.lt21 II’) i i~~‘~~j - __- ...
.lt21
II’)
i i~~‘~~j
-
__-
------
.-
---
-.-
-----
. . _ .__----
.-~--
---
-
Morphometric, biological and behavioural differences between
He&tarsenus va~ko/nis (Hym., Eulophidae) and Opius dissifus
(Hym., Braconidae) parasitoids of Liriomyza frifolii (Dipt.,
Agromyzidae)
11. Bordat. E. F’. Coly and C’. Houx-Clivera
(‘IRAI)
FLHOR.
LIR
HC’RP.
Rlontpcllicr.
Frmcc
Thc* II. r(!ric OH/~- I. I ;II.~ tylindric;tl,
slighLl\\
ringcd
il1 shapc. and IransI uwnt. ;Ipart froni the ccnti;il
part
uhcrc
thtw
is a11 r-q-uqw.
ycllow
;irc;t. Thq
;Ire an
averagc of 0.51 n1n1 long (table 2). In 0. c/iruitu,v, the
Iirsl larval stage is also translucent
but its tnorpholog!
is cvmpletely
ditlercnt.
Thc Ll bas a vers distrnctivc
hcad with slrong
buccal parts consisting
OI’ tcc’c‘r sharp
hwks and thc bod~ i\\ slightly ringed an3 cnds ahruptlq
in ;I ~~11 caudal appcndix,
Thc six vuric~ bctnccn 0.75
n11n for thc sn~llc~t
and 0.76 nitn for thc bigcst.
In
1~0th spccie5 thc prcxwc
of‘ two 1. t pcr I;rrva or pupa
host \\P;IS ob:,cr\\xzd c\\ cral tinics (Fi\\Kf<fcr. 199 1 )
Thc II. I trricorrri.\\ 1.2 is al>o cqlindricul
in S~:I~C bur
longer illld niorc ~trc~inilincd
ttlall
thc 1. I It5 ringcd
appearance
Iras prac2i\\xll?
disappcarcd
and II i3 ;L bright
orange
colour,
cuccpl l’or 1 he en&, which
ari* Irais-
lucent. In Ihc dissc~rtwns. ne ncwr found
nwrc than
ont L2 per host 1arv.l. It is vartable in size. bctwecn 0.34
a nd 2.30 mm (table 2 1. I’hc 0. c/i,vsitu.s
L.7 i\\ vc’rb diil’ercnt
tlcim thc L I It II;I., bcconx
wortn shnped. ha Iost its
bucal
hwks. ami IIOLV occupies thc M.holc OI’ thc host
3 Kesults
pupa’~ tcngttr. It I~;I\\ turncd ;I awniy
IL hitc C~~~OU~ (FA~-
KI;‘f, 1 WI ). Its Iwgt i vurics bctu-ccn 0.60 ;ind I ‘0 tnni
3.1 Morphometric
diffcrences between H. mricowzis and
(tahIc 2).
0. dksitus
‘l‘lic xlult5
of II. i.wic.cwtzi,\\ ..I~c‘
a nwtallic blue grccn in
colour.
Their lenpth
\\aric.
considerxbly
but it is ;I:I
a\\.cr;igc 01‘ I .6.? niin l’or thc males ami 1.80 mm Ii~i,
t I~L’ I~iiialcs (table 1 1. The 4pt’cies cari Ix distinyuishcd
~cxii~ill~
l-y i& ,intcnnx
thc malt
ha\\ pectinatcd
;~ntcnn;~e \\vhereus thc I’cnxric bas long. thin onces. Thcil,
lcn,gh tqrwntx
3bout 50” , oî‘thc inxcts overall bod>~
At Lhc pupal Qugc. lwtrusions
I;x thc Iiict and ,uitcn-
Icngth (THII.KY. IW).
Its lcL\\t arc white. uhno~t frans-
II,IC L-;II~ cusily be di~tinguished.
