rok 5 pour le riz, et les variétés 55-437,
fluer 11, GC 8-35 pour l’arachide (voir annexe 2). En l’absence de produits chimiques pour fertiliser
le sol et lutter contre les insectes invisibles, les variétés résistantes constituent l’option la plus
appropriée pour les petits exploitants.
Des études ont été menées sur des systèmes de récoltes basés sur le sorgho afin d’identifier les
causes de la faible productivité des c.hamps. Le sorgho (variété CE 145-66) a été évalué dans les
champs de 14 paysans pour examiner les facteurs suivants :
l*) La période des semailles, 2O) la densiti: des plantations, 3O) la durée de jachère,
4O) le climat, et 5O) la fertilité du sol. Les résultats ont démontré qu’une jachère de 4 à 5 ans
permettrait d’accroître la productivité de sorgho (1.200 kg à 2.100 kg/ha) plus qu’une jachère de 1 à
2 ans (320 - 900 kg/ha). Une bonne pluviométrie a une incidence positive sur les récoltes alors que
la productivité et la faible fertilité du sol réduisaient la productivité. Des facteurs tels que les
semailles entreprises assez tôt (avant la seconde semaine du mois de Juillet) et la densité faible ou
moyenne des plantes présentaient des avantages. L’utilisation de variétés améliorées de semailles
associée à une meilleure gestion des sols permettraient d’accroître les récoltes même avec les
pratiques culturales actuelles. Ceci est démontrée dans le résumé des subventions joint au présent
document (annexe 1 et 2).
Les principales conclusions des études d’obtenir sur la production des récoltes étaient :
l”) les variétés arnkliorées permettent d’obtenir un rendement plus élevé que les variétés locales;
2”) les gestion des champs avec l’utilisation du compost de l’engrais naturel, les semailles débutées
assez tôt, et la preparation adéquate des plantes permettent d’accroître les récoltes.
REVLiE TECHNIQUE Sk-XTHETIQC!E/t’AMOAH
6

---

Technologies spécifiques de l’amélioration des Cultures: Traitements et Résultats
2 1 Technologie : Gestion des cultures améliorées pour les céréales
2
Z-la Traitements : Comparaison de l’effet du compost te des engrais minéraux sur les récoltes de
maïs (variété DJES) et de mil (variété sorgho). Les traitements étaient : (1) contrôle sans compost ni
engrais, (2) 3t/h de compost, (3) 5 t/ha de compost, (4) 7t/h de compost, (5) 3 t/h de compost +
100 kg/ha d’urée, (6) 5 t/h de compost + 100 kg/ha d’urée, (7) 7 t/h de compost + 100 kg/ha d’urée,
(8) 3 t/h de compost + 150 kg/‘ha d’urée + 100 kg/ha d’urée, (9) 5 t/h de compost + 150 kg de NPK
+ 100 kg/ha d’urée, ( 10) 7 t/h de compost + 150 kg de NPK + 100 kg/ha d’urée et (11) 150 kg de
N P K + 110 kg d’urée. La formule pour le NPK était S-18-27.
Réstrltnts : La production de maïs variait de 1460 kglha (contrôle) à 3360 kg/ha avec 5 t/ha avec
utilisation de compost. + des engrais. Il n’y avait pas de différence significative entre la production
de maïs (2.100 kg/ha) avec 3 T/ha de compost, et celle de maïs (2.300 T/ha) avec 7 T/ha. L’on a
également pas observé de différence significative de productivité entre (3.400 kg/ha) avec
utilisation de 5 T/ha de compost + engrais, et l’utilisation de 5 T/ha de compost seulement (2.800
kg/ha). Par conséquent, l’utilisation de N supplémentaire était inutile avec 5 T/ha ou plus de
compost.
11 convient également de noter que les niveaux de productivité avec utilisation d’engrais (2.600
kg/ha) n’étaient pas différents des niveaux obtenus avec seulement 3 T/ha de compost (2.100 kg/ha).
En ce qui concerne le mil, il n’y avait pas de différence de productivité entre l’utilisation de 3 T/ha de
compost (1.700 kg’ha) et 7T/ha de compost (1.800 kg/ha). L’addition d’une couche de N n’a pas
permis d’accroître la production de mil lorsqu’on avait déjà 5 T/ha de compost. Les récoltes
n’étaient pas différentes lorsqu’on avait utilisé 3,5 ou 7 T/ha de compost de l’engrais. Cependant, les
récoltes étaient différentes lorsqu’on avait du compost et du compost + de l’urée d’une part, et du
compost 150 kg/ha NPK
100 kg/ha d’urée d’autre part. Il serait intéressant de comparer les
récoltes de mil obtenues avec utilisation du compost + 150 NPK sans urée avec une dose entière
(compost + 150 kg/ha NPK 100 kg/ha d’urée). Aucune différence significative n’a été observée
entre l’utilisation recommandée d’engrais minéraux (150 kg/ha NPK + 100 kg/ha) et celle de 3 T/ha
de compost.
J& Traitements :
Performance testée de la variété améliorée DJB comparée aux variétés de maïs Ioc.ales dans les
conditions des paysans.
Résultats : cinquante pour cent des champs ont produit moins de 0,5 en raison de la faible
pluviométrie et du manque de fertilité des sols. La production pour les variétés améliorées variait
entre 0,3 1 T/ha et 1,73 T/ha comparé à 0,14 et 015 T/ha pour les variétés améliorées et locales
étaient de 0,87 et 0,64 respectivement, ce qui représentent un accroissement de 35 % avec
l’utilisation de la variété améliorée.
2.1 Traitements : Evaluation des stratégies de gestion des herbes appliquées contre les striga
(striga hermontheca) dans ces champs de mil. Les techniques de traitement comprenaient :
pulvérisation avec 2,4 D, utilisation d’engrais - 100 kg/ha d’urée - après le second désherbage, et le
désherbage à la main. Les pratiques des paysans étaient utilisées comme référence.
Rthltats :
REb-L’E TECHNQL’E SYNTKETIQUVr’,LMOAH
1

---

La densité moyenne du striga était environ 39,7 plantes/m* avant les traitements, et 2,4 plantes/m*
pour la référence avant les traitements. A la saison des récoltes, (après la puf\\iérisation) la population
de striga avait diminuée, et jusqu’à avoisiner 6,5 plantes/m* pour les champs traités et 58,8
plantes/m2 pour la référence.
En général, 75 % des champs traités ont produit plus que les champs non traités (code de subvention
S/O14).
2.2 Technologie : systèmes et associations de cultures
2 2f-l Truirerrrer1b.s
-L-. - - - - - * Comparaison de mil amélioré (variété Souna 3) avec un =e variété locale avec
*
des niveaux de fertilisation par les arbres : référence (sans engrais ni fumier, 2 T/ha de fumier, et 2
T/ha fumier 100 kg de phosphate de roche.
REwli’nts
---....- . ..- : les récoltes étaient 884 kg/ha pour la variétC améliorée et 584 pour la variété locale. Le
fumier du plfosphate de roche, et les pratiques habituelles des paysans ont permis de produire 1.046
k&ha et 467 kg/ha respectivement ce qui représente une augmentation composante de 124%. La
production du champs de mil traité avec 2 T/ha de fumier seulement était 702 kg/ha et n’était pas
trop différent lorsqu’on avait utilisé du fumier du phosphate de roche.
&2h Tr&mertt~ : Comparaison du champs de mil exclusif avec association mil/melons. Le melon a
été semé une semaine avant la récolte du mil à un distance de 1,s m entre les rangées et 0,9 m dans
les rangées.
Ré.ssrr&ts : L’association a été bénefique comme en témoigne le ratio d’équilibre du sol de 1,56. Le
revenu-net de la culture du mil et des melons étaient de 83,500 et
89400 F CFA par saison
respectivement.
2.2~ Trniteme_fJ: : Evaluation de la perîormance des variétés de riz avec une toposéquence. Les
variétés et les intrants étaient : variété IRAT 10 (144-B-9) sur les bords, variété KONG PAO
(IKP) sur les versant; et variété roche 5 dans les vallées. Utilisation dans chaque champs de 200
kg/ha 8-l 8-27 à la semaine et 50 k@a d’urée 15 et 30 jours après la germination.
Résdtnfs
- - - - : La variété ROK 5 utilisée dans les terres basses a eu le plus rendement (448 kg’ha). Les
autres ont donné moins de 2.00 kg/ha. Toutes les variétés devraient être testées dans tous les
endroits pour permettre une bonne comparaison.
2.2d Truikmerrfs : Test d’adaptabilité de 10 variétés :
-
-
-
-
(1) Mouride, (2) (58-57) Bambey 21, (4) Melakh, (5) CB 5, (6) Moyenne, (7) Diongama, (8) Baye
Ngagne, (9) Ndiaga Aw, et (10) Ndiambour.
RéssuIints : Les variétés précisées ont été
-
-
-
recommandées parce qu’elles demandent moins de
pu!vérisation pour lutter contre les insectes nuisibles - les variétés moyennes, Diongama, Baye
Ngagne, Ndiaga A w , et Ndiambour ont un cycle plus long et sont par conséquent moins attra5;zrlt
pour les paysans. (Code de subvention S/ol 5).
2.3 Technologie : Systèmes de culture de riz améliorés
2.3~~ Traite.w
mm.
. . era
..-.-.. IF : Les tests suivants ont été réalisés : (1) comparaison de variété de riz arnéliort: .X
DJ 8-341 , DJ-509 et observation de la variété 144-B-19 pendant 6 ans, (2) production de la variité

---

DJ 8-341 et de la variété observée avec utilisation de 0,50 100 et 150 g/ha de N, et (3)
comparaison des variétés améliorées avec la variété de référence cultivée dans les milieux de terres
hautes , et de champs imprégnés d’eau (hydromorphiques).
Résultats : Le classement des variétés du plus grand au plus petit rendement était :
DJ 1 l-509
(28.63 kg/ha),!la différence de rendement n’était pas significative.
En ce qui concerne l’utilisation des engrais, les productions moyennes, avec différents taux de N,
étaient de 3,820 kg/ha pour la variété DJ 8-341 et de 27 14 kg/ha pour la variété
144 Bla de
référence. La différence de rendements n’étaient pas signiticative.
Les rendements dans des milieux hydromorphes étaient constamment meilleurs que ceux des terres
hautes : 2.671 kg/ha pour le DJ 8341 et 2.457 kg/ha pour la variété de référence en terres hautes.
Les niveaux de production des cultures dans des zones humides étaient 4.394 kg/ha en zone
imprégnée.
2.3b Traitements : Détermination de la période de Tox 728-1, DJ 1 l-509 et DJ 12-519. Les dates
de semailles suivantes ont été comparées : 1 Jan.., 15 Jan., 30 Jan., 15 Février, 7 Juillet, 22 Juillet et
8 Août.
Résultats : Le 7 Juillet semble être la période la plus favorable pour semer le Tox 728-l et le DJ
12-5 19; le DJ 1 l-509 peut être semé n’importe quand excepté en Août.
2.3~ Traitements : Evaluation des variétés de riz, War 1, Var 77-3-2-2 et ROK 5 dans trois villages,
notamment Oulampane, Badiana et Mlomp avec utilisation de 0 %, 50 % et 100 % des engrais
recommandés (200 kg/ha NPK 8-18-27 à la semaille et 150 kg/ha d’urée entre 20 et 40 jours après
la germination).
Résultats : Les niveaux de rendement ont été plus élevés à Badiana que dans les autres zones. Avec
l’utilisation de 50 % ou 100 % des engrais recommandés, les trois variétés ont produits plus de
4.600 kg/ha . Les variétés qui avaient les taux de production les plus élevés le War 1 et le War 77-3-
22 (> 5.000 kg/ha).
2.3d Traitements : Tests de performance des variétés du riz War 1, Var 77-3-2, War 8 1-2-1-3 et
Rock 5 avec ou sans fùmier et sur des sols avec des différents niveaux de pH (pH 1.38 à pH 7,77).
Résdtats : Toutes les variétés ont été prometteurs à Birkama (PH 3,7) , Badobar (pH 3,7) et
Nguindii (PH 5) avec des niveaux de rendement qui dépassent généralement 4.00 kg/ha sans
utilisation d’engrais. Ces résultats devraient être vérifiés de nouveau en raison du faible pH relevé
(code de subvention !Y0 17).
2.4 Technologie : Système de culture du sorgho
Traitement : Afin d’identifier les causes de la faiblesse de la production du sorgho dans les champs
une évaluation du sorgho (variété CE 145-66) a été faite dans 14 champs en vue d’étudier les facteurs
suivants :
l*) la durée des semailles,
2*) la durée des plantations,
3O) le climat de la jachère,
4*) la fertilité du sol.
REWETECHh'IQUJZSYh'THETlQUE'YAMOAH

---

Résultats : Un période de jachère de 4 à 5 ans augmentait beaucoup le rendement du sorgho
(1,2000- 2,0 kg/ha) qu’une période de jachère de 1 à ans (325 - 900 kg/ha). Une bonne et efficace
pluviométrie a positivement influencé le rendement tandis que la sécheresse et une faible fertilité du
sol l’ont diminué. Des facteurs tels que les semailles prématurées. Densités des plantations ont été
bénéfiques (code de subvention WOS).
2.5 Technologie : Lutte contre les insectes nuisibles sur le niébé.
2.5 Traitements : L’objectifs du projet était de tester les dix variétés de bébé améliorées. Ces
variétés étaient : Bambey, Baye Ngagne, Diongoma, IT 819-l 137, Melack, Mougne, Mourîde,
Ndiambour, Tox 323 6, 58-57, et une variété contrôlée. Il y avait les quatre fréquences 1,5g a i/ha
suivants :.contrôle, decio (deltamenthrine) avec 3 pulvérisations et 4 pulvérisations par saison.
Résultats : Les taux de rendement les plus élevés ont été enregistré durant pendant la première et
seconde dates de plantation de niébé avec 2 ou 3 pulvérisations. A Darou la méthode la plus
prometteuse était de planter plus tôt (date 1) et de pulvériser au moins une fois par saison. Même
s’il y avait moins d’attaque d’insectes (insectes nuisibles) sur le niébé dès la quatrième période de
plantation, le rendement était pratiquement pauvre comparé aux premiers semailles. (Code de
subventions R/O 13).
REVUE TECHNIQUE SYh’THETlQUENAMOAH
1 0

---

3. LES TEcHNOLA)GIES AGROFORESTIERES
Les technologies agroforestières ont des usages multiples en rendant et en conservant la fertilité
des sois (ex : la culture par allées)en fournissant un forage au bétail (ex : les allées des fermes) et du
bois combustible (abords des plantations) et en luttant contre l’érosion hydrique et éolienne et en
protégeant les champs contre les hommes et l’invasion du bétail (ex : clôture de protection).
Selon les espèces, les technologies agroforestières prennent souvent 3 à 5 ans avant d’obtenir des
bénéfices.. De ce fait la validation des technologies agroforestières de court terme est basé sur une
analyse exante. Ainsi quelques unes des aspects suivantes ont été validées et utilisées comme des
abat-vent, des clôtures de protection et la restauration du bois :
’
A. Mell&era, Laeta, A. Tortilis, A. Aebida., A. Radiana. Les taux de survie des espèces varient 6
mois après, entre 70 à 90 %. Propopis julifora et parkinsonîa aculeata sont plus prometteurs quant à
l’utilisation des système agro-sylvopastorraux.
Les allées par culture de 2 eucaena leucocephala était de 4,0 et 1,0 m de large par rangée. Un
baldaqu’un d’à peu près quatre mètre protège le sol dans la zone de leucaena de la dessiccation et
favorise le développement des microbes pendant la saison morte.
En somme, plus de 68,000 plantes ont été produits et distribuées dans les régions sélectionnées, dans
les zones d’intervention du projet. L’étude a identifié un grand nombre d’espèces qui sont adaptés au
Sénégal. Il est très important de signaler qu’actuellement aucune des subventions n‘a étudié si ces
espèces auront des conséquences sur la qualité du sol et la productivité des cultures.
Les principales conclusions des études agroforestières sont :
l”) Les espèces d’arbre utiles aux systèmes agroforestières (l’amélioration du sol, du bois, des
abat-vent, et du fourrage) ont été identifiées.
2O) L’étude a aussi développé l’expression des graines à un études grand nombre d’espèces à usage
multiples.
Technologies agroforestières spécifiques : Traitements et Résultats
3.1 Technologie : Les espèces d’arbre adaptées à la recherche et qui supportent le sel.
3. Traitement : Les esparbres qui supportent le sel sont :
A. Trachycarpa , A. Turtils, A. Holoserica, B. Reitfencens, P. Julifora, , P. Chilensvs, p. Aculeata,
A Mïlotica (var. Adononii) A. Laeta.
Részdtats : Un taux de suivie allant de 0% pour A. Holocericea et des arbres ont de 60% de taux de
suivie. Les croissances ont varié de 0 cm pour A. Holocericea et A. Trachycarpa à 170 cm pour P.
Chilensis d’Août 1994 à Mars 1996 (code de subvention S/O3).
3.2 Technologie : Les cultures de protections
J& Traitements : Les clôtures de protection protègent- les récoltes dans les champs contre
l’invasion des animaux et fournissent du bois et fourrage. Les espèces d’arbres suivantes ont été
évaluées pour l’utilisation des cultures de protection :
A. Mellifera, A. Loeta, A. Tortilis, Nol&, B. Rufescens, et 2. Maux-itania.
REVUE TECHNIQUE SYNTHETlQUF~AMOi%H
1 1