Thc diil+crcnt pxts of
Iucalt.
Ihc hody, thc hcad. thora\\-
and abdonwlt
arc quite
visible. AI’tei oxidatlon
of thc tcgutnent.
thc pupai: \\xr>
in wlour
throughout
thcir Iraiisl<,rii7ati~li.
On l’orma-
Con. thèy arc pale jrllow
in çolour. but the! graduall~
darkçn, the lty~‘s t urni ‘12 dist inctly rcd. then brown. HJ
thc cnd of’ the pupal stage. thcy arc blach all ovcr.
Thc H. ~~trri~woi.v pupac arc 4ightly
hipgcr.
I .01 mn1
coniparcd
to I .52 nitn for the 0. dixsitus pupx
(F .\\Ktwt-.
‘fhc eggs arc oblong ~h~l~.xi. those ol‘the If. l.ti/.i(.(/l.///\\
I 0’) 1 ).
bcing ;I translucent
crcanq
$3 hitc. In 0. rli~\\itll.v ont cnd
ot. Ihc cgg i5 slightly more 4c ollcn. E&s OI‘ fj. rtrricwr/rt\\
3.2 Biological
differences
hetween H. ~wricc~nris ii\\Id 0.
arc slightly longer than thcj XC 01’ 0. dix;itu.s Thcy arc ;III
dixsitus
a\\erage
of’ 0.28 and 0.23 innl respectivcly
(table Jr.
Thrc,uphout
the disswtionr
\\\\c manqcd
L,) obscrvç uI)
I Ew
E3 Ll
80 -
DL2
IJ Prepupae
m 60-
E3 Pupae
z 5 L
a
40-
20 -
o-
5
6
7
8
9
10
Number of days
r:ach specics. On the second dny af’ter laying. ‘~O”Y, 01’0.
ili.v,situ,~ are Lit the Ll stage. X(V”0 on the third and 1Burth
dayx and 35% (In rhe lil‘th da\\. (fig. 1 ). In H. ~~trr~ifwrri.~.
40’!4 Lire noted on the wcond*day after laying. rising to
‘90 “4, on the third dil>: Aier this, tht: perceniage
‘T‘he 0. t/i,s.\\itu.s tarnalcs lay t hcir eggs dircctly
insidc
decrcases gradually cach day. and it is below Y!& on ihc
thc litr\\;~‘s b0dy cuvi[y withour
anaestheGzing
it belin-c-
cight day after laying (tig. 2).
hand. The hust larv,t continucb
to cal normally,
then
The dunilion of the L2 stage is thc same in hoth
Icaces thr: l>litnt in ordcr to hccome
;1 pupa, tnking
species, thal is to wy. 0 days. In 11. rmkor~ni.s. 111~
csith il thc egg or the -OUII~
i;lr\\~;~.
Opirrs dissitu.s thett
maximum number of L? are prcsent on the fourth wd
dcvclops insidc the L. tr.jli~/ii
ptqx
taking adcantapc
OI‘ fif’th days af’tcr laying. \\vit.h S9”% 2nd 6X”% respcctivcly:
thc htttcr’s protectivc
cuticle. ‘IXe irnago wntes ou1 ot’
rhis proportion decrcuws steadily to 50% on the slsth
thc pupi~. which cari usually bc found on thc grountf.
day, 25?;0 on the seventh day. 19% on the cighlh day
Ilrtlikc
II. cm%wrrri.~, tnost of‘ 0. dissitrl:;‘s cycle rakes
and ,5”40 on Ihe ninth dal (tig. 2). In 0. chitus.
1 7’ifl of
place wrtside the plant.
L.2 appear 3 daqs af’tcr lilying. the percentage increwng
until the sixlh &y (?(Y’~.B.