---

R&&ats : Le taux de suivie des espèces était de 55% à Bayard Ndiodiome et 64% à NdofF Le plus
faible était Z. Mauritania (14% de taux de suivie) à Dack (de subvention WO4).
3.3 Technologie : Abat vent
3.3a Traitements A. Occidentale a été utilisé comme abat vent de protéger les champs de mil et
d’arachide à Bayar.
Résultats : Le taux de suivie de ces espèces était de plus de 50%.
3.3b Truitements : pour réduire les dégâts causés par le vent et l’érosion hydrique et éolienne sur le
riz et les autres champs de récoltes céréalières. Le plan consiste à 2 rangées d’eucalyptus et d’une
rangée de A. Holocericea, et sont plantés sur 10 ha de terre irriguées. Des arbres tels que P. Julifora,
P. Aulea~,., D. Sessoo, L. Leucocephala ont été essayés.
R&d& : Les espèces survivent et atteignent 210 cm de hauteur (eucalyptus) et 13 4,3 cm (A.
Holocericea) au bout de 2 mois. Pour l’efficacité des doubles rangées d’arbre en position
confondues ex : Eucalyptus P. Acacias ont été recommandes (code de subvention S/O5).
3.4 Technologies : Les cultures alternées selon les courbes de niveaux
$& Traitements : Les espèces étaient F. Albida (espèces locales et exotiques), B. Aegyptiaca, A.
Sénégal.
Rkszdtats : Les arbres testés pour les cultures alternées selon les courbes de niveaux ont présenté
plus de 95% de taux de survie (code de subvention S/O6).
3.5 Technologie : Culture par allée
3.5aTraitements : L. Leucocephala a été évalué pour la culture par allée à Lou-Sessene, Dack et
Nguessine d’Août 1993 à Novembre 1996. Les boutures étaient espacées de 4 cm et d’un mètre dans
les rangées pour donner approximativement 2.500 plantes par ha.
Résultats : Les Leuceana ont produit 4,6 tonnes par hectares et par année de biomasse feuille et
790 pôles (code de subvention S/O7).
3.6 Technologie : Réhabilitation des terres dégradées
& Trtiternents : Le but de ce projet était d’utiliser les technologies agroforestières comme les
abat-vent, les clôtures de protection, des espèces, et la régénération naturelle des plantes utiles pour
restaure la fertilité des sols et maintenir le rendement. Les espèces d’arbres qui ont étaient évalué
comprenant A. Mellifera, A. Nolitica. P. Aneralia, A. Laeta, E. Camaldulensis, A. Tortilis, Z.
Mauritania, F. Falguda. A. Occidentale, L , Juliflora, L. Leucocephala, P.Aculaeta, A. Holopcericea,
P. Afiiocana, M. Indiana, C. Papaya, B. Refescens et Agrumes. Environ 68.000 arbres étaient
plantées dans de multiples cites de la zone du projet.
(On manque 5 lines de traduction : voir la version anglaise.)
été de : 8, 15, 17, 22 et 1 5 respectivement les
pour
espèçes précitées. La largeur moyenne des haies
a été de 104, 102, 152, 97, et 67 cm respectivement.
REVUE TECH?dQuE
SYNTHETIQUEWAM0.4H
12

---

Concernant les abat-vent, les taux de survie 27 mois après la plantations ont été : A. Meliifera
19%,
A. Nolitica 28%, A Laeta 43%, A. Tortilis 23% et Z. Mauritania 18% qui sont des chifI&
encourageant. En définitive, A. Mellifera, A. Alaeta et Z. Mauritania ont été retenu pour être utilise
comme clôture de protection que ce soit en un seul groupe ou mélangé avec A. Nolotica et A.
Tortilis.
Les technologies agroforestières ci-dessus pourraient être combinées avec la fertilisation à l’aide de
compost, d’engrais animal et d’engrais minéraux pour assurer une production à long terme.
Cependant force nous est de reconnaître que les technologies suggéraient pourraient être confrontées
à quelques problèmes relevant du milieu socioculturel (code de subvention S.011).
3.7 Les femmes dans la gestion des ressources naturelles intégrées
~~Jkifernmts : Les femmes ont étaient formées en technologies agroforestières :
R&U&& : P. Juliflora, A. Nolitica et A. Tortilis ont enregistré des taux de survie supérieurs a 80%
soient elles sont en groupe ou mélangés à d’autres. P. Juliflora pousse plus vite en solitaire (80 cm) et
mélangé à d’autres (60 cm) que les autres espèces en un an. P. Juliftora avait le plus large diamètre de
9 mm (code de subvention S/O2).
3.8 Technologie : L’agroforesterie pour la conservation de la fertilité du sol.
&& Traitements : Pour identifier les méthodes de conservation de la fertilité de sol à moindre coût
et augmenter les rendements dans les système agricoles traditionnels, les tarissements ont été : l- la
préparation de la terre (les bilions soit perpendiculaires, soit parallèles à la pente), 2- la culture par
allée avec glirididia sépium et Leucanea, Leucocephala et 3- la plantation avec la vertivera nigritana.
Le mil a été utilisé pour le test.
Résultats : Les rendements (1,66 Tonnes/ ha) sur les bilions parallèles à la pente sont inférieurs à
ceux des billons perpendiculaires à a1 pente (2,33 Tonnes/ha). L préparation technique de la terre
avec ou sans l’incorporation de glirididia a donné plus de 2 Tonneska. La Leucanea a produit plus de
biomasse que la Gliricidia avec un espacement de 4 m entre rangées et 1 m à l’intérieur des rangées,
La préparation de la terre avec ou sans vertivera a donne 3,s Tonnes de mil par hectare et 3,0 T/ha
respectivement (code de subvention R/O3).
3.9 Technologie : Restauration des champs par le phosphate de roche local.
3.9a Traitements : Les ranchs ont été restauré avec l’application de 7 genres de phosphates
provenant de roches du pays équivalents à (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 et 500 kg/ha P2 05) sur 0,50
hectares. Les phosphates venaient de Thiès et de Taiba.
Résuhts : La végétation la plus répandue était la Z. Glochidiata; S Gracilis et A. Mutabilis à Dali. A
Kolda, P Walense, V. Racemosus et A Pseudapricus étaient les plus répandues. Le phosphate n’a pas
augmenté la biomasse des espèces dans les deux lieux. Aussi le phosphate de roche utilisé a un taux
de 400 kg/ha Pî O5 a augmenté le contenu du fourrage P. (Code de subvention R/O6).
REVUE TECHNIQUE SA-NTHETIQUEKAMOAH
13

---

4. TECHNOLOGIES DE PRODUCTION ANIMALE
Les technologies reliées à la production animale sont traitées de manière détaillée dans un autre
volume de série de rapport technique MREMR (voir le rapport fait par Abdou FALL et Suchet
LOUIS). Cette section fournit un résumé des zones clés et est aussi reliée à la culture et à la
productivité du sol.
De manière générale, la production animale est inséparable à la gestion des cultures dans les systèmes
de cultures paysans parce que l’engrais animal constitue un amendement pour la maintenance de la
fertilité du sol. Les études ont démontré que les animaux nourris d’arachide et de résidus de niébé,
500 g de grains de mils, d’eau, de sel et de vitamines supplémentaires avait plus de poids et
produisait du tùrnier de meilleurs qualité que leurs semblables qui n’avaient pas de rations
supplémentaires. Cette nourriture supplémentaire se trouvait aussi économique. Ceci est significatif
du point de vue de la gestion des ressources naturelles, du fait que de meilleurs régimes pour les
animaux augmentaient la performance mais pouvait aussi augmenter la productivité totale des
cultures (rendement et résidus), et aider à maintenir les matières organiques do sol. Les animaux
errants étaient inefficaces dans l’utilisation du fumier pour augmenter la productivité de la culture.
Les espèces Leucanea, Griricidia et Sesbania sont de bons choix au Sénégal pour les systèmes agro-
silvopastoraux (par exemple l’élevage parallée) par leur capacité de fournir du fourrage au bétail en
saison sèche.
Les principales conclusions des technologies de production animale ont été :
l- Un nourriture supplémentaire du bétail fournissait des revenus additionnels et de l’engrais de
qualité pour une plus grande récolte.
2- Le fourrage de ces espèces tolérants la sécheresse et les sols salins sont de bons choix pour des
systèmes agro-silvopastoraux au Sénégal.
REVUE TECHNIQUE SYNTHETIQL~AOAH
14

---

TECHNICAL REVIEW OF COMPLETED SUBVENTIONS
August 1998
CONTEXT OF NRBAR TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s resulted in unprecedented agricuitural
productivity in Asia. This approach involved use of high yielding varieties, developed under
high input management systems. The optimism produced by the Green Revolution caused
substantial investments in these new strategies and technologies in the 1970s and 1980s in
Sub-Saharan Afi-ica (Byerlee et al., 1994). Yet in the early 1990s a.& two decades of
assistance to Sub-Saharan Afiica, agricultural per capita productivity continued to decline.
There was a growing realization that limitations of Sub-Saharan agricultural resources
combined with continuing environmental degradation and high population growth severely
reduced the potential of this region to adopt these new technologies.
Senegal was not an exception to other Sub-Saharan countries. From 1961 to 1987,
Senegal had -0.2% annual per capital economic growth rates compared to Botswana which
had growth rates well over 8% for the same period (World Bank, 1989). By 1992 social
indicators such as male life expectancy (years) and infant mortality (per 1000) were 49 and 8 1,
respectively, for Senegal compared to 69 and 59 for Zimbabwe, respectively. Since about
70% of the population of Senegal are dependent on the agricultural sector, this lack of per
capita growth and low social indicator rating, reflects the poor performance of the agriculture
during this time.
The lack of adoption of Green Revolution technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa may be
due to some unique characteristics of the region. Two factors that have been identified are:
(1) the risks of higher input systems in semi-arid regions; and (2) environmental and soi1
degradation and la& of long-term sustainability of Green Revolution technologies.
Semi-arid farmers are strongly risk averse (Dillon and Scandizzo, 1978; Binswamger.
1980; Anderson and Dillion, 1992), primarily because their environment is SO unpredictable.
Yields are low and crops are susceptible to insects and diseases. Consequently, semi-arid
farmers have adopted risk reduction strategies such as trop and animal diversification, off-
farm work, and minimizing purchased inputs. These factors run contrary to Green Revolution
technologies where specialization in agricultural production, larger farms, and use of high
amounts of purchased inputs are most rewarded.
Agricultural sustaniability in the semi-arid region of Sub-Saharan Africa is of even
more importance than other regions of higher rainfall. First, this region has poorer quality
soils to start with. Secondly in a semi-arid environment reversa1 of soi1 degradation cari take
much longer than other regions because of lower moisture which results in low biomass
production, decreased biological activity, and fewer cropping systems alternatives In
Senegal, increased populations in rural areas has caused marginal areas to corne under
cultivation andlor grazing in the 1970s and 1980s. With this came increased agricultural
intensification that amonp other problems, caused shorter Slow periods. Without a fallow
period, soils in Senesal receive very little organic matter frorn trop production and subseql~el~t
regeneration. First the major trop, peanut, produces very little root hiomass and all above
ground biomass is removed for livestock feeding. The other major trop, millet is largely
grazed off over the winter season, again resulting in iittle organic matter returns to Soi]s.
Low soi1 quality is particularly important in semi-arid regions. The potential for
positive impacts of purchased inputs on trop productivity, particularly fertilizer, under rainfed
semi-arid conditions may not be ftllly realized because of the critical role of moisture in
controlling trop yields. Soils that lose significant levels of organic matter typically have

---

poorer structure. This in turn causes increased surface water runoff losses and decreases the
capacity of soi1 to hold water alter rainfall. In other words semi-arid farmers Will find even
fùrther reduction in returns to external inputs because of increased water limitations on trop
productivity. This assessment is an important finding of a number of NRBAR projects
reported below.
Senegal is similar to other Sub-Saharan countries with relatively iow usage of fertilizer
with the exception of peanut production. This has had an important impact on sustainabiiity
and soi1 quality. During the 1970s through mid-1980s fertiiizers were subsidized with the
availability of cheaper fertilizer, fat-mers began to intensify production of peanut because of
high cash returns. An important effect of this was that farmers no longer encouraged trees to
remain in their î-Ïelds as bas been traditionaIIy done. This system known as the parkland
system bas trees randomly distrîbuted in the fields. There is evidence that during this period
ht-mers were generally not allowing seedlings ta survive (MSU Ph.D. Thesis, 1994).
Although farmers know trees are good for soi1 fertility, trees are less desirable for peanut
production because they interfere with planting and harvesting. Thus with cheaper fertilizers
to off-set fertility losses and high demand to grow peanuts, the number of tree seedlings
allowed to grow were very low between 1970 and 1985 (MSU Ph.D. Thesis, 1994).
Interestingly, this same study showed that since the subsidies were removed and fertilizer costs
went up, farmers were now adopting lower input systems shifting more towards millet
production. TO some extent tree seediings were again being allowed to survive. Still the net
effect of a peanut based production and the on-going demise of the parkland system is likely a
significant negative impact on soi1 quality.
Intensification of mixed livestock/crop operations is increasingly recognized as a
potential benefit to small landhoiders. Production of milk and fattening of large and small
ruminants are labor intensive, which favors small landowners. In the eariy 1990s world milk
supplies declined pushing up world market prices, making Sub-Saharan milk production more
competitive and financially lucrative (Waishe et al., 199 1). Similarly price liberalization and
currency devaluation in Sub-Saharan Africa increases competitiveness of domestic meat
products. Winrock (1992) predicted that with current population growth rates in Sub-Saharan
Af?ica, substantial imports of 11 minion tons per annum of milk would be required by 2011
and that demand for meat would be growing by 4 percent per annum through 2025 while meat
production in 1992 was iess than 3% in Sub-Saharan Africa.
In rural areas livestock Will play different roles depending to some extent on market
opportunities and rainfall. In drier areas such as northern Senegal iivestock production is
likely to dominate over trop production because of low potential for cash crops and the abiiity
of animais to utilize low-vaiue/non-human food resources and convert these to a useable or
marketable food product. In areas with higher rainfall central and southern Senegal, livestock
cari be integrated into trop operations, providing significant beneficiat interactions. Animal
traction cari be used to expand trop production into heavey soi1 types (previously lefi
uncultivated) or where rainfall, soit, and market conditions are conducive, animal traction cari
reduce tabor costs and increase yields. Livestock cari play another role for Sub-Saharan
farmers through market diversification and provide investment opportunities. Livestock cari
be sold during drought years, providing food security for farm househotds Animals cari also
provide cash to purchase inputs for trop production. Livestock produce manure, which has
value as fertilizer or fuel for the homestead.
The development and introduction of technologies must be done in collaboration with
farmers and must address the welfare of women and children. Numerous examples of research
done in isolation of the target farmers of developing countries have resulted in inappropriate
2

---

technologies. or even negative impacts. Furthermore, the role of women in subsistence
farming must be considered in technology development. In Sub-Saharan Africa women
historically have provided a significant amount of labor for both trop and animal production.
They often are involved in homestead gardening and marketing that provides them control
over some resources for their own welfare and that of their children. Consequently, it is
essential that women be involved in technolopy development to ensure their welfare.
TO address the unique needs in Senegal the NRBAR project was designed and
implemented to focus on increasin,(7 agricultural production, that was guided by past
experience with technology development projects in Sub-Sahan Africa. The project was a
collaborative effort of researchers, farmers, and women with a focus on managing natural
resources. The conceptual framework for the project was a whole systems approach with a
goal of utilizing on-farm resources as effIciently as possible and maximize biological
interactions (e.g. crop/animal interactions) to improve fat-m productivity with minimal use of
externally purchased inputs.
The project was a joint agreement (Project # 68.5-0285) between the governments of
USA and Senegal which became effective 3 1 July, 199 1.
0R.J ECTIVES
The project was designed to strensthen the capabilities of ISRA to conduct research
and extension on management of natural resources in agroecosystems. The project area was
limited to that part of the country with rainfall >40hm. The regions were Fatick, Kaollack,
Thier, Diainbel, Tambacunda, Kolda, and Ziguinchor which covered the agroecological zones
defined by ISRA as:
l
Low and mid Cassamance
l
High Cassamance and East Senegal
l South Peanut Basis
l
Central North Peanut Basisn
l Pasture Land
The objectives of the project were:
1) TO strengthen institutional capacity of ISRA to conduct research and outreach in managing
natural resources in agricultural production.
2) TO increase cereal production of in areas with< 400 mm rainfall
3) TO identify farmer based approaches for managing natural resources
4) TO develop technology packages that improve the natural resource base of agroecosystems
through applied research in agriculture and natural resource management.
5) TO disseminate technology packages that improve the natural resource base of
agroecosystems through training of farmers and ISRA staff.
6 ) Validate technology packages of natural resource management to determine practical
applications.
3

---

DISCIJSSION
Prospam Methods
In 1994 a competitive gant program was established to receive proposals on all
aspects of managing natural resources in agricultural production. Potential participant were
encouraged to submit multidisciplinary projects. When possible NGOs were to be involved as
co-partners.
A technical review committee was estabiished by the D.S. of ISRA. They reviewed
the proposais and made recommendations to NRBAR as to which proposals should be flmded.
Research themes tested and validated were broadly classified as:
1) Soil management (animal manure, compost, minera1 fertilizer, soi1 conservation)
2) Crop production and improvement (improved varieties and cultural practices)
3) Agroforestr-y for sustained land use (wind breaks, live fencing, alley copping, rehabilitation
of degraded lands)
4) Animal Production
Results of the 20 completed projects have have had detailed analysis and are the basis
of the discussions below(subvention project numbers: SNO 1 to SNOS, SNO 1 1, S/VO 12,
SNOi4, UVOIS, SNO17, ROI to R06 and R13).
In the Appendix there is a summary of all subventions awarded and a summary of each
subvention with treatment details.
The soils of Senegal are sandy arenosols ant! regosols and hishly susceptible to laterite
formation in the absence of vegetation caver. Additionally, the soits eshibit extreme variability
’
and have low organic matter content (2 %). Conserving soi1 organic matter is key to
sustainability of trop yields of the sandy soiis in the semi-arid agroecological of West AfYica.
A second factor soils factor in Senegal is low P levels and soil acidity which causes significant
yield decreases.
Additions of organic residues such as manure, composts and trop residue ca11
ameliorate degraded soils by improving soil structure (providin= a better rooting zone and
water holding capacity) and stimulating soil biology. Liming soils in Senegal is not realistic, SO
again the best option is to use organic residues which cari cause a raise in pH. Overcoming P
deficiency cari be done with commercial fertilizer but even though it manufactured in Senegal,
without subsidies it is too expensive for farmers. One alternative is to rock phosphate ivhich is
cheaper but has tow solubility. One way to overcome the solubility problem is to mis in with
compost residues during the compost incubation stage to increase its solubility.
TO address the above soil-related constraints, farmers in concert with researchers and
extension staff identified low-input technologies which could be validated and applied under
their own circumstances
Overall, 26 soi1 management technologies were identified out of which 12 were
validated and summarized in detail. They were 1) impr-oved manure (animai litter + rock
phosphate) and 2) improved compost (SO% plant residues + SO% animal litter or plant
residues + minera1 fertilizer, NPK). Remains of smoked fish is another fol-m of manure. The
above three technologies applied at 2-4 t/ha significantly improved yields of millet, peanut,
maize, sorghum and cowpea.
Across a \\Vide range of studies it was shown that manure or compost plus a moderate
rate of NPK rec5uited in the highest yietds (ofien only P was needed). The study concludes
that improved manure (2 t/ha manure+compost increased yields of millet and peanut compnred

---

to farmers’ practices. Figure 1 shows the averages across seven sites that illustrates this
fïnding. It also shows that marginai returns were highest with a compost plus P application. It
seems that this response is not simply due to the nutrient value of the organic residue because
increasing rates of compatison with high rates of inorganic NPK still show a yield response
with the presence of the organic amendment. What this suggests is that these organic
amendments are having an effect that is more than just providing nutrients. It seems likely that
the residues are improving soi1 structure which may allow for more water conservation and
better root growth.
Another important finding is that compost seems to consistently give higher yields than
uncomposted manure Fig. 2. This is significant from an agronomie perspective but it is
unclear whether farmers are willing to do composting on a large scale. TO validate the
superiority of composts over manure, more studies are needed comparing manure with
compost that include NPK rate treatments to eliminate nutrient availability.
Manure, compost and fish remains are locally produced in limited quantities and
therefore are major drawback to their widespread application. There does not appear tu be
good information available on how much manure is actually produced. The few studies that
have been done are based on interview surveys with little actual measurement of amounts
produced.
Soi1 conservation technologies such as contour ridges, ditches, stone walls and trees
planted across slopes were also developed. Low soi1 pH (soi1 pH < 5) at some of the rice
growing sites may to due high aluminum saturation at the exchange comples and iron oxides.
Similar problem in Cameroon and Rwanda was corrected with high cluality manure (e.g.
Lerrcmr1t7 biomass, animai manure, cowpea and peanut residue) in addition to < 2 t/ha local
lime.
The conclusions fiom these studies are:
1) no single technology may be able to restore and conserve soil fertility and sustain yields at
reasonable levels under peasant conditions.
2 ) The highest yields millet and peanut are associated with a mix of organic residue at 2-4
T/h and with the addition of 30 kg P2OSiha (Fig. 3).
3) Compost was superior to manure in yield response (Fig. 1).
4) Fish by-products were a good soil amendment and at 2 T/ha maintained millet yield of
2500 kg/ha.
1. I Trcntmwfs Treatments compared: 1) control without manure, 2) 2 t/ha manure yearly for
2 years, 2 t/ha manure + local rock phosphate (equivalent to 30 kg P205 /ha) or improved
manure yearly for 2 years, farmers’ practice with < 2 t/ha manure, and 2 t/ha manure once
every 2 years. Test crops were peanut (var SS-432; Fleur 1 1 and GC 8- 15) and millet (var
IBMV 8204; var Souna3).
Kc.n~l/.s
- - - Two t/ha manure+rock phosphate (improved manure) gave the highest of peanut yield
(1073 kg/ha) and millet (1033 kg/ha) from 199 l- 1995. Yields from the control plots were 299
kg/ha for peanut and 243 kg/ha for millet.
5

---

1.2 Tmr/mcw~~ Compared improved compost (trop residues+animal manure in equal parts)
with ordinary manure. 1) control without improved compost, 2) 2 t/ha manure yearly for two
years, 3) 4 t/ha improved compost yearly for two years, 4) 2 t/ha ordinary manure yearly for
two years, 5) 4 t/ha manure yearly for two years.
Rc.c.uffs Two t/ha improved compost yielded highest grain peanut (794 kg/ha) as opposed to
348 kg/ha for the control. Millet yields were 9 17 kg/ha for improved compost and 305 kg/ha
for control plots without it.
1.3 Trcnfrncrrls The objective was to compare yields of sole millet (var IBM\\’ 8402), sole
cowpea (forage var 58-74 and grain var NDiambour) and millet/cowpea association,
under three compost treatments.
Ren~lk.~ Multisite testing showed that millet/cowpea association should net be recommendcd.
Yield losses due to the association were as follows: 17 % at Serigne Mbacke Fall; 4S % Bara
Fall; 57 % Modou Ngom; 73 % Modou Fall; 23 % Diaga Basse; 56 % Cheikhna Thiam; 3 %
Aath Faye; 23 % Jacques Youm; 49 % Oustass Diaw Faye; and 54 % Gabriel Sene. At Ngor
Djilene Faye, however, the intercrop outyielded the soie trop by 12 %.
However, land quivalent ratio (LER > 1) indicated that land was uscd more eftiçiently in
associations.
The study concludcd that:
1) Improved manure (manure at 2 t/ha manure +30 kg 1’20s /ha rock phosphate) and
improved compost (compost mised with manure) increascd yields of millet and peanut
compared to farmers’ practice.
2) Millet and cowpea yielded higher in pure stands than millet/cowpea association but land use
efficiency was better in associations than the pure crops (,Suhwtrtio~~ cotkc S C’OI).
2.1 Trctrtn:~~~~ Sis treatments were compared at seven locations: 1) control (no compost and
fertilizer), 2) farmers practice, 3) 2 t/ha compost consistins of trop residues, 4) 2 t/ha
compost + recommended rate of fertilizer (1 SO k@a 1 O-2 1-2 I NPK basa1 + 100 kg/ha urea
top dressing), 5) 2 t/ha compost + rock phosphate (equivalent to 60 k~ P2OS /ha) and 6)
recommended fertilizer rate (1 SO kdha 1 O-2 1-2 1 NPK basa1 + 100 kg/ha urea top dressing).
Five women groups also improved compost for vegetable production.
Rc~.wl/s The highest millet (variety Souna3) yield was 1,204 kg/ha uith the application of 2
t/ha compost + the recommended fertilizer rate (treatment 4). Also, net profit of CFA 37,000
was highest in farms which applied 2 t/ha compost + roc.k phosphate. Net benefit of farms
wiîh compost alone was CFA 3 1,000. Overall, 3 16 farmers were trained in improved compost
making but SO % of farmers (158 farmers) implemented the technique.
Net economic profit ranged from 10 1,652 to 9,607 CFA per st‘ason with Ihe
production of cabbage, ezg plant, lettuce, onion, and tomato.

---

2.2 Trentmen/.s The second study was multilocational testing of millet variety. Millet
varieties: IBV 8004, TBV 8001 and Sauna3 were tested on 119 farmers’ fields with and
without compost at 2 t/ha.
Remlts Improved varieties IBV 8004 and IBV 8001 outyielded the local between 27 to 56 %.
Application of 2 t/ha compost increased yield of the improved varieties by 40 %. Variety
Souna outperformed the local between 40 to 64 %. Compost increased the yield of variety
Souna by 60 %.
2.3 Trentnwnts Compared the application of 2 t/ha compost with farmers’ practice (< 2 t/ha
compost) using millet variety Souna as a test trop at two villages.
Reswfts Millet yield at 2 t/ha compost (1305 kg/ha) was significantly better than farmers’
practice (981 kg/ha) at Ndiakane. Yields were higher at Diakael than Ndiakane but 2 t/ha
compost was still superior (1875 kg/ha) to farmers’ practices at 1574 kg/ha.
The studies confirmed that improved millet varieties (TBV 8004, IBV 800 1 and Souna3) with
2 t/ha compost yielded higher than farmers’ practice with no or less compost (Sr/hlv~r/io~
cde S774l2).
3) Techrdogy: On-farm compost technoiogy
3. I Treatnwnts Paired comparison of farms with 2 t/ha compost and without. Millet (variety
Souna3) was tested on ten farm fields in 8 villages. Compost was made in a cemented pit
measuring 2 m x 2 m x 1.4 m. Composting materials comprised millet residue, dry weeds and
animal manure. About 30 cm residue layer alternated with S- 10 cm layer of manure. Contents
of the periodically turned and watered.
Rewlfs Millet yields with 2 t/ha compost were 7 18 kg/ha and 357 kg/ha without compost, a
significant increase of about 100 %. Millet residue was 4,000 kg/ha with compost and 2,700
kg/ha with non-compost. Return of trop residues to the farm contributes to maintenance of
soi1 organic matter, necessary to sustain yields.
(Suhw~rtioz~ S.‘VOS)
4) Tech~dqy: Smoked fish by-product manure
4.1 Trentnwnts First experiment compared four levels (control, 2, 4, and 6 t/ha) smoked fïsh
remains on millet (Souna3), maize (variety CP 75) yields and second compared (0, O.S, 1 .O,
1.5 and 2 t/ha) fish remains on yields of peanut (variety SS-437).
Results Highest yields were: 2,500 kg/ha for millet at 6 t/ha fish manure followed by 2,400 at
4 t/ha fish manure (not significantly different); 953 kg/ha for peanut at 2 t/ha manure (not
significantly different from use of 1 .S t/ha manure).
4.2 Treatments Examined methods of application of tïsh manure on millet (Souna3) and maize
(CP 75). Treatments were 4 t/ha surface applied; 4 tiha incorporated; 4 t/ha banded; minerai
fertilizer and a control without residue or fertilizer.
7

---

Res7/lts Highest millet yield was 1844 kg/ha (surface applied) followed by 1754 kg/ha
(incorporated) at 4 t/ha were not statistically different irrespective of the methods of
application. Also, for maize, yields between 2650 kg/ha (surface) and 2533 kdha
(incorporated) at 4 t/ha did not differ among methods of manure application.
4.3 Trentnwt~ts The third study evaluated 4 t/ha fish residues and the fertilizer recommended
by researchers (1 SO kg/ha S- 18-27 NPK+ 100 kg/ha urea) on yield of millet (Souna3, peanut
(55437), cowpea (varieties Mouride, Diongama).
Reswlt.s Four t/ha tish manure regardless of mode of application (surface or incorporated) gave
the highest millet yield (1,500 kg/ha), an increase of 85 % over minera1 fertilizer; peanut yield
(900 kg/ha) was about the same as minera1 fertilizer; cowpea (variety Mouride) yield increased
by 34 % and cowpea (variety Dionganma) yield by 140 % relative to minera1 fertilizer
(Sîrhwltion CO~LJ S C’O II mid NO 1).
5) Techtdom: Stable manure vs open field manure
5. I Tren/mn/s Compared the eKect of stable manure with free range manure on yields of
local millet and maize. Treatments were 1) open field manure, 2) farmers’ stable manure, and
10 t/ha stable manure fi-0171 ISRA at two villages.
w
Reswlts At Sare Samboundiang village, yields of maize from the three sources of manure were
about the sanje: 1,645 kg/ha from open field, 1,785 kg/ha from farmers stable and 1,6SO
kg/ha from ISRA manure. At the Ndangane site, maize yields were relatively higher: 2,110
kg/ha for open tield; 2,276 kg/ha for farmers’ manure and 2,253 kg/ha for lSR,4. Millet yields
demonstrated the same pattern. (Sl~hvcntior~ RN)
8

---

Crol, Production Technologies
Important requirements for increased food production worldwide include improved
soi1 fertility management, control of pests and diseases, good weather, and improved varieties.
Developed country farmers have some control in all these but the Sub-Saharan African farmers
are more vulnerable because of harsher weather and limited resources to purchase inputs.
Improved varities cari be a technology that may not have higher costs associated with it.
However, these varieties must not only perform better than local varieties under high levels of
inputs but also under typical farmer cultural practices. Furthermore, of particular interest in
this project was whether improved varieties would perform well with organic amendments.
The NRBAR project scientists responded to these needs by developing improved
varieties. For example, varieties IBV 8004, IBV 8001 and Souna III for millet; varieties 58-70,
Niambour, and Baye Ngane for cowpea; varieties DJS-S09, DJ8-34 1, Tox 72% 1, DJ 1 I-509,
WAR 77-3-2, WPLRland ROKS for rice and varieties SS-437, Fluer 1 1, GC S-35 for peanut
(see annex 2). In the absence of agro-chemicals to fertilize crops and reduce pest infestation,
resistant varieties remain the most appropriate option to small-scale farmers.
Sorghum-based cropping systems to identie causes of low yield of sorghum on farm fields.
Sorghum (variety CE 145-66) was evaluated on fields of 14 farmers to investigate the
following factors: 1) time of sowing, 2) planting density, 3) length of fallow, 4) weather and 5)
soil fertility. Results show that fallow period of 4-S years increased sorghum yields (1,200-
2,100 kg/ha) more than short fallow length of l-2 years (325-900 kg/ha). Good and reliable
rainfall positively influenced yield whereas drought and low soil fertility reduced yields.
Factors such as early sowing (before the second week of July) and low to medium plant
densities were advantageous. Adoption of improved trop varieties together with improved soil
’
management resulted in increased trop yields even under farmers’ practices, as evidenced in
the summary of the attached subventions (see annexes 1 and 2).
The major conclusions of the cropping systems studies were:
1) Improved varieties yield better than local varieties.
2) Crop management such as compost, manure fertilizer application, early planting and
appropriate plant densities increase yields.
C 1) Techrwloa lmproved trop management for cereals
(‘1. I Treatnwds: Compared the effect of compost and minera1 fertilizers on yields of maize
(variety DJB) and millet (variety Sango). Treatments were 1) a control with neither compost
nor fertilizer, 2) 3 t/ha compost, 3) 5 t/ha compost, 4) 7 t/ha compost, 5) 3 t/ha compost +
100 kg/ha urea, 6) 5 t/ha compost + 100 kg/ha urea, 7 ) 7 t/ha compost + 100 kg/ha urea, 8) 3
t/ha compost + 1 SO kg/ha NPK + 100 kg/ha urea, 9) 5 t/ha compost + 1 SO kg NPK + 100
kg/ha urea, 10) 7 t/ha compost + 1 SO kg/ha NPK + 100 kg/ha urea and 11) 1 SO kg/ha NPK +
100 k$ha urea. The NPK formula was 8- 1 S-27.
Rc.sr~/ts hlaize yields ranged from 1460 kg/ha (control) to 3360 kg/ha with 5 t/ha compost +
fertilizer application. There were no significant difference between maize yield (2 100 kg/ha) at
3 t/ha compost and maize yield (2300 kg/ha) at 7 t/ha. Also, there were no significant yield
(3400 kg/ha) dityerences between the use of 5 t/ha compost +fertilizer and 5 t/ha compost only
9

---

(2800 kg/ha). Thus, there was no need for supplementary N top dressing when 5 t/ha compost
or more is applied. Also, yield of fertilizer (2600 kg/ha) did not diftèr from yield of 3 tiha
compost alone (2 100 kg/ha).
Yield of millet shows there was no difference between use of 3 t/ha compost (1700 kg/ha) and
7 t/ha compost (1800 kg/ha). Supplementary N for top dressing did not significantly increase
millet yield above application of 5 t/ha compost. Yields were not different when 3, 5 or 7 t/ha
compost + fertilizer were used. However, yields were difl’erent between compost and
compost + urea on one hand and compost + 1 SO kg/ha NPK + 100 kg/ha urea on the other
hand. It would be interesting to compare millet yields from compost + 150 NPK without urea
with the Fall dose (compost + 1 SO kg/ha NPK + 100 kg/ha urea). There was no significance
yield difference between the recommended minera1 fertilizer (1 SO kg/ha NPK + 100 kg/ha) and
3 t/ha compost.
1’1.2 Tren/ntenfsy Tested performance of improved (variety DJB) and local mnize varieties
under farmer conditions.
Resr~/f.s- Fifty percent of farms yielded less than 0.5 t/ha due to Iow raintàll and 10x soi1
fertility. Yields of improved varieties ranged fi-0111 0.3 1 t/ha to S .73 t/ha as opposed to 0.14 to
1.5 t/ha for the local varieties. Average yields for the improved and local varieties were 0.87
and 0.64 t/ha, respectively, representing an increase of 35 %.
I?I 3 Trc0tm2?tfs~
L~--..-.A Evaluated weed management strategies to controf striga (S//?~U
hciart~rrfhic~) on 20 millet farms. Treatment package comprised spray of 2,4-D, fertilization
with’lO0 kg/ha urea after second weeding and hand weeding. Farmers’ practice served as
control.
R~.wl/.r Density of striga averaged 39.7 planUn before treatments and 27.4 plants/m* for the
control prior to treatments. At trop maturity (after spray), striga population dropped and
averaged 6.5 plantslm’ for treated farms and S8.8 plants/m2 for the control. Overall, 75 % of
treated farms outyielded their non-treated counterparts (SuArv/r/icl/r codé S 014).
C2) Technolq~ Crop systetns and associations
1’2. I Tren/n~~t~f.s Compared improved millet (variety Souna3) with a local variety under three
fertility ievels: control (no fertilizer and manure), 2 t/ha manure and 2 t/ha manure + 100 kg
rock phosphate.
Res7rl1s Yields were 884 kg!ha for improved and 582 kg’ha for the local variety. Manure +
rock phosphate and usual fartner practice yielded 1046 kg/ha and 467 kdha respectively, a
significant increase of 124 %. Yield of 2 t/ha manure alone was 702 kg/ha and was net
signifïcantly direrent fi-om use of manure + rock phosphate.
(‘2.2 Trrutmw/.s
~~ -
- Compared pure millet and millet/waternlclon association. Watermelon was
relay-cropped with millet one week before millet harvest at a spacing of 1.8 m between rows
and 0.9 m within rows.
10