27% and 45% l’or the f’ourlh,
3.3 ‘lïme spread of the two parasitoids
Idifferent
lifth and sixth days rc,pccti\\ely). before dropping to
biological
stages
1 I ‘% on rhc sevcnth da;+ ;md poing back up LO 33% on
In bo~h qxcics.
thc cggs’s incubation
pcriotl varies ;I
the eighth day (lig. I ).
srcat dcat. It cari be ;~s long a5 7 days For H. ruriwtxi.~
In 0. rhsitus.. the prcpupae appel-lr as early us the litth
:tnt.i 3 days maximum
tOr 0. ciissi/us (fig. f and fig,
day and thcreafler up Io the tenth düy with maximum
2). ‘I~L’ durntion of the Ll :%t;lge is also dif’ferent in numbers on thtr fifth. sixth. scventh and eighih ditys
100 -
U Ew
4
80 -
I I Li
i QlJ
d
0 Prepupae
g
60-
19 Pupae
i?
5
$
40-
20 -
4
5
6
7
8
9
Number of days
3.4 ‘I‘hc intluence of the lar\\ ai stage of L. rr$dii
on thc
parasitism of the two entomophages
‘1‘11: 110\\1’*3 lai-Viii
Slufc
ll,P
;III inllwnce on the pro-
ciuclion 01’ Ièni;rlcs in rhe f\\\\‘r parasitoids. In 0. &c.sir~~\\.
rhc prc~tlucliott rcwlling frctn thc tirs1 I;trval stage ot‘i,.
Ir.i/idii
\\S;h
191 ildUlt5.
35.;
llsr tlle l.I! Lllld 401 for rIle
1-i (rablc .1 j. Ir should also w noled rhat tat: Newman
Kc’ttis test dcwclcd no signilicanl dilfcrcnce, ;tt .i”,;,.
IX*~\\\\ cc’ti thc n~~nilw 01‘ aduhc coming fTotn L3 and L,:.
3.5 ‘l‘he influence of thc nunther of L,. rrijblii larvae on
the parasitism
of the two entomophages
U’hcn Ihe t.wo parasitoid s1wS3 are in contpeti~ic~ti. thc
popitla~ioti aiLc ol‘ 1.. itYfol:i
larvx bas :i considcr~tbic
itlllliCtlCC
011 the prcx~ucticl i ol‘ t’wtalcs. With ;I wtull
pc~pulatici~i. thc producliw: of‘ 0. tti,c.sirl~.\\ adlllls I% i!C
~III\\ onc tndividuul. v lierc.r\\
;t large ptqorlion
n;ih
idcntical io ;t conlrol group
586 atiti 576 indiLidual,i.
rcipccti\\el\\ (table -Ii. Thczc Iw latter Iigi:res \\\\crc’ ti(11
II’)
i i~~‘~~j
-
__-
------
.-
---
-.-
-----
. . _ .__----
.-~--
---
-
Morphometric, biological and behavioural differences between
He&tarsenus va~ko/nis (Hym., Eulophidae) and Opius dissifus
(Hym., Braconidae) parasitoids of Liriomyza frifolii (Dipt.,
Agromyzidae)
11. Bordat. E. F’. Coly and C’. Houx-Clivera
(‘IRAI)
FLHOR.
LIR
HC’RP.
Rlontpcllicr.
Frmcc
Thc* II. r(!ric OH/~- I. I ;II.~ tylindric;tl,
slighLl\\
ringcd
il1 shapc. and IransI uwnt. ;Ipart froni the ccnti;il
part
uhcrc
thtw
is a11 r-q-uqw.
ycllow
;irc;t. Thq
;Ire an
averagc of 0.51 n1n1 long (table 2). In 0. c/iruitu,v, the
Iirsl larval stage is also translucent
but its tnorpholog!
is cvmpletely
ditlercnt.
Thc Ll bas a vers distrnctivc
hcad with slrong
buccal parts consisting
OI’ tcc’c‘r sharp
hwks and thc bod~ i\\ slightly ringed an3 cnds ahruptlq
in ;I ~~11 caudal appcndix,
Thc six vuric~ bctnccn 0.75
n11n for thc sn~llc~t
and 0.76 nitn for thc bigcst.