---

RC.srf1f.s Association was advantageous as evidenced by land equivalent ratio of 1 .S6. Net
returns from millet and watermelon were CFA 83,500 and 89,400O per season respectively.
(‘2.3 Treatnm~ts Assessed performance of rice varieties along a toposequence. Varieties and
locations were: variety IRAT 10 (144 B-9) on upland; variety DJ 12-S 19 on borders of
slope; variety 1 KONG PAO (IKP) on slopes and variety Rock 5 in valleys. Each plot received
200 kg/ha S-18-27 at planting and SO kg/ha urea 15 and 30 days afier germination.
Rrstflls Variety Rok 5 planted in lowland valleys yielded the highest (4,418 kg/ha). The rest
yielded less than 2,000 kgjha. All varieties should have been tested in all locations to have a
fair comparison.
(72._j Trwtmrt~f.~
~---
Test of adaptability of 10 cowpea varieties: 1) Mouride, 2) 58-57, 3)
Bambey 2 1, 4) Melakh, 5) CBS, 6) Mougne, 7) Diongoma, 8) Baye Ngagne, 9) Ndiaga Aw,
and 10) Ndiambour.
/?~.sr~l/.~ Early maturing varieties were recommended because they r-equired less spray to
control thrips and other insect pests. Varieties Mougne, Diongoma, Baye Ngagne, Ndiaga
Aw, and Ndiambour were late maturing and therefore were less attractive to farmers
(S~fhwr~tioi~ ~0~2 S 0 1.5).
1 1

---

3) Texhnology: Improved rice-based cropping systems
(73. / T~vntr~ct~/.s
-~ The tests were conducted: 1) cotnparison of itnproved t-ice varieties DJ 8-
341, DJ-509 and a check variety 144 B/9 for 6 years, 2) yields of variety DJ 8-34 1 and the
check variety as affected by 0, SO, 100 and 1 SO ke, /ha N fet-tilizet- and 3) comparison of the
improved varieties with the check in upland and hydrotnorphic (waterlogged) environtnents.
R~~I~//S Ranking of varieties from highest to lowest yield was: DJ 1 I-509 (2,863 kg/ha) > DJ
8-341 (2306 kg/ha) > check 144 B/9 (2,154 kg/ha). Yields wet-e not significantly different.
With respect to fertilization, yields averaged across N rates wet-e 3,82 kgiha for var-iety DJ 8-
341 and the check 144 B/9, 2714 kdha. The difference is net si;nificant.
Yields in hydromot-phic conditions were consistently better than the uplands. Average under
upland 267 1 kg/ha for DJ 8-34 1 and 2457 kg/ha for the check. Yields for the wetlands 439 1
and 3598 kg/ha respectively. Variety DJ 1 l-509 in wetlands produced 4,667 kdha.
C3.2 Treotm~~~ts
Detertnination of optimum dates of*rice varieties: Tus 728-1, DJ I I-509 and
DJ 12-5 19. The following planting dates wet-e compared: 1 Jan; 1 SJan; 30 Jan; 1 S Febt-uary; 7
July; 22 July and 8 August.
&?SU//.~: July 7 appeared to be the bcst time to plant Tox 728- 1 and L>J 12-S 19; DJ 1 l-509
could be planted anytime except in Augusf.
C’3 3 Ti~nttwvtfs
L.----L-i_ Evaluation of rice varieties It’AR 1, WAR 77-3-2-2 and ROK 5 a: three
villages namely, Oulatnpane, Badiana, and Mlomp under zero, SO % and 100 o/o of
recommended fet-tilizer rate (200 kdha NPK 8- 18-27 at planting and 1 SO k$ha urea at 20 and
40 days afier germination).
Xc~sn//.s: Yields were higher at Bdiana than the other two sites. With the application of SO %
or 100 % of the recommended fettitizer, the three varieties yielded over 4,600 kg!ha Varieties
WARl and Ii’AR. 77-3-22 were the tnost high yielding (> S,OOO k3’ha).
(‘3.1 Tr~o~!~~t& Performance testing of rice varieties WAR 1, WAR 77-.3-2> M’AR 8 l-2- l-3
and ROCK S with and without manure under soils with vat-ying pH levels (pH 1.38 to pif
7.77).
Res~~kc: All the varieties showed promise at Birkatna (pH 3.7). Badobar (pH 3.7) and
N’Guindir (pH 5.7) with yields generally exceeding 4,000 kg/ha without fertilizer application.
This results should be rechecked in view of low pH reported (S’r~h~*c*~r/iorr UX/C S III 7).
4) Techtrr&zqc Sorghum-based cr-opping systetns
(“4 / Trrrr/m.v~~.~
A--_
TO identitjl causes of low yield of sorghum on fat-m fïelds. Sorg,hum (variety
CE 145-66) was evaluated on fields of 14 fartners to investigate the following factot-s: 1) time
of sowing, 2) plant@ density, 3) length of fallow, 4) weather and S) soi1 fettility.
12

---

K~.vrr/f.s Fallow length of 4-S years increased sorghum yields (1,200-2,100
kg/ha) more than
short fallow length of 1-2 years (325900 kdha). Good and reliable rainfall positively
influenced yield whereas drought and low soil fertility reduced yields. Factors such as early
sowing (before the second week of July) and low to medium plant densities were
advantageous (X~hvcwtiorr cock 65'0.5).
5) T~ch~rok0~ControI of cowpea insects pests
C-3. / Trentnrcr~fs The focus of the project was on testing of ten improved cowpea varieties.
The varieties were: Bambey, Baye Ngagne, Diongama, IT8 1 D- 1 137, Melakh, Mougne,
Mouride, Ndiambour, TVX-3236, 58-57, and a check variety. There were four frequencies of
spray of the insecticide, Decis (deltamethrine) at the rate 1 .S g a.i/ha as follows: control with
no spray, 2 sprays, 3 sprays and 4 sprays per season. The varieties were sown at four plantin;
dates.
Resrtl/s Highest yields were recorded when cowpea was planted on the tïrst and second (early)
planting dates with two or three sprays. At Darou, the most promising package was to plant
early (Date 1) and to spray at least once per season. Even though there were less attack of
insects (thrips) on cowpea at the fourth planting date, yields were relatively poor than the
earlier sowing (Y~~hviilioir cork H OI3).
13

---

Agroforestry Technologies
Agroforestry technologies are multi-purpose in that they restnre and conserve soil
fertility (e.g. alley cropping), provide forage for livestock (e.g. alley farming), supply file1
wood (border plantings), control water and wind erosion (wind breaks), and cari protect fields
from human and livestock invasion (e.g. live fencing).
Depending upon species, agroforestry technologies often require from 3 to 5 years
before benefits begin to occur. Thus, validation of agroforestry technologies in the short-run
was based on an ex-ante analysis. In this respect, some of the following agoforestly species
were validated for use as wind breaks, live fencing and restoration of park lands: A. mell(jxr,
Lmtq A. torlilis, A. nilotica, A. crlbidq A. rtrddicntcr, A. holosciricm, / ~crrkilrsorricr trw fctrltr,
and Zizyphus nrnnr’i/itrm. Survival rates of the species aAer 6 months varied fi-om 70 to 90 %.
Proso)~)i.sjrrfifîct,û,and
Purkit~.w~ic~ crc~lkrt~fcr had the highest potential for use in agro-
sylvopastoral. systems.
The optimal row width for alley cropping I,ermw~~~ /~~r,c,oc,cJ/,hcr/(,7 um fnund to be 4.0
m and 1 .O m. Closed cannpy froc four-meter alley width protected the soil in the /JIK:(WIKI
plots from desiccation and encouraged microbial activity during ot’fseasons.
In the aggregate, over 68,000 plants were produced and distributed in the selected
regions of project area. The studies identitjed a wide range of species that are adnpted to
Senegal. A major short coming of this work is that none of the subventions actually measured
whether these species cari af‘fect soil quality and trop productivity.
The ma-jor conclusions of the agroforestly studies were:
1 ) Tree specie.; suitable for use in agroforestry systems (soi1 improvement, wood, wind
breaks and foddrr) were identified.
2 ) The study also increased farmers’ exposure to a wide range of species for multiple
purposes.
1) 7’echrdog):: Tree species for drought and Salt tolerance
A
A / /
- E~r/n~rr/.s
- - - - Trees evaluated for sait tolerance in Agro-sylvopastoral systems consisted of:
14

---

Re.wft.s Averaçe survival rates ranged from 0 % for A. holoçuicm and A. tr~d~ycwp to 100
% for A. lmtn. Sixt y percent of trees had above 60 % survival rate. Height growth from
August 1994 to March 1996 varied from 0 cm for A. hdavricca and A. tmchycrrpa cm to
170 cm for P. çhikmis (I;uhwwtiorr cou’è S 03)..
2) &hrrolqy; Live fencing
AZ,/ 7’rcwtnwnl.s Live fencing is meant to protect crops’ fields from invasion by animals and
also to provide wood and fodder. The following tree species were evaluated for use as live
fenc.ing: A. nwfl~f~ta,
Rcwlts Average survival rate of the species was 99 % at Boyard Ndiodiome, and 64 % at
Ndoff. The poorest performer was Z. mtrruïticrtw (14 % survival rate) at Dac.k (i;nln~~r~tior~
codl? Sao-/).
3) khtrol~g~: Wind breaks
A3. I IITc?nfn~rtis A. oçcidcrrftrl~ was used for wind breaks to protect millet and peanut fields
’
at Boyar.
Rcst~lts Sunival rate for this species was more than 90 %.
A3.2 Trmtn~& TO reduce wind damage and soi1 erosion by wind and water in rice and other
cereal crops’ tïelds. The trees supply of wood as well. The design consisted of two lines of
Encn!vl,/~/.s and one line of A. holo.wricm~ and were planted around 10 ha irrigated land.
Others such as 1’. ,j~~l~jTo~r, P. mulmto, I). .si.woo, L,. l~rumphtrl~r were tried.
Rcsults The species survived and attained a height of 2 10 cm (E~Ku/J~/~I.$ and 1 14.3 cm (,4
holmwriceo) afier two months. TO be effective double rows of trees in mixed stands e.g.
Ewu)ptn.c .s/). and Acmicr.s are normaily recommended (Nth\\wttiotl CO& ,S 05).
fl Tcx:htrolqg~: Strip contour farming
Al. 7Ycufnw~ The species were Ii: nlhitlt-r (local species and exotic spec.ies), H. mg~ptim:c7,
A. .s~>ii~‘hi~l.
Rcwlts
--_ Trees tested for strip contour farming had more than 95 % survival rate (X/lnvntiotr
cotil? sxli).
1 5

---

A5.I Trentrnu~& 1,. I~r~~:occ~~)~l~~l~~ was evaluated for alley croppingat Loul-Sessene, Dack and
Nguessine from August 1993 to November 1996. The shrub were spaced 4-m apart and 1 m
within rows to give approximately 2,500 plants/. ha.
6) Tmhmfogy: Rehabilitation of degraded lands
6. Z Trecrtnwt~ The purpose of this project was to use agoforestr-y technologies such as u-ind
breaks, live fencing and natural regeneration
ofuseflll plants to restore soi1 fertility and sustnin
yield. Tree species evaluated included the following: A. nrc~ll($~~tr, A. tudjticvr. 1’. t*iwtwiu, ‘4.
Im frr, E cnt17~7/tlr1ll~rr.s.i.v,
A. tortilis, Z. nrtrrwiticnrtr, ii: trfhidr, A. ot:t*id~~~~/crlc, J? juf(/k~u, J,.
lerrcowphnln,
J’. trcr~lm~tu. A. hofosrwk~m, P. t!fiYctrtrtr, kf. ilrdim, ) ( ‘. p rpqu, H. mfi.w~~s,
nmlAgr~mtc~s. About GS,OOO trees were planted at multiple sites in the project zone.
Rt’mlts Sur-vi\\-al rates of species for live fencing 27 moths after- planting were: A. ~1wll~fit17, 3 1
%; A. nditicn,, 95 %; A. I~~CI, 78 %; A.~urtifi.y 9 1 % and Z. nrcun’itimttr, S-3 % were
encouragir?g. HGght growth for the same species after 27 months \\Ver-e: il. t?wll(fbu, 9 1 cm;
A. mlitkw,, 137 cm; A. lcr~~fcr, 163 cm; A. toriili.v, 12 1 cm and Z. muurititnltr, 104 cm. Height
of first bran&ing for live fencing species were: 8, 15, 17, 22, and 15 cm, for the respective
tree species; average width of the hedges were 104, 102, 152, 97 and 67 cm, respectively.
Survival rates of species for wind breaks 27 maths alter planting were: A. nwf/~fi~*~~, 19 %; A.
wliticcr,, 28 %; A. I~~LI. 43 %; A.torti1i.y 23 % and Z. mmriticvm, 18 O/O iver-e encouraging.
In conclusion, A. tnc~ll~fcrtr, A. lmfcr, and Z. mwri/iutrtr, were retained for use as live fencing
either in sole stands or in mixed with A. rri/o/ictr and A. /orti/i.s..
The above agroforestry technologies could be matched with fertilization with compost, animal
manur-e and minera1 fertilizers to ensure sustained land productivity. I-lowever, we shocld
.
recognize that the suggested technologies could be fàced Lvith some socio-cultural problems
(Ic;r~A~w~fiorr uxfe S,O/ J),
7) Women in integrated natural resources management
7. I Trenfnwrts
Women were trained in agroforestry technologies
Rc.wlts P. ,jrr?~fl~r~r, A. tGloticrr and A. tortifis recorded survival rates of > 80 D/O in sole stands
and in mixtures. P. ,jtll~fll~~ grew faster in sole (80 cm) and in mixed (60 cm) than the other
species in one year. 1’. .jlilj/&*tr had the largcst diameter of9 mm (S~~h~wrtio~r L*(xfv J( 02).
16

---

8) 7’d1m/o~
-
-
-
Agrofor-estry for soi1 fertility conservation
8. Z ‘li~~~trnt~nts
---2 TO identiFy low-cost methods of conserving soi1 fertility and increase yields in
traditional farming systems. Treatments were 1) land preparation (ridges either perpendicular
or parallel to slope), 2) alley cropping with Gliriu’itlin wpitttn and I,er~nc~rr I~r~cocq~Wn,
and 3) contour planting with Verfiwm ttigrikmt. Test trop was millet.
Rewltr
-2’ Yields (1.66 t/ha) on ridges parallel to the slope were less than yields perpendicular to
the slope (2.33 t/ha). Mechanical land preparation with and without incorporated (;liric-itlitr
yielded > 2 tiha. LCIIC~FCVKF produced more biomass than Gliric~itt’ict at a spacing of4 m
between row and 1 m within rows.
Mechanical land preparation with and without I-érfitwct yields were 3.S t/ha and 3.0 t!ha,
respectively (Stthwttliort coik R 03).
9) 7i&~10/0~~: Restoration of rangelands with local rock phosphate
Y. 1 ~~cw~~w~I/.s Ranches were restored with the application ofseven rates of native rock
phosphates equivalent to (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 kS/ha P205 ) on 0.50 ha. The rock
phosphate came from Thies and Taiba.
Rt~.wlt.r The most common vegetation were Z. glochitiitrltr, S. gtw*ili.s, and A. tntlfttt5ili.c at
Dali. At Kolda P.w&tt.w, F’. rcrcenmw.~ and A. F)c;e?l~~ff~~/‘icil.v
were most common.
Phosphorus did not increase biomass of the species at both locations. Also, rock phosphate
increased forage P content at 400 kS/ha P2 05.
(Xhiwfiw a& R46).
Anirnnl Production Technologies
Technologies dealing with animal production are treated in detail in another volume of
the NKBAR technical report series (see report by Souchet Louis). This section provides a
summary of key areas as it relates to trop and soi1 productivity.
Generally, animal production is inseparable from trop husbandry in peasant cropping
systems because animal manure constitute a principal amendment for soi1 fertility maintenance.
The studies demonstrated that stable animais fed with peanut and cowpea residues, 500 g of
millet grain, water, sait and supplementary vitamins gained more weight and produced higher
quality manure than their counterparts without supplementary
ration. Supplementaly feeding
was found to also be economical.
This is significant from the point of view of natural resources management, in that
better diet of for the animal increased it performance but also this could result in increased
total CI-op productivity (yields and residues) maintain soi1 organic matter. Free ranying animais
were inetfective in eflicient manure utilization to increase trop productivity.
The species hicmwr, (~liricicficr and ,%~shcrtritr are good choices in Serqal for agr-o-
sylvopastoral systems (e.g. alley farming)because
of their ability to provide dry season fodder
for livestock.
The major conclusions of the animal production technologies were:
.
17

---

1) Supplementary feeding of livestock provided addition4 inconle and quality rnanure fol
increased trop yield.
2) Fodder of the species tolerant to drought and saline mils are good choices il1 Senegal for
agro-sylvopastoral systems.
REFERENCES
Anderson, Jack. R., John. L. Dillion. 1992. Risk Analysis in D~yland Faming Systems. Roule:
Food and Agricultural Oryauization of the United Nations (FAO).
Binswanser, H.P. 1980. “Attitudes toward Risk: Esperinlental hleasurernents in Rural India.”
Anwric:m~ .Jor~nrtrl of Ap~ic:ulturni Lkot~onric~.v 62: 395407.
Byerlee, Derek, with Alpha Diallo, Bantalu Gelaw, Paul Heisey, Wiifred hlwangi, halinda
Smale, Robert Tripp, and Steve Waddington. 1994. hlaize Researçh in Sub-Saharan
Africa: An Overview of Past Impacts and Future Prospects. Working Paper 91-03.
Mexico City: ClhlXIYT.
Williams, T.O., Powell. J.M. and S. Fernadez-Rivera. 1993. “Manure Utilization, Drought
Cycles, and Herd Ddynalnics in the Sahel: inlplications for Cropland Prodrlctivity.”
Paper presented at the Nutrient Clycling Workshop , Nov. 26-30. ILCA, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
Winrock International. 1992. A.ssc~.s.stnc~r~f of A~rimrl Agric~rlllrn.c itt S~~h-,StrJl~~~.~rtl AjPico.
Morrilton, Ai-k.: Winrock International.
1 8

---

;3
w 0
d
Returns
Phousands
0
0

---

Q

---

APPENDIX
TECHNOLOGY A:SOILMANAGEMENT
SUBVENTION CODES: SNO 1, SN02, S/VO8, SNO 12, R/O 1, R/O4
TECHNOLOGYB: CROPPRODUCTION
SUBVENTION CODES: S/VO14, S/VOlS, S/VO17, R/OS, R/013
TECHNOLOGYC:AGROFORESTRYSYSTEMS
SUBVENTION CODES: S/O3, S/O4, SIOS, S/O6, S/O7, S/OI 1, R/O2, R/03, WO6
TECHNOLOGY D: ANIMALPRODUCTION(IN REPORTBY SOUCF1ETLOUIS).
C-
19

---

- 0
0
s
(‘t’Y/W
CO 0

PF!A
5
z
0

---

SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL REVIEW OF COMPLETED SUBVENTIONS
A total of 84 subventions were reviewed. These comptised subvention numbers (research activity
codes): Collaborative Research Grants SNOl to SN25, Grants for TSRA Researchers ROl to R27, and
Support for Natural Resources Management Research PAR1 - 1 to PAR4- 13.
A total of 20 subventions for which studies were completed (or close to completion) were selected and
summarized in detail. These included subvention numbers:
1) SNOl to SN08, SNOll, SN012, SN014, SNOlS and SN017
2) ROl to R06 and R13.
The results showed that, to end-March, 1998:
1 )
84 improved technologies were being evaluated
2 )
42 technologies were technically validated
3 )
29 technologies were socio-economically validated
4 )
26 technologies were developed
5)
3 need fùrther validation
6 )
43 technologies need further development
7 )
More than 100 technical reports were written and presented to/discussed with partenaires
8)
More than 2000 farmers were trained in the use of improved technologies
9 )
6 extension bulletins were written and distributed conjointly with partenaires
10) 6 video cassettes were produced with the assistance of partenaires.
Technologies were classified broadly as:
1) Soi1 management (animal manure, compost, fertilizer, soi1 conservation)
2) Crop production (improved varieties and cultural practices)
3) Agroforestry (wind breaks, live fencing, alley copping, erosion control)
4) Livestock production
and generate additional income for farmers. Results of findings are summarized by subject areas as
follows:

---

COMMUNICATION
Research reports: Results of the studies have been documented in annual research reports,
Extension bulletins: Three extension bulletins were produced
Scientifïc papers: Thirteen studies have adequate data to merit publication in journals such as:
Experimental Agriculture (UK), African Crop Science Journal (Uganda & South Africa), Biological
Agriculture & Horticulture (UIC), Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment (The Netherlands) and
Tropical Science (UK).
Videokadio: There are 4 video tapes at present. Radio and video are effective extension technologies
and should be done at the end of every season to keep farmers informed of current tindings.
Presentation at meetings: Studies, completed or not should be presented at national, regional, and
international meetings. Researchers stand to benefit form the feed-back of other scientists with similar
experiences.
Demonstrations: Proven technologies (manure, compost and tree planting) should demonstrated on
large plots.
TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT: In general, the studies were well conducted. The following are possible
suggestions for future studies:
Studies dealing with agroforestry (e.g. soil improvement, wind breaks) Will have to be conducted for*
3-5 years to have effect on test crops.
In assessing tree establishment (e.g. height growth, diameter, biomass) it is advisable to Select and tag
trees at the commencement of the study and measure the same trees over time. Random sampling of
trees at each sampling time may give erroneous results.
One study on rice (subvention number %VIS) has to be redesigned in order to realistically compare
performance of varieties. My suggestion is that all varieties should be tested at evety location across the
toposequence.
Reporting analysis of variante tables in the results section may be inappropriate for some journals.
RECOMMENDED ACTIVITIES: Base-line soil characterization Will be needed to properly monitor
soil fettility improvement over time.
Socio-economic studies should be carried out to assess the availability and sustainability of using fish
remains for farming in traditional farm settings. This study should be expanded to include examination
of the effect of composted fïsh liquid waste and trop residues on trop yields.
Use of manure (particularly fish liquid waste) for tree establishment should be tried in view of the slow
early establishment of most agroforestry species.
More recent data (1995 upward) are needed on rice varieties.
Proven technologies such as improved manure, compost and tree planting should receive priority
extension attention.

---

RESEARCH ACTIVITY CODE: SNOI
TABLE OF RESEARCEI TECHNOLOGIES; TESTED AND SPECHFICATION OF TE XNOLOGlES
~ALIDATED/DEVELOBED
GOALS/PROJECT DESCRIPTION
TREATMENTSKROPPING SYSTEMS
LOCATIONS/ RESULTS: SPECIFICATION OF
CONDITION
TECKNOLOGXES
TECHNICALLY
OF TEST
VALXDATED (TV), SOCIO-
.
ECONOMICALLY VALXDATED
(EV), DEVELOPED (D), FURTI-IER
TESTING RECOMMENDED (TR),
NOT YET FULLY DEVELOPED
(ND), EXISTING PRACTICE
EVALUATED (E)
S/VOl Manure supplemented with rock
Millet variety: IBMV 8204; Souna
Ndiamsil
2 t/ha of manure supplemented with
phosphate
local rock phosphate (equivalent to 30
kg P205 /ha) or improved manure
[TV,EV)
Peanut variety: 55-437; Fluer II ; GC 8-35
Ndiamsil
2tons of manure supptemented with
30kg rock phosphate per ha. (TV,EV)
Intrecropped millet IBMV8204 or Souna 3,
Ndiamsil
Not recommended (TV,EV)
with cowpea variety 58-70 or Niambour
Babak
Diotïor
S/VOl Mixture of 50% Compost/SO%
Millet variety: 1BMV 8204; Souna
Ndiamsil
2 tlha compost every second year
manure
(TV,EV)
Peanut variety: 55-437; Fluer 11; GC 8-35
Ndiamsil
2 t/ha compost every second year
/
(TV,EV)
S/VO 1 Supplement-ary feeding for Dry season
Local cattle
Ndiamsil
Cattle fed on peanut and cowpea
meat production
Babak
residues, received 500g of millet and
water in each morning and evening
(TV,EV).

---

DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: ON-FARM VALIDATION OF THE EFFICACITY OF ANIMAL MANURE AND COMPOST ON PRODUCTION
OF MILLET, PEANUT AND COWPEA
SUMMARY
We report on a collaborative research study implemented jointly by the Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute, Rodale International and Non-
Governmental Organizations to address the chronic problem of declining soil productivity and low trop yields. The soils are sandy arenosols and
regosols and highly susceptible to laterite formation in the absence of vegetation caver. Additionally, the soils exhibit extreme variability and have low
organic matter content (2 OA).
TO address the above soil-related constraints, farmers in concert with researchers and extension staff identified low-input
technologies which could be validated and applied under their own circumstances.
The technologies and results follow:
(1) The first study at Ndiamsil used animal manure in combination with local rock phosphate. The following treatments were compared: control without
manure, 2 tlha manure in two consecutive years, 2 t/ha manure + local rock phosphate (equivalent to 30 kg P205 /ha (improved manure) in two
consecutive years, farmersn practice with manure, and 2 t/ha manure for a year. A subsequent field tria1 compared the control (no fertilization) with 2
t/ha manure and 2 t/ha manure +30 kg Pz05 /ha for two years. Test crops were peanut (var 55-432; Fleur I 1 and GC S-15) and millet (var IBMV 8204;
var Souna3).
Results indicated that 2 t/ha manure supplemented with local rock phosphate gave the highest average peanut yield (1073 kg/ha) and millet (1033 kg/ha)
from 1991-1995. Yields from the control plots were 299 kg/ha for peanut and 243 kg/ha for millet. Peanut yields of the subsequent study were 924
kg/ha from improved manure plots and 450 kg/ha from the control plots. The respective yields for millet were 1065 kg/ha for manure improved manure
and 388 kg/ha for the control.
2) The second at the same site tested improved compost (trop residues mixed anima1 manure in equal parts) with ordinary manure. Treatments were:
control without improved compost, 2 t/ha manure in two consecutive years, 4 t/ha improved compost in two consecutive years, 2 t/ha manure in two
consecutive years, 4 t/ha manure in two consecutive years. Results showed that application of 2 t/ha improved compost yielded 794 kg/ha peanut grain
as opposed to 348 kg/ha for the control. As well, millet yields were 917 kg/ha for improved compost and 305 kg/ha for plots without it.
3) The third study focused on cropping patterns of millet and cowpea at Ndiamsil, Babak and Diofior. The objective was to examine yields performance
of sole millet (var IBMV 8402), sole cowpea (forage var 58-74 and grain var NDiambour) and millet/cowpea association, fertilized with 2 t/ha manure.
The cropping system study revealed that:
3003NRB;IR TECHNICa4L REC,~EII,=~~~~.~O.4H
6

---

a) at Ndiamsil sole cropped millet yield (830 kg/ha) was better than millet yield intercropped with forage cowpea (642 kg/ha). Also, sole croppped miliet
(958 kg/ha) outyieided millet yield (585 kg/ha) in association with grain cowpea. Forage cowpea yields were 753 kg/ha in pure stand and 387 kg/ha in
association with millet.
b) millet and cowpea were not compatible in association at Diofior. Sole cropped millet yield was 76.5 kg/ha as opposed to millet yield of 29 kg/ha as an
intercrop with forage cowpea. Similarly, sole forage cowpea yield was 737 kg/ha compared to 3 kg/ha when intercropped with millet. Also, yield of sole
millet (712 kg/ha) was better than millet (482 kg/ha) intercropped with grain cowpea. Grain cowpea yields were 558 kg/ha and 219 kg/ha in pure and
mixed stands with millet respectively.
c) at Babak, only grain cowpea did well. Pure grain cowpea yield was 626 kg/ha and 434 kg/ha in association with millet.
d) both pure millet and intercropped millet performed poorly at the Babak site. Yields of a11 manure treatments were less than 300 kg/ha.
Results of the same varieties evaluated at 1 1 additionai sites showed that millet/cowpea association is not commendable. Yield losses due to the
association were as follows: 17 % at Serigne Mbacke Fall; 45 % Bara Fall; 57 % Modou Ngom; 73 % Modou Fall; 23 % Diaga Basse; 56 % Cheikhna
Thiam; 3 % Aath Faye; 23 % Jacques Youm; 49 % Oustass Diaw Faye; and 54 % Gabriel Sene. At Ngor Djilene Faye, however, the intercrop
outyielded the sole trop by 12 %.
4) This study compared animals fed with supplementary ration to those who were not. Weight gain of animals supplementary fed with peanut and
cowpea residues in addition to 500 g millet and water daily was better those who received no supplementary feed.
The study concluded that:
1) Improved manure (manure at 2 t/ha manure +30 kg P205 /ha) and improved compost (compost mixed with manure) increased yields of millet and
peanut compared to farmersn practice.
2) Sole cropping of millet and cowpea were better than the two crops in association.
COMMUNiCATIONS RECOMMENDED:
Research reports: Annual reports already exist.
Extension bulletins: Extension bulletins in local languages have been produced.
3003i+RBAR TECHAKX!. REl~~-IElf=f:4\\iOMii
7

---

Scientific papeps: The above studies contain !ong-term (5 years) Gclt data on soi1 fertility management in semi-arid zone of West Africa. They
contained usefül information that may interest the international research community.
A proposed title of the paper is: The validation of the efficiency of animal manure and compost on production of millet, peanut and cowpea on farm
fields in the semi-arid (Sahelo-Sudaian) zone of Senegal
Suggested journal outlets are African Crop Science Journal (secrc:aria; in South Africa and Uganda); Experimental Agriculture in UK; Tropical Science
in UK; Biological Agriculture and Horticulture in UK; and Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment in the Netherlands.
Videohadio: Local radio broadcast may hclp spread information on imgrovcd manure.
Presentation at meetings: The abstract COUIC: be presented at the Aqonomy Meetings in the USA, any other regional or a national meeting.
Demonstrations: The technologies have been demonstrated.
TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT: The research studies were well conducted and the information should be disseminated to benefit Senegal farmers as
well as farmers from African countries faced with similar problems.
RECOMMENDED ACTLVITIES: A detaiied soi1 characterization should be conducted to identify sites where manure is most needed i.e where crops’
response to manure is high. The rational is to maximize the eficiency of use of the limited amount of manure produced by livestock.

---

RESEARCH ACTIVITY RESEARCH CODE: SN02 (DRAFT)
TABLE OF RESEARCH TECHNOLOGIES TESTED AND SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES VALIDATEDiDEVELOPED
GOALWPROJECT DESCRIPTION
TREATMENTS
LOCATION
RESULTS*
S/V02Comparison of farmer practice with
Millet (var Souna3, IBMV 8204)-
Kebemar,
Compost at 2 t/ha in addition to minerai
compost enriched with minera1 fertilizer and rock
peanut (var 55-437, Fluer 11, GC8-
Babak,
fertilizer rate of 150 kg/ha ( 1 O-2 1-2 1 NPK) at
phosphate
35) rotation or millet-cowpea
Ndiakane,
, planting followed by 100 kg/ha urea top
(Ndiambour) rotation.
Diakael, Dig
dressing (TV,EV).
S/VO2 Testing of millet variety testing o n 1 19
The millet varieties were:
Babak,
Improved varieties (TV).
farmers fields.
IBV 8004
Fandene,
IBV 8001
Fissel,
Souna III
I
Diokhar
Jdollor,
1
Thiadiaye.
’
S/VO2 Compost only.
’
Millet (var Souna III)
Ndiakane
Diakael
1
Two t/ha compost (TV,EV).
I
*RESULTS: SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES TECmICALLY VALEDATED (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY VALIDA-TED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FURTHER TESTING RECOMMENDED (TR), NOT YET FULLY DEVELOPED (ND), EXISTING PRACTXE
EVALUATED (E)
DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: ON-FARM VERIFIFICATION OF IMPROVED MILLET AND COMPOST TECHNOLOGIES IN THE SEMI-
ARID (SAHELO-SUDANIAN) ZONE OF SENEGAL
SUMMARY
We report on a collaborative research study implemented jointly by the Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute, Winrock International and Non-
Governmental Organizations to address the chronic problem of declining soi1 productivity and Iow trop yields. Tests were conducted at multiple sites on
soils with different fertility levels. Also, new trop varieties were introduced and evaluated for and high yield performance. Thus, the rational for our study
was to use a team approach (farmers, researchers and extension staff) to validate existing technologies which farmers could apply them under their own
circumstances.
3003iVRB.4R TECHMC.4L REI.ïEIl’-~:it\\fO..,tN
Y

---

The technologies and results follow:
1) The first technology was based on the effect of compost supplemented with minera1 fertilizer on millet yield. Six treatments were compared at seven
locations: 1) control (no compost and fertilizer), 2) farmers practice, 3) 2 t/ha compost consisting of trop residues, 4) 2 t/ha compost f recommended rate
of fertilizer (150 kg/ha 10-21-21 NPK basa1 + 100 kg/ha urea top dressing), 5) 2 t/ha compost + rock phosphate (equivalent to 60 kg P205 /ha) and 6)
recommended fertilizer rate (150 kg/ha 1 O-2 l-2 1 NPK basa1 + 100 kg/ha urea top dressing).
The highest yield was 1,204 k_g’ha and this was obtained from application of 2 t/ha compost + the recommended fertilizer rate (treatment 4). Also, net profit
of about CFA 37,000 was highest in treatments 4 and 5 (2 t/ha compost + rock phosphate). In ah, 3 16 farmers were trained in improved compost making
but 50 % of farmers (158 farmers) itnplemented the technique.
2) The second study was multilocational testing of millet variety. Millet varieties: IBV 8004, IBV 8001 and Souna were tested on 119 farmers’ fields
with and without compost of 2 t/ha. Improved variety IBV outyielded the local variety from 27 to 56 %. Application of compost increased yield from
by about 40 %. Souna3, increase over local varieties from 40 to 64 %. Compost increased the same variety (Souna3) between 53 to 67 %.
3) The third study compared 2 t/ha compost application with farmers’ practice on millet variety Souna3. Millet yield at 2 t/ha compost (1305 kg/ha)
was signifïcantly better than farmers’ practices (98 1 kg/ha) at Ndiakane. Yields were higher at Diakael than Ndiakane but application of compost still
were superior (1875 kg/ha) to 1574 kg/ha at farmer level.
The studies confïrmed that cropping systems involving improved millet variety (especially Souna3) and compost application are appropriate and
sustainable at farmer level.
COMMUNICATIONS RECOMMENDED
Research reports: Annual reports already exist.
Extension bulletins: Extension bulletins in local languages have been produced.
Scientific papers: The information is useful and is publishable in severa! international journals (see S/VOl).
3003XRBAR TECHNICAL REl’IEIi-l~,~~~iO.llI~
1 0

---

E 2 .H 3
2 a
v: Y E w
w .- FS i-T .- c ‘S 0

---

RESEARCH ACTIVITY RESEARCH CODE: WV03 (DRAFT)
TABLE OF RESEARCH TECHNOLOGIES TESTED AND SPEC~FiCPiTION OF TECiPNOLOGEGS VALIDATEDBIEVELOPED
GOALS/PROJECT DESCRIPTI[ON
TREATM ENTS
1LOCATION
RESULTS”
-
-
S/VO3 Live fencing to protect crops from
/ A. mell{$~a, A. rufescens, A. torlilis
NdotT
1Technology developed with trees spaced 50
animals encroachment compared to plain fields.
H. sufesctws, A. nolofica,
Boyard
/ cm within rows (D)
Z. ntawiliatta
N d i o d i o m e !
Dack
!
S/VO3 Wind breaks with to serve as shelterbelt
At~~caru’it~nt
occidetmie
Boyard Teck
/
Technology developed with plants spaced 5.0
to protect crops (millet, sorghum, and peanut),
Nguessine
1m within rows and 150 m long. (D).
minimized ground erosion and provided wood
/
and wood products.
!
/
S/VO3 Screening of the following trees to
A . Trachycatpu,
TorUis, Seyal
Djilass
/
Prosopis sp.and Parkinson spaced 5 M by 5 m
provide feed for livestock in Salt-affected areas
A. Hulosericeu, Bazrhinia nlffeencens
09.
where normal pasture usually performs poorly.
A. Senegd, Prosopis jullyot-a
for use in Agro-sylvopastoral.)
P. chilensis, Parkinsotlia aczrlaela
A. ttilotica fwr. Adonsonii
SWO3 Strip contour farming for protection and
Faidherhiu albida
Loul-Sessene
I
Technology developed with tree spacing of 10
improvement of soi]; to supply wood and feed
Balanites aegypfiaca
/
mby10m (D).
for livestock.
A . Nilofica
1
Hatrhinia mfescem
!
/
1
SlV03Alley cropping technology was designed
Leucaetta letrcocephafa
Loul-Sessene
’
/ Technology developed with shrub spacing of
to supply nutrient-rich biomass to sustain yields;
Dack
/
4.0 m between rows and 1 .O m within rows
to provide wood and give forage as weli with
Nguessine
j UV
I
I
I
“RESULTS: SPECIFICAÂION
OF TECHNOLO ,IES TECHNiCALLY VALIDATED (~&NOMICALLLY
VALI6ATZD (EV),
DEVfxOPED (D), FURTKER TESTI-NG RECOMMENDED (TR), NOT YET FULLY DEVELOPED (ND), EXISTING PMCTICE
EVALUATED (E)
DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: APPXWISAL OF TREE SPECIES FOR 3ROUGHT RESISTANCE AND SALT TOLERANCE IN THE SEMI-
ARID ZONE OF SENEGAL