In
1~0th spccie5 thc prcxwc
of‘ two 1. t pcr I;rrva or pupa
host \\P;IS ob:,cr\\xzd c\\ cral tinics (Fi\\Kf<fcr. 199 1 )
Thc II. I trricorrri.\\ 1.2 is al>o cqlindricul
in S~:I~C bur
longer illld niorc ~trc~inilincd
ttlall
thc 1. I It5 ringcd
appearance
Iras prac2i\\xll?
disappcarcd
and II i3 ;L bright
orange
colour,
cuccpl l’or 1 he en&, which
ari* Irais-
lucent. In Ihc dissc~rtwns. ne ncwr found
nwrc than
ont L2 per host 1arv.l. It is vartable in size. bctwecn 0.34
a nd 2.30 mm (table 2 1. I’hc 0. c/i,vsitu.s
L.7 i\\ vc’rb diil’ercnt
tlcim thc L I It II;I., bcconx
wortn shnped. ha Iost its
bucal
hwks. ami IIOLV occupies thc M.holc OI’ thc host
3 Kesults
pupa’~ tcngttr. It I~;I\\ turncd ;I awniy
IL hitc C~~~OU~ (FA~-
KI;‘f, 1 WI ). Its Iwgt i vurics bctu-ccn 0.60 ;ind I ‘0 tnni
3.1 Morphometric
diffcrences between H. mricowzis and
(tahIc 2).
0. dksitus
‘l‘lic xlult5
of II. i.wic.cwtzi,\\ ..I~c‘
a nwtallic blue grccn in
colour.
Their lenpth
\\aric.
considerxbly
but it is ;I:I
a\\.cr;igc 01‘ I .6.? niin l’or thc males ami 1.80 mm Ii~i,
t I~L’ I~iiialcs (table 1 1. The 4pt’cies cari Ix distinyuishcd
~cxii~ill~
l-y i& ,intcnnx
thc malt
ha\\ pectinatcd
;~ntcnn;~e \\vhereus thc I’cnxric bas long. thin onces. Thcil,
lcn,gh tqrwntx
3bout 50” , oî‘thc inxcts overall bod>~
At Lhc pupal Qugc. lwtrusions
I;x thc Iiict and ,uitcn-
Icngth (THII.KY. IW).
Its lcL\\t arc white. uhno~t frans-
II,IC L-;II~ cusily be di~tinguished.
Thc diil+crcnt pxts of
Iucalt.
Ihc hody, thc hcad. thora\\-
and abdonwlt
arc quite
visible. AI’tei oxidatlon
of thc tcgutnent.
thc pupai: \\xr>
in wlour
throughout
thcir Iraiisl<,rii7ati~li.
On l’orma-
Con. thèy arc pale jrllow
in çolour. but the! graduall~
darkçn, the lty~‘s t urni ‘12 dist inctly rcd. then brown. HJ
thc cnd of’ the pupal stage. thcy arc blach all ovcr.
Thc H. ~~trri~woi.v pupac arc 4ightly
hipgcr.
I .01 mn1
coniparcd
to I .52 nitn for the 0. dixsitus pupx
(F .\\Ktwt-.
‘fhc eggs arc oblong ~h~l~.xi. those ol‘the If. l.ti/.i(.(/l.///\\
I 0’) 1 ).
bcing ;I translucent
crcanq
$3 hitc. In 0. rli~\\itll.v ont cnd
ot. Ihc cgg i5 slightly more 4c ollcn. E&s OI‘ fj. rtrricwr/rt\\
3.2 Biological
differences
hetween H. ~wricc~nris ii\\Id 0.
arc slightly longer than thcj XC 01’ 0. dix;itu.s Thcy arc ;III
dixsitus
a\\erage
of’ 0.28 and 0.23 innl