---

SUMMARY
The semi-arid zone of Senegal is characterized by low rainfall (452.5 mm), high temperatures (20.6.35.3), high evapotranspiration (2062 mm) and high
solar radiation (630 cal/cm’). The soils are sandy and contain low organic matter (2.0 OA). Planting trees could serve as: live fencing to protect crops
from animals invasion, livestock feed, wind checks, and as strip crops to control ground erosion and upgrade the current level of soi1 organic matter.
The following tree species were evaluated for use as Iive fencing: A. ~z/~IJYu,
A. Irretfl, A. tortilis, A. &ica, H. r*lfi!.scerq and Z. muuritinn(~, Average survival rate of the species was 99 % at Boyard Ndiodiome, and 64 % at
Ndoff. The poorest performer was Z. nmrr*ifianu (14 % survival rate) at Dack.
A. occidentde was used for wind break to protect millet and peanut fields at Boyar. Suuvival rate for this species was more than 90 % at Boyar
-411 the trees tested for use as strip contour farming at Loul-Sessene had more than 95 % survival rate. The species were F. cdbida (local species), B.
uegyptiucu, A. senegui, F. alhida (exotic species).
L. /errcocephalu was evaluated for alley cropping.at Loul-Sessene, Dack and Nguessine. From August 1993 to November 1996, Letmzena produced an
average of 4.6 t/ha/yr and 790 stakes. The shrub was spaced 4-m apart and 1 m within rows to give approximately 2,500 plants/. ha.
The trees evaluated for Salt tolerance in Agro-sylvopastoral. systems consisted of:
A. truchycarpu, A. tortilis, A. holosericeu, H. rtrffencers, P. juliflora, P. chitensis, P. rrculretrr, A. nilutictr (var. Adonsonii), A. senegd, ad A. Ineta
Average survival rate in two years starting from November 1994 ranged from 0 % for A. holocericea and A. fruchycurpa to 100 % for A. laetu. Sixty
percent of trees had above 60 % survival rate. Height growth from August 1994 to March 1996 varied from 0 cm for A. holocericea and A. trachycarpa
cm to 170 cm for P. chiiensis.
COMMUNICATIONS RECOMMENDED
Research reports: They already exist.
Extension bulletins: Not yet produced.
Scientific papers: Preliminary findings could be published as journai articles
Video, radio: Campaign to promote awareness of tree planting.

---

8
c
.z
3

---

TABLE OF RESEARCM TIXHXOLOC~FS TESTED AND SPECIF1CATZON OF TECHNOLOGOES VALSDATED/DEVELOPED
GOALS/PROJECT DESCRIPTION
TRKATM ENTS
---__--_-- _._.. - -_-_- ~
-I_ -_.-.. .
LOCATION
RESiJLTS*
SO4 Evaluation of tiie following agroforestry
1
A. ~ne/l(/ivz~, A. fuetu, A. tor’lilis, A.
Sinthiou
Average survival rate of the species was about
species to raise soii organic matter for increased j r1ildiccr, H. +xeil.s, urd z.
Kohel,
SO 96 (D).
r
; trop production, control erosion and to provide
/
t!latlr~iticIrIa
/
Soukoto --T
/
forage for livestock..
I
/
l
*RESLJLTS: SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES TECHNICALLY VALIDATED (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY VALIDATED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FUR-TE-IER TESTING RECOMMENDED (TR), NOT YET FULLY DEVELOPED (ND), EXISTING PRACTICE
EVALUATED CE)
DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: Taking agroforestry to farmers
SUMMARY
This project took agroforestry from the station to 18 farm fields for validation. Trees chosen for this purpose were: A. rneliifera, A. faeta, A.torli/is, A.
rGloticn, Z. mawilicrm, R.rr~fe.se.scexs, 1;. ccrntcrkJlllol.sis, and C. cqj~r. A total of 5,400 plants were produced with an average survival rate afier a year
was 91 %.
COMMUNBCATIONS
RECOM-MENDED
Research reports: Esist.
Extension bul!etins: Not yret produced.
Scientifïc papers: Not enough data to merit journal article
Video, radio: Broadcast on radio to create awareness of tree planting.

---

4 a.

---

RESEARCH ACTIVITY RESEARCH CODE: S/VOS (DRAFT)
TABLE OF RESEARCM TECIINOLOGIES TESTED AND SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGZES VALIDATED/DEVELOPED
GOALWROJECT DESCRIPTION
TREATMENTS
LOCATION
RESULTSX
----.-.-- -_--_~_-_
SO5 The technoloyy was wind break to protect
’ ii can~ul~~t~~~l~rl.si.s
and A.
breaks consisted of two rows
i-primarily rice fiel& and supp!y of fïrewood.
, holmwicea in mixed stands.
I3,cai’pt~s and one row Acacias spaced 2 m
1
1
between lines and 1.5 m within lines (D).
“RESULTS: SPECIFICATION
OF TECHNOLOGIES TECHNICALLY VALIDATED (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMZCALLY VALIDA-TED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FURTHER TESTXNG RECOMMENDED (TR), NO-T YET FULLY DEVELOPED (ND), EXIST!NG PRACTICE
EVALWATED (E)
DESClUPTIVE TITLE: A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF WIND BREAK ON RICE
SUMMIARY
Wind breaks are intended to reduce wind damage of rice and other cereal crops as wel! as supply of wood. Wind breaks consisting of two lines of
Ez~ca/jptus and one line ofA. hhswicae were planted around 10 ha irrigated land in the village. The tree species recorded survival 100 % after two
months and attained a height of 2 10 cm for ~~IcLII$~~~~~.s
and 1 14.3 cm for A hofmcericea during the same period.
COMMUNICATIONS R.ECOMMENDED
Research reports: Exist.
Extension Quitetins: Not yet produced.
Scientific papers: Not enough data to merit journal article.
Video, radio: Broadcast on radio.

---

---

RESEARCH ACTIVITY RESEARCH CODE: S/V06 (DRAFT)
TABLE OF RESEARCH TECHNOLOGIES TESTEQ AND SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGHES VALIDATED/DEVELOPED
GOALSlPROJECT DESCRIPTION
TREATMENTS
LOCATION
REsuLTs*
1 SO6 The technology was winti break to protect
1
~.c~n?~ul~~rlen.si.s
and A. hdmricea
The valley of
Wind breaks consisted of two rows of
1
rice fields.
1
in mixed stands. Others with similar
River Senegal.
Eucaiyptxs and one row Acacias spaced 2 m
1
l
I
potential were: P. jufifk)r-a, P.
between lines and 1.5 m within lines (D).
I
amlaefa, B. sissoo, L. lencocephala
1
J
“RESULTS: SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES TECHNICALLY VALIDATED (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMXCALLY VALIDATED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FURTHER TESTING RECOMMEN-DED (TR), NOT Y-ET FULLY. DÉVELOPED (ND), EXISTING PRACTICE
EVALUATED (E)
DESCWBPTIVE TITLE: A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF WIND BMAK ON RICE
SUMMARY
Wind breaks are intended to reduce soi1 erosion caused by wind and rainfal! and provide wood as well.
Properly designed, wind breaks also regulate atmospheric humidity and temperature. Potential species for wind wind break included: Ecamakdzriensis
and A. holo.sericea in mixed stands. Others such as P. .jd@ora, P. aculcwfcr, B. sixsoo, L. lemxephcrla cari also be used.
COM.MUNICATIONS
RECOMMENDED
Research reports: Exist
Extension bulletins: Not produced
Scientik payers: 1s publishable together with other studies.
Video, radio: Broadcast on radio.

---

---

RESEARCH ACTWITY RESEARCZJ CODE: S/V07 (DRAFT)
TABLE OF RESEARCH TECHNOLOGIES TESTED AND SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES VALIDATED/DEVELOPED
GOALWPROJ-FCT DESCRIPTZON
TREATMENTS
LOCATION
RESULTS*
r-- ---~~----
- -
S/VOÏ
/
A. kki~i@q A. imliticu, Iksc~pis
’
Keur Ndene
’
A..mefl~yera, Zizyphrts mawitiuna, A. laeta, in
Evaluation of species for park restoration and
cincrurin
j
Mboss
sole stands and in association with A. nilotica
improvement of peanut, millet, sorghum and
1
A. J-aetu, fi~7m~v~~t7~s curnald7rknsis
/ Darou hlguer
and A. tortilis.. The stands were 300 m long,
cowpea.
/
A. 7brtili.q Ziz~ph~s n7auritima
and Keur
100 m between stands and 10 m within plants
/ Faiu’herhia albidu, A~7acasdi7m7
Layene
, in line. No agronomie data was reported (D).
/
occider7tale
/
J’. jlrl$7or-a, L. iermxephafa, P.
1
/
aculaeta, ho/o.wricea
J’. clfricana, M. irdica, , R. 1’7&xem-,
Agrwnes
SJVO7Agroforestt-y
system with A. alhiu’a for
/ Crops for the agroforestry system
j Boss, Keur
They were: wind breaks, live fencing and A.
i erosion control and revegetation of parks.
, were peanut, millet, sorghum, maize
I
NdeneNdao,
albida for soi1 restoration and park
and cowpea. Another objective was
1Keur Layine
I
improvement (D).
1
to determine the effect of myccorhiza Drame and
j
j on growth of Acacia afhida.
Keur Nguer.
SIV07Validation of the following agroforestry
1
Objectives were to use technologies
/
Nguer, Mboss,
Apart from Parkimoni aczrleata a11 species
species for use as wind breaks, live fencing and
such as wind breaks, live fencing, and 1 Keur Layine
exhibited survival rate of >90 % at the EBA
park retoration:
j
natural regeneration to conserve soi1
and Keur
1
(Enterprise a Base Agricole of Keur Layene
Cp. h4ell1jba, A.lurtc~, A.tor-tilis, A, Ni!oticcr, k: 1fertility and increase yields of millet, ; Ndene Ndao.
Gueye), and 89 % at EBA of Laghem for live
A Ibkkr
/
peanut, maize, and water melon.
1
fencing. Regarding park restoration only A.
4. Raddimu, A. holoser’icea, Pmkin.wCu
I
1torti/is raddiam showed survival rate of 70
ac7&ata
!
i
%.
Zizyphm nmn’itiana
’
A. Holosericea had 80
j
% survival rate as
I
wind break at Laghem and Layene Gueye
i
I
EBA six month alter planting (D).
*RESULTS: SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES TECHNICALLY VALIDATED (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY VALIDATED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FLRTI-IER TESTING RECOMMENDED (TR), NOT YET FULLY DEVELOPED (W), EXISTING PRACTICE

---

EVALUATED (E)
Overal! purpose of this project was to use agroforestry technologies such as wind break, live fencing and natural regeneration of useful plants to restore
soi1 fertility and sustain yield. Tree species evaiuated inciuded the following: A. nzell$+a, A. rroliticcr, P. cimruria, A. laetn, E. camaldzrlensis, A.tortilis,
2. n~azrritima, F. alhidu, A.occidet:tale,
P. jrilifk,rtr, 1,. lezrcocephczltr, 0. crculczeta, A. hohsericen, I’. cy?kmza, M. indica, C. ~~qmyn, R. rz$escen.s, md
Agrzmes. In at!, about 68,000 trees were p!anted at multiple sites in the project zone.
Survivai rates of species for !ive fencing 27 months afier pfanting were: A. me/iiferct, 81 %;. A. tzoliticcr,, 95 %; A. Incita, 78 %; A. torti!is, 91 % and Z.
mazuitiarzcr, 83 % were encouraging. Height growth for the same species alter 27 months were: A. melll$ra, 91 cm; A. nolitica,, 137 cm; A. Jaetu, 162
cm; A. torrilis, 12 ! cm and Z. ntuzrriticmcr, ! 04 cm.
Height of first branching for live fencing were 8, 15, 17, 22, and l? cm, for the respective tree species; average width of the hedges were 104, 102, 152,
97 and 67 cm, respectively.
Surviva! rates of species for wind breaks 27 months afier planting were: A. nte///&m, 19 %;, A. rzolificn,,
28 %; A. Iueta, 42 %; A.tortilis, 23 % and 2.
mawitiam, 18 % were encouraging.
in conclusion, A. meliifercr, A. imta, and 2. nrrruriticrna, were retained for use as live fencing either in sole stands or in mixed with A. niloticn and A.
tortih..
Resear$ reports: Exist
ExtensBon jbu!letins: Suitable for extension bu!ietin.
Scientik ppers: Lack sufficient data to qua!@ for a scientific article.

---

---

---

0
c CL 0 w
.C * 2

---

E

---

DESCRJBTFIVE TZTLE: W’QMES I-; INTTEGRETEQ NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Women were trained in improved compost makiny (compost + minerai fertilizer), agroforestry technologies and vegetable gardening. Yields of millet
variety Souna belonging to five farmer g-oups varied from 1.7 to 3.5 tiha in 1994. In 1995, farmers group from Ndiayene produced 700 kg/ha pods
with 2 t/ha compost. In Sango, total dry matter of millet was about 4,000 kg/ha.
P. jrliifk~tr, A. triloliccr and A. lorfi/i.s registered surviva! rates of > SO o/; in sole stands and in mixtures in 1996. P. jr///fl~~r grew faster in sole (SO cm)
and in mixed (60 cm) than the other species in 1995-l 996. The largest diameter ofabout 9 mm was also recorded with P. jul(fbt*cr.
Farmers were also involved with vegetable production such as: cabbase, egg plant, !ettuce, onion, and tomato. Net economic profit from this enterprise
ranged from 10 ! ,652-9,607 CFA per season.
Seiected anima& were fed with: 2-3 kg/ha peanut residue, 250-500 gianimal/d millet bran, and 250-500 g/animal/d peanut cake. In addition animals
received supp!ementary vitamin and sait lick. Weight gain/animal/d was between -1 kg to 8 kg. Economie gain/loss varied between -6 % to 45 *A. Sixty
seven percent of farmers had > ! 0 ‘J/O profit while 3?3 */o of farmers had profits exceeding 20%.
Research reports: Exist
Extension buXetins: Not produced
Scientifac papers: Is publishable alter col!ection of long term data.
Video, radio: Broadcast on radio.
Bresentation at meetings: Held.
Demonstrations: Not demonstrated.
TECMNICAL ASSESSMENT: It is advisable to mark trees and measure the same trees over time. Random selection of trees for repeated
measurements gives misleading results.
RECOLM!f4ENDED ACTIVITIES: Studies should be repeated over time.

---

---

iS/VlZ Use of residues of smoked fish to increase : Different modes of application the Fidal
4 t/ha fish residue (surface applied or
trop yields. The fish residue was high in
residue were tested on millet
incorporated) for millet (TV,EV).
nutrient: (pH=6.5; carbon=27.4 %; N=6.1 %;
(Souna3): 4 t/ha surface applied; 4
P=5.1%; K= 0.9 %; Ca=l 1 .l %; and Mg=6.4 % 1 tlha incorporated; 4 tlha banded and
/
sown in line; recommended fertilizer 1
/ (150 kg/ha S-1 g-27 NPK+lOO kg/ha I
/
urea), 2 tlha residue banded and
/
sown in line and a control without
/
residue or fertilizer
!
/
S/Vl2Use of residue of smoked fïsh to increase
Dif’ferent modes of application the
I
Bambey
4 t/ha fish residue for maize regardless of the
trop yields. The fish residue was high in nutrient:
residue were tested on maize (CP
mode of application (TV,EV).
(pH=6.5; carbon=27.4 %; N=6.1 %; P=5.1%;
75): 4 t/ha surface applied; 4 t/ha
1
K= 0.9 %; Ca=l 1.1 %; and Mg=6.4 %
incorporated; 4 tlha banded and sown
in !ine; recommended fer-tilizer (150
kg/ha S- 18-27 NPK+lOO kg/ha urea),
2 tfha residue banded and sown in
line and a control without residue or i
fertilizer
S/Vl2Use of residue of smoked fish to increase
i
Different levels of the fish residue
Bambey
4 t/ha fish residue for sorghum and 2 t/ha for
trop yields. The fish residue was high in nutrient: ranging from (O-6 t/ha) were tested
Fidal
peanut and cowpea regardless of mode of
(pH=6.5; carbon=27.4 %; N=6.1 %; P=5.1%;
on sorghum , peanut (55-437) and
/
Ndianda
application (TV,EV).
K= 0.9 %; Ca=l 1.1 %; and Mg=6.4 %
;
cowpea var Diongama.
1
-
~~-~ ~~~ --- -
~~~~
“RESLJLTS: SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES TECHNICALLY VALIDATED (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY VALIDATED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FURTHER TESTING RECOMMENDED (TR), NOT YET FLJLLY DEVELOPED (ND), EXISTING PRACTICE
EVALC’ATED (E)
DESCiW’TIVE TITLE: ON-FAI%M VALlDATIQN OF THE USE OF SMOKED FISH REMAINS AS MANURE FOR CROP
PRQDUCTION
SU.MiMA RY

---

Field studies were conducted of use of smoked fish remains on yields of millet (variety Souna3), maize (variety CP 75) and peanut (variety 55-437). The
remzins ~vcre ri& i:t nutrient e!emen:s as shown by the fol!owing analyses: pH=O.S; carbon=27.4 %; N=G. 1 %; P=.5.1%; K= 0.9 %; Ca=l 1.1 %; and
-Mg=6.4 ‘J/O. The studies were four studies sited on farmers’ fie!ds at multIp:r focations.
The first compared four levels (control, 2, 4, and 6 t/ha) smoked fish remains on millet and sorghum yields and (0 , 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 t/ha) fish remains
on yie!d ofpeanut and cowpea. The highest yields were: 2,500 kg/‘ha for millet at 6 tlha residue which may not differ from yield of 2,400 at 4 t/ha
residues; 3 174 kg/ha for sorghum at 4 t/ha; 0.93 t/ha for peanut at 2 t/ha residuts also may net be statisticu!Iy diffcrent from 0.93 t/ha from use of 1.5
tiha and 0.95 t/ha fJr cowpea at 2 t/ha fish residues.
The second examined methods of application of fish remains on millet (Souna3) and maize (CP 75). Treatments were 4 t/ha surface applied; 4 t/ha
incorporated; 4 t/ha banded; minera1 fertilizer and a control without residue or fertilizer. Maize yields between 2400 and 2,600 kg/ha at 4 t/ha were not
statistically different L-respective of the methods of application. Aiso, for millet, yields between 1640 and 1844 kg/ha at 4 t/ha did not differ among
methods of residue application.
The third study evaluated 4 t/ha fish residues and the fertilizer recommended by researchers (150 kg/ha 8-l 8-27 NPK+I 00 kg/ha urea) on yield of millet
(Souna3, peanut (55-437) cowpea (varieties Mouride, Diongama). Four t/ha fish residues regardless of the mode of application (surface or
incorporated) gave the highest millet yield (1,500 kg/ha), an increase of 85 % over minera1 fertilizer; peanut yield (0.90 t/ha) was about the same as
minerai fertiiizer; cowpea (variety Mouride) yield increased by 34 % and cowpea (variety Dionganma) yield by 140 % relative to minera1 fertilizer.
The fourth study also looked at the effect of modes of application of fish residues on millet (variety Souna3) and maize (variety CP 75). The methods
were 4 t/ha surface applied; 4 t/ha incorporated; 4 t/ha banded and sown in line; recommended fertilizer (150 kg/ha 8- 18-27 NPK+lOO kg/ha urea), 2
t/ha residue banded and sown in Iine and a contra! wirhout residue or fertilizer. Millet yields whether surface broadcast (1,600 kg/ha), banded (1,800
kg/ha) or incorporated (1,800 kg/ha) were not statistically different. The same holds truc for maize yields when fïsh residues were applied by surface
broadcast (2,400 kgiha), banded (2,500 kg/ha) or incorporated (2,700 kg/ha).
Research reports: Completed
Extension bul!etins: Campaign to promote use of fish manure for farming.
Scientific papers: Findings are useful and Cou!d be published as journal artic!es internationally (see S/VOl)
30

---

r-c
ca
Y
r:
a.
-.
0
-.
w
-.
1
;o”
‘i
%
-.
3
u
P
-.
z
2
P
CL.
3
8
-.
3
3
2.
z
z-

---

--
-:-. z- ;.:--.i-~-; I-.2- - -----.--
- -.
SV 14 Soi1 rènili ty management for maize and
1
Eleven treatmeits including the
sefa
Five t/ha compost plus 150 kg/ha NF% and
millet production.
i
control were compared. The
100 kg/ha urea for both maize and millet
!
1
treatments were: 3 t/ha compost; 5
1
1 (TV).
t/ha compost; 7 t/ha compost; 3 t/ha
’
compost + 100 kg/ha urea; 5 t/ha
!
compost + 100 kg/ha urea; 7 t/ha
compost + 100 kg/ha urea; 3 t/ha
j compost + 150 kg/ha NPK +lOO
/
kg/ha urea; 5 t/ha compost f 150 kg 1
1NPK + 100 kg/ha urea; 7 t/ha
1
compost + 150 kC5/ha NPK + 100
/ kg/ha urea; 150 kg/ha NPK + 100
1
ks/ha urea. The NPK formula was S- 1
j
18-27.
_-.
SVI40n-farm testing of improved and local
1The improved variety was .IDB was
Ddiama
Improved varieties (TR).
maize varieties.
1 compared with the local on 20 farm
1
Koussy
1
fields.
Bloc village j
II
Mandina
!
I
I
SVI 4Control of Striga on millet farms.
j
Treatment were: application of 100
/
Sedhiou
j
Treatments were recommended (TR)
1
kg/ha urea alter second weeding; 2,4- /
1
D spray just before fIowering or
1 about two months after planting and
’
irer’bicide spray @us hand weeding
1
before seeding millet. Twenty
-farmqrs_were involved.
- -
* --.---
- - - - - ,-- _. --I-I “--.-..L_ _-n. _ _ . . w.. - w- .-w-s- ,v.vr.

---

DEVELOPED CD), FI-JRTHER TESTlNG RECOMMENDED (TR), NOT YET FLJLLY DEVELOPED (ND), EXISTING PRACTICE
El$/-xcryI‘E3 (5)
DESCRIPTLVE TITLE: PROSPECTION OF IMPROVED CROP HUSBANDARY FOR SUSTAINED CEREAL PRODUCTION FOR
PEASANTS 16% T!#E SEM;I AR!D ZONE OF SENEGAL
Studies were carried out from 1995 to 1996 to determine appropriate management practices for maize and millet with respect to fertilization, choice of
varieties and weed control. The settings were Sefa for researcher-managed and 20 farm fields for farmer-managed studies in the semi-arid (Sahelo-
Sudaian) zone of Senegal. The studies focused on three main themes.
First, the effect of compost and minera1 fertilizers (?VPK and urea) on maize (variety DJB) and millet (variety Sango) were investigated. Treatments were
1) a control with neither compost nor fertilizer, 2) 3 t/ha compost, 3) 5 t/ha compost, 4) 7 t/ha compost, 5) 3 t/ha compost + 100 kg/ha urea, 6) 5 t/ha
compost + 100 kg/ha urea, 7) 7 t/ha compost + 100 kg/ha urea, 8) 3 tiha compost + 150 kg/ha NPK +lOO kg/ha urea, 9) 5 t/ha compost + 150 kg NPK
+ 100 kg/ha urea, 10) 7 t/ha compost + 150 kg/ha NPK + 100 kg/ha urea and II) 150 kg/ha NPK + 100 kg’ha urea. The NPK formula was S- 18-27.
Maize yields ranged from 1.46 t/ha (control) to 3.36 t/ha (5 t/ha compost + NPK + urea). There was no significant maize yield difference between the
_
use of 3 t/ha compost (2.1 t/ha) and 7 t/ha (2.3 t/ha). Also, there was no significant yield difference between 5 t/ha compost +150 kg/ha NPK +lOO
k3/ha urea (3.4 t/ha) and 5 t/ha compost only (2.8 t/ha). There was no need for supplementary N (urea fertilizer) when 5 t/ha compost and beyond were
applied. Furthermore, yield of 150 kg/ha NPK + 100 kg/ha urea (2.6 t/ha) did not differ from yield of 3 t/ha compost alone (2.1 t/ha).
Yield data from millet shows there was no statistical difference between use of 3 t/ha compost (1.7 t/ha) and 7 t/ha compost (1.8 t/ha). Supplementary N
did not significantly increase millet yield above application of 5 t/ha compost. Yields were not different trcatments when 3, 5 or 7 t/ha compost + 150
kg/ha NPK + 100 kg/ha urea were used. However, yieids were different between compost and compost + urea on one hand and compost + 150 kg,/ha
?WK + 1 OC) kg/ha urea on the other hand. It wou!d be interesting to compare millet yield from compost -+- 150 NPK without urea with the full dose
(compost + 150 kg/ha NPK + 100 kg/ha urea). There was no siynificance yield difference between the recommended minera1 fertilizer (150 k3/ha NPK
+ 100 @ha) and 3 t/ha compost.
Second, improved (variety DJEI) and local maize varieties were assessed under farmer conditions. Yields were generally poor and 50 % of farms yielded
Iess than 0.5 t/ha due to low rainfall and low soi1 fertility. Yields of improved varieties ranged from 0.3 1 t/ha to 1.73 t/ha as opposed to 0.14 to 1.5 t/ha
for the local varieties. Average yields for the improved and local varieties were 0.57 and 0.64 t/ha, respectively, representing an increase of 35 %.

---

The third theme studied the effect of a package treatment involvin, . p
u s r-ay of 2,4-D; fertilization with 100 kg/ha urea after second weeding and hand
weeding on control of striya (S~iga hcmw/hicu) on 20 millet farms. Farmers’ practice served as controt. Density of striga before treatments were
im?oseü averc.F,ed 39.7 p!ants/m’ to be treated and 27.4 plants/m2 for the control. Mer spray at trop maturity, striga population averaged 6.5 plants/m2
for treated farms and 5S.S $mts/m* for the control. Overall, 75 ‘XJ of treated fdrrns outyielded their non-trcated counterparts.
Wesearch wpol’ts: Ireliminary report is written.
Extension bu!fetins: Excellent for extension bu!letin
Scientik papers: Could be combined with other long-ter-m studies on similar subjects for publication since research was conducted for one season.
Video, radio: Results should be broadcast on a local radio.
Presentation nt meetings: Results could be pr-escnted at national, reziona! or international meetings.
Dcmonstmtions: Xcsults are yct to 5e demons!rnted
TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT: Studies S!~OL&! be conducted for at least two years to confirm resuhs.
RECOMMENDED ACT!VITf;i.“S: Studics shou!d bc rcpeated on se\\:eral locations and seasons.

---

RESEARCI11 ACTIVITY RESEARCII CODE: WV15 (DRAFT)
TABLE OF RESEARCH TECHNOLOGIES TESTED AND SPECIFICATIION OF TECHNOLOGIIES VALIDATEDBIEVELOPED
GOAL!%‘ROJECT DESCRIPTlON
TREATMENTS
--I-~-_I --
LOCATION
IRESULTS*
St’15
Comparison with the improved
Sagnaneme
Two t/ha manure with 100 kg rock phosphate
i
i
-
-
Test of local millet and improved varieties -
7 (Souna3) with the local under 3
(TV,EV)
/fertility levels:
Control (no fertilizer)
2 t/ha manure and 2 t/ha manure
with 100 kg rock phosphate of Taiba.
-
t
sv15
A project comparing pure and mixed
South of the
Relay cropping technology developed (D).
Relay cropping of millet with water melon
stands of millet and water melon.
peanut basin.
Water melon was relay-cropped with
millet one week before millet harvest
at 1.8 m between rows and r3.9 m
within rows.
SVIS
Treatment tested were: varieties
Saganeme
The acceptable technology was Rock 5
Rice varieties evaluation along a toposequence
IRAT 10 ( 144 B-9) on upland; DJ
planted in valleys (TV).
12-5 19 on borders of slope; 1 KONG
PAO (IKP) on slopes; and Rock 5 in
valleys. Cach plot received 200 kg/ha
S- 15-27 at planting and 50 kg/ha urea
15 and 30 days after germination.
- - - -
l-I
sv15
Varieties were: Mouride, 58-57,
Saganeme
Early varieties (D).
Evaluation of cowpea varieties.
Rambey 2 1, Melakh, CB5, Mougne,
Diongoma, Baye Ngagne, Ndiaga
Aw and Ndiambour.
--A--.--
i

---

0
>
. .-
--

---

DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: EVALUATION OF CRQPS AND CROPPIING SYSTEMS 1[N THE SEMI-ARID AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE OF
SESXGAL
Crops and cropping systems consisting of millet, millet/water melon intercrop, rice, cowpea and trees were investigated for high yield performance in
1995 growing season. Details of tht- !;ve studies undcrtakcn were as fo!low:
First, improved millet (variety Souna3) was compared with local under 3 ferti!ity levels namely, a control (no fertilizer and manure), 2 tlha manure and
2 t/ha manure + 100 ky! Taiba rock phosphate.
As expected, improved varieties were superior. Yields were 884 kglha for improved and 582 kg/ha for the local variety. As well, manure + rock
phosphate and usual farmer practice yielded 1046 kg/ha and 447 kg/ha respectively, a significant increase of 124 %. Yield of 2 t/ha manure alone was
702 kg/ha and was not signifïcantly different from use of manure + rock phosphate.
Second, was intercropping project comparing pure and mixed stands of millet and
watermelon. Watermelon was relay-cropped with millet one week before millet harvest at 1.8 m between rows and 0.9 m within rows.
Results indicated that association was advantageous as evidenced by land equivalent ratio of I .56. Net returns from millet and watermelon were CFA
83,500 and 89,400O per season respectively.
The third study was to determine rice yield performance along a toposequence. Varieties and locations were: variety RAT 10 (144 B-9) on upland;
variety DJ 12-5 19 on borders of slope; variety 1 KONG PAO (IKP) on slopes and variety Rock 5 in valleys. Each plot received 200 kg/ha 8- 18-27 at
ptanting and 50 kdha urea 15 and 30 days after germination.
Results showed that variety Rock 5 planted in lowland valleys yielded the highest
(4,418 kg/ha). The rest yieided less than 2,000 Rg/ha. A!i varieties should have been tested in all locations in order to have a fair comparison.
Test ofadaptabiiity ofthe following cowpea varieties was the fourth study: 1) Mouride, 2) 58-57, 3) Bambey 21, 4) Melakh, 5) CB5, 6) Mougne, 7)
Diongoma, 8) Baye Ngagne, 9) Ndiaya Aw, and 10) Ndiambour.
Early maturing varieties were preferred because they require !ess spray to control thrips and other insect pests. Varieties Mougne, Diongoma, Baye
Ngagne, Ndiaga Aw, and Ndiambour were !ate maturing and therefore less attractive to farmers.

---

0
8
-E0
E:
.-
. .
&
e
.m
”
E

---

RESEARCW ACTIVIIY RESEARCH CODE: UV!7 (DRAFT)
TABLE OF RESEARCH TECIfNOLOGIES ‘FESTED AND SPECTFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES VALIDATED/DEVELOPED
60,2LS/BROJECT DESCRIPTIQN
TREAT!MENTS
_.._ --.- -_-.- -_ .--- -. --.----_
_.. -
LOCATION
--~ RESULTS"
-
-
S/V17 Long-term (1979- 198.5) evaluation of
’
Rice varieties under varying N levels
Rainfed and
Variety DJ 8-509 and DJ S-341 with 100 kg
improved rice varieties (DJ 8-34 1; DJ-509) and a (0- 1 SO kg N/ha) and I n two
low land inland
N/ha in!and valleys (TV).
check variety 144 Bi9 under N levels.
/
locations.
valleys of
/
south Senegal.
S/V 17 Performance of rice varieties Tox 728- 1, / Rice planting dates were tested in 1s
South of -
July 7 date for varieties Tox 728-l and DJ 12-
DJ 1 l-509 and DJ 12-5 19 at the following
’ environments from 1985 to 1987.
Senegal in
SI9 (TV).
planting dates: 1 Jan; 15Jan; 30 Jan; 15 February;
submerged
7 Juiy; 22 Julv and 8 August.
water.
S/V17 Evaluation of rice varieties WARl; WAR 1 Yield performance of rice varieties
Oulampane,
Variety WAR 77-3-2-2 , WAR 1 and ROK 5
77-3-2-2; and ROK 5 in the saline valleys of
1under different fertility levels.
Badiana and
were validated (TV).
Casamance under zero, 50 % and 100 % of
j
Mlomp, Fanda,
recommended fertilizer rate.
Balandine,
Kagnoute
S/Vl7Performance testing of rice varieties WAR ; Yield performance of rice varieties at
Birkama,
AI1 the varieties appeared promising at
!, WAR 77-3-2, WAR 81-2-l-3 and ROK 5 with 1 multiple sites.
Badobar,
Birkama, Badobar and N’Guindir.. Soi1 pH
and without fertilizer.
j
N’Guindir,
reported ranged from extreme acid, pH 1.38
/
Diounoung,
to basic, pH 7.77 (TV).
/
Djinoundie and
/
Djibe!or
“RESULTS: SPECIFICATION
OF TECHNOLOGIES TECHNICALLY VALIDATED (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY VALIDA-I-ED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D>> FURTHER TESTING RECO!v’!MENDED
(TR), NOT YET FULLY DEVELOPED (ND), EXISTING PRACTICE
EVALUATED (E)
DESCRIPTIVETITLE: EVALUATION OF ~~CE-BASEDCR@PPZNGSYST~MrS
SUIWMARY

---

The project appraised long-term (1979- 1957) riçe-based cropping systems in Senega!. The emphasis was on varietal performance, fertilization and
plrnticg dates. Vl’r: xpof, .rcu,
i ~~+ments and Endln= 0!‘!?>~1r styudies under Ci!lèret:+ia! soi1 pH.
First, imorovcd rice varieties DJ R-34 1, DJ-509 2nd a ch& varie& 144 i$/9 for 6 years. Afso, variety DJ 8-34 1 and the check variety were tested under
0, 50, lUO and 150 kg /ha N fertrilizer. Last!y, tL t’ Improvtx! varietics were com~xr& with the check in up!anC and hydromorphic (waterlogged)
envi:onments.
Ranking of the varieties were DJ 1 l-509 with yie!d of2863 kg’ha > DJ S-33! with 2306 kg/ha > check 144 B/9 with 2,154 kg/ha. The yields may not
be sraristica?y signiscant.
Regard& N application, yieid averaged across a11 N rates was 3,S2 kg/ha for variety DJ 8-341 as opposed to the check 144 B/9 with 2714 kg/ha. This
yield difference may be significant and i: represents an increase 17 % over the check variety. Application of 100 kg/ha N fertilizer resulted in yield
increase of 167 % (from 1,5 13 to 4,041 kg/ha) over the controf for DJ 8-341. The respective for the check variety was 303 % (from 1,163 to 3,534
kgiha)
Yields under hydromorphic conditions remaincd consistently better than in the up!ands. Average yields from 1985 to 1987 under up!and and wetlands
conditions were respectiveiy:
2,671 kg/ha and 4,391 kg/ha for DJ 8-341 and 2, 457 kg/ha and 3,598 kg/ha for the check
144 B/9. Variety DJ 1 I-509 was planted in wetiands only and produced an average yield of 4,667 k@ha.
Second, performance of rice varieties Tox 728- 1, DJ 1 l-509 and DJ 12-S 19 studied to determine the best planting date as foliows: 1 Jan; 15Jan; 30 Jan;
15 February; 7 July; 22 Ju!y and S ALrgL;st. Julv_ 7 ~tppeared to be the best time to p!ant Tas 728- 1 and DJ 12-S 19; DJ I l-509 could be planted anytime
except in August.
Evaluation of rice varieties WAR I , WAR 77-3-2-2 and ROK 5 at three sites namely, Oulampane, Badiana, and Mlomp under zero, 50 % and 100 % of
recommended fertilizer rate.
Yieids were higher at Bdiana the other two sites. With the application of 50 % or 100 % of the recommended fertilizer, the thrée varieties yielded over
4,600 k~g/ha. Varieties WARI and WAR 77-3-22 were the most hi:;!? y;i:lding (> 5,300 kç/ha).
Performance testing of rice varieties WAR 1, WAR 77-3-2, WAR S l-2-1 -3 and ROCK 5 with and without manure under differential soi1 pH levels (pH
1.38 to pH 7.77). Soi1 pH 1.38 appears too iow.
Xi :he varieties showed promise at Birkema, Jadobar an d N’Guindir- with yl~lds generally exceeding 4,000 kdha in the absence of fertilizer app!ication.

---

E 5
.I c .

---

8

---

t/ha incorporated; 4 t/ha banded and sown in line; recommended fertilizer (150 kg/ha S-18-27 NPK+! 00 k:&a urea), 2 t/ha residue banded and sown in
ii!le Xii: 2 COi!!rOl \\vithOUt fC.SidUtr 01’ ieriilizcr.
Millet yields whether surface broadcast (1,600 kg’ha), banded (1,800 kg/ha) or incorporated (1,800 kg/ha) was not statistically different. The same holds
truc for maize yields when Esh residues were ap~lied by surface broadcast (2,400 kgiha), banded (2,5c’O kg/ha) or incorporated (2,700 kg/ha).
Research reports: They are already in place.
Extension bufletiris: Campa& to promote use of fish manure for farming.
Scientific papers: Findings are useful and could be pubiished as journal articles in Internationally (see YVOl).
Video, radio: The smoked fish residue technology deserves radio broadcast since most peasants do not have access to videos and video cameras.
Bresentation at meetings: Presentation of results Cou!d be done at national, regionai or international meetings.
Demonstrations: Project should mobilize extension agents, NGOs staff and farmers for widespread dissemination of the fish remains technology.
TECMNICAL ASSESSMENT: Des& of tria!s was appropriate. The study is interesting and uncommon in scientific literature in the developing
worid.
RECOMMENDED ACTllWTIES: A study to determine the availability and sustainability of fish remains is recommended. Liquid from fresh fish
processing could also be another source ofmanure if it could be treated to remove some of the bad odor.

---

-
.
-.-
.-
-._.
.-_-

i--
.
..__
--:Te:.
.---_-_ -__
i-Xv2 ?ar-mers hntitvicd$e ot‘cxkting an6 new
‘The objective was to do a review of rKoumbidia and
1
Contour pianting and live fencing were most
tcchnolo@2s in areas of: erosion control,
technologies suitable for maintaining
Thysse
I
favored by farmers (D).
cuitivating across slones, cultivating aiong
soi1 fcrti!ity and yields ofiocai and
Kaymor.
!
I
contours, live fencir?s, reforestation, individuat
improved varieties of milier, maize,
/
wood lots, community forestry, line planting and
peanut, cowpea, and sc:~~k~~.
I
1
/
/
damming of streams.
//
!
i
Ii
I
*RESL’LTS: SPEC:FICATION OF TEChWOLOGIES TECHNICALLY VALIDA-TED (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY VALIDATED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FT.JRTHER TESTING RXOWMENDED (TR), NOT YET FULLY DEVELOPED (ND), YSLSTING PRACT!CE
E’v’/L:JA-j-ED (E>
The project was based on adoption of technologies which include: erosion contrai, contour plantings, fertilization with compost,
manure and fertilizer use, agroforestry, reforestation, water storage and other cultural practices. As expected, the study noted some
technical and socio-economic problems (money, labor and technica! expertise) that affected 511 scaIe adoption.

---

c
.I
3

---

~-‘------- .-.-.-.. _-_-
----
---.------I_
- - - - - -
1 ‘2 *L 03 Eiict of fard management options on yields TO determine the etTect of land
Fanda in the
The treatments did not differ with respect to
\\ ofmaize and mifiet.
i
preparation (ridges either
j Casamance
Tyields. However, Leucaena produced more
3
perpendicular or parallel to the
;
rural
biomass than Gliricidia; both were spaced 4m
slope), alley cropping with Glirididia j community.
between JOW and 1 m within rows (D).
sepium and Leucaena leucocephala,
1
and contour planting with Vertivera
1
nigritana. Test crops were miilet-
,
I
l
I
maize association and sole mi!let.
i
I
._
.
“ARESULTS: SPEClFlCATlON OF TECHNOLOGIES TECHNICALLY VALlDATED (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY VALXDATED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FURTKER TESTING RECOMMENDED (TR), NOT YET FULLY DEVELOPED (ND), EXISTING PRACTICE
EVAWATED (5)
The project studied soi1 management with the objective to identify appropriate methods of conserving soi1 fertiiity and increase yields in traditional
farming systems. Treatments were 1) land preparation (ridges either perpendicular or parallel to the slope), 2) alley cropping with Glirididia sepium and
Lezxaena le~rcocephala, and 3) contour planting with l~krlivcra nigrifarta. Test trop was millet.
The treatments did not differ with respect to yie!ds. However, I,ezlcaem produced more biomass than Giiricidia; both were spaced 4 m between row
and 1 m within JOWS. Yie!ds on ridges par-aile1 to the s!ope were inferior (1.66 t/ha) to ridges perpendicular to the slope (2.33 t/ha). Mechanical land
preparation with and without incorporated Gliricidio yielded > 2 tlha.
There was no signifïcant difference among yields on ridges parallel to the s’ope (3.33 t/ha) to ridges perpendicular to the slope (3.33 t/ha). Mechanical
land preparation with and without Ver’tivrm yields we. _rp 3.5 tlha and 3 .O ti’rc;, reqxctively.

---

0‘5
0.-a
aa
-3
s;
W
s
W
i3

---

I* :<C%i !nteIlsive aiid extmsive methods yencrating
?o determine the effect of intensive
Sare
Yietds of inltiz2 %tld tiillet using fàrmers’
manure on yieids ofmiilet and maize.
(in stable) and extensive (l‘ree range)
Samboudian
practice we& cotiparcible with 10 t/ha stable
1
methods of senerating manure on
Ndangane
manure normafly prescribed by ISRA
I
farmers fïelds and the effect of the
Medina
researchers (D).
manure on yields of local millet and
Kaounde
. ^ ^ .._.
maize.
!
1
*RESULTS: SPECl”lCAT:ON OF TECHNOLOGIES TECHNNCALLY
VALIDATED (TV), SOCIQ-ECONOMXCXL~Y
V’PiLID&TED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FCRTI-IER TESTING %XOM>IENDED (TR), NOT k’I3‘ FULLY DEVELOPED (ND), ESISTING PRACTICE
EVALUATED (E)
DESCRIPTIVE TII-LE: YIIELDS OF *%AI%E AND :MILLET AS INFLUESCED BY $lANURE FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
SUMIMARY
The purpose ofthis work was to compare the ef&xt ofmanure from anima& kep: in stable with that of animais on free range on yields of local millet and
maize. The specific treatments were 1) open field manure, 2) farmers’ stable manure, and 10 t/ha stable manure from ISRA. At Sare Samboundiang site,
yields of maize from the three sources of manure were about the same: 1,635 kg/ha from open field, 1,755 ky/ha from farmers’ stable and 1,680 kdha
from ISRA manure. At the Ndangane site, maize yields lvere higher and were 2, i IV kg/ha cor open !i,ld, 2,276 &4la for far-mers and 2,253 kgha for
ISRA. h!lillet >ields may aiso not be signifïcantiy dilyerent among the treatmcnts.
Research reports: Completed.
Extensiorl bulictim: None.

---

-z-2
.C0
E

---

G~o:iE.s/pfiQ.~i:ca-
DESCR~P’TIC~N
“7‘ r> )
L I . . . ..\\‘F.‘IM ENTS
L O C A T I O N
REri’l!T,“r‘S”
-.
-i
1
1.
l--
R05 A srudy to iind out the cauxs oi’low yie;d
;
SOS$ZUI:I (Variq CE 14%66j \\V~S
h,fedina Kibe.
Factors such as earfy sowing (before the
‘i Oh .>
%rl;f?~u!ll on fx:n 5cfds.
/ cvaIuated on fieids of 14 farmers. The /
1 second week of July), low to medium plant
-, .
1
1
!oiio\\c;ng factors cvcre in/lestigred:
j
/ density, fallow length of 4-5 years positively
j
time ofsowing, plantiny density,
i influenced yield whereas drought and low
/
1follow length, weather and soi1
/ fertiiity had a negative effect (D).
1
i
j
factors.
1
“RESLJLTS: SPECIF!CXTION
OF TECHXOLOCIES TECHNICALLY VALIDATE (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY VALIDA-TED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FURTHER e .-.S
Tc i
-J-’ 1\\
!rJ X5COhlMYNDED (T-R), N3T ‘:T FIJLLY D”‘,VELOI’ED (‘JD), EXESTING PRACTICE
E’v-/yJJATED (;Y)
A study to identify the causes of low yield of sorghum on farm fields. Sorghum (variety CE 145-66) was evaluated on fields of 14 farmers. The
following factors were investigated: 1) time of sowing 2) planting density, 2> Irngth of fallow, 4) weather and soi1 fertility factors.
Length of fa!!ow was more important for production of sorghum. Fallow lenpth of 4-S years increased yield (between 1,200-2,100
kg/ha) more than
short fal!ow leng,th of l-2 years (3X-900 kg/ha). As expected sood and reliable rainfall positively influenced yield whereas dr-ought and low soi1 fertility
reduced vields. 7actors such as ear!y so\\ving (Sefore t!x second week of Ju!v) an? low to medium plant densities were advantageous.

---

0
0
.‘
b,
td
a. .
c
13
z”
tl
nt
0
a
ü
Lpl
8
$

---

RESEARCH ACTIVITY RESEARCH CODE: ROli (DRAFT)
TABLE OF RFSEARCH TECHNOLOGIES TESTED AND SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES VALXDATED/DEVELOPED
Gr3ALS/PROJECT DESCRIPTION
TREATMENTS
LOCATION
RESULTS*
1 PJ34 Restoration of pastures wir!l local rock
Revegetation of ranches were-
Dali
Dominant vegetation were Z. glochidiata, S.
phosphate.
investigated with seven levels of
Kolda
gracilis, and A. mutabilis at Doli. At Kolda
i
native rock phosphates (0, 100, 200,
P.walense, V. racemosus and A. Pseudapricus
i
300,400, and 500 PZ 0~ ) on about
were most common. Phosphorus did not
0.50 ha. Sources of the rock
increase biomass of the species at both
phosphate were Thies and Taiba.
locations. Also rock phosphate increased
forage P content at 400 kg/ha PZ 05 (D).
I
“RESULTS: SPECIFICATION OF TECI-INOLOGIES
TECHNICALLY VALIDATED (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY VALIDATED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FURTHER TESTING RECOMMENDED (TR), NOT YET FULLY DEVELOPED o\\rr>), EXISTING PRACTICE
EVAWATED (E)
DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: RESTORATION OF RANGELANDS WITH LOCAL ROCK PHOSPHATE
SUMMARY
Restoration of ranches were investigated with seven levels of native rock phosphates equivalent to (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 kg/ha P2 0,) on
about 0.50 ha. The rock phosphate came from Thies and Taiba. The most common vegetation were Z. ghchidiata, S. gracilis, and A. mtrtahilis at Doli.
At Kolda P.wah.se, V. I-acemoszrs and A. Pser~dapricus were most common. Phosphorus did not increase biomass of the species at both locations Also
rock phosphate increased forage P content at 400 kg/ha P2 05.
COMMUNICATIONS RECOMMENDED
Research reports: Completed.
Extension bulletins: None.
Scientific papers: Results are only preliminary and thcrefore may not qua!ify for publication in international journals.

---

---

TABLE OF WESEi\\RCfJ TECHNOLOGIES TESTED AND SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES VALEDATED/DEVELOPED
GQACS/kROJK-!- DESCRIPTfON
TREATMENTS
LOCATION
RF,SIILTS*
_-I-.-.-----_-.--..----
--~---
RO f 3 Development of improved cowpca,‘millet
/
Ten improved cowpea varieties were 7;---~- ---
Douba, Darou
C’ariety Baye Ngane with two sprays of decis
technoiogy in the humid zone.
’
tested. They were: Bambey, Baye
Fall.
(1.5 kg a.i./ha) per season topped (TV,EV).
1Nsagne, Diongama, ITS 1 D- 1137,
1
14e!akh, Mougne, Mouride,
j Ndiambour, TVX-3236, SS-57, and
j
codifiees. The other treatmerlts were
/
4 insecticide sprays: connx~l with no
1spray, 2 sprays, 3 sprays and 4 sprays
per season at weekly inter-vals. The
1
insecticide was Decis (deltamethrine)
“RESULTS: SPECIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES TECHNICALLY VALIDATED (TV), SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY VALIDATED (EV),
DEVELOPED (D), FUR-HIER TESTING RECOMMENDED (TR), NOT YET FULLY DEVELOPED (ND), EXIST,rNG PRACTICE
EVALUATED (E)
DESCRI?T!VY ‘FITLE: CON’XOL QF COiYIEA !XSECT PESTS
The focus of the project was on testing of ten improved cowpea varieties. The vnricties were: Bambey, Baye Ngagne, Diongama, lT8 1 D-l 137, Melakh,
Mou&e, Mouride, Ndiambour, TVX-3236, 58-57, and a check
variety. The 4 insecticide treatment were: control with no spray, 2 sprays, 3 .sprays and 4 sprays per season at weehly intervals. The insecticide was
Decis (deltamethrine) at 1.5 g a.i/ha. Four pianting dates were used.
The fourth planting date controlled thrips Setter even without spray of insecticides than the first three dates. Insect populations averaged 7.5 for the
fourth, 137.6 for the first, 179.8 for the second, and 109.5 for planting dates of cowpea with no spray of insecticide. Varieties ITSID-1137, Melakh,
Mougne, Mouride and Ndiambour were most tolerant to thrips when the fourth planting was used with no spray. These varieties had insect populations
of 4 or less. The assumption was that the !ower the insect populations, the higher the yield. We noticed the reverse; higher yields were recorded from
the ?rst atxl second p!anting dates with two or threc sprays. At Darou, thc mas! prornising package wx to 7’an.t &y (Date 1) and to spray at least

---

0.-
w
‘A
0
E
-
-4
Q
-..
. .

---

---

VEFWIFICATION OF IMPROVED M1ILLET AND COMPOST TECHNOLOGIES ON FARM FIELDS IN THE SEMI-ARID (SAHELO-
SUDANLiN) ZONE OF SENEGAL
lintroduction
We report on a collaborative research study implemented jointly by the Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute, Winrock International and Non-
Governmental Organizations to address the chronic problem of declining soi1 productivity and low trop yields. Tests were conducted at multiple sites on
soils with different fertility levels. Also, new trop varieties were introduced and evaluated for and high yield performance. Thus, the rational for our study
was to use a team approach (farmers, researchers and extension staff) to validate existing technologies which farmers could apply them under their own
circumstances.
Materials and Methods
The technologies and results follow:
1) The first technology was based on the effect of compost supplemented with minera1 fertilizer on millet yield. Six treatments were compared at seven
locations: 1) control (no compost and fertilizer), 2) farmers practice, 3) 2 t/ha compost consisting of trop residues, 4) 2 tka compost + recommended rate
of fertilizer (150 kdha 1 O-2 I-2 1 h’PE( basa1 + 100 kg/ha urea top dressing), 5) 2 t/ha compost + rock phosphate (equivalent to 60 kg P205 /ha) and 6)
recommended fertilizer rate (150 kg/ha ? O-2 1-2 1 N?K basa,r + 100 kg/ha urea top dressing).
The highest yield was 1,204 kg/ha and this was obtained from application of 2 t/ha compost + the recommended fertilizer rate (treatment 4). Also, net profit
of about CFA 37,000 was highest in treatments 4 and 5 (2 t/ha compost + rock phosphate). In ah, 3 16 farmers were trained in improved compost making
but 50 % of farmers (158 farmers) impiemented the technique.
2) The second study was multilocationa! testing of millet variety. Millet varieties: IBV 8004, IBV 8001 and Souna were tested on 119 farmers’ fïelds
with and without compost at 2 t/ha. Improved varie& IBV outyielded the local variety from 27 to 56 %. Application of compost increased yield from
by about 40 %. Regarding variety Souna3, the increase of the iota! varieties ranged from 40 to 64 %. Compost increased the same variety (Souna3)
between 53 to 67 %.
3) The third study compared 2 t/ha compost application with farmers’ practice on miilet variety Souna3. Millet yield at 2 t/ha compost (1305 kg/ha)
was significantly better than farmers’ practice (9s 1 kg/ha) at Ndiakane. Overall, yields improved at the Diakael site but application of compost
3003.VRRAR 7-ECil.\\;rT.4 I, REI -IE’11-M\\ fO.-W
5 7

---

0

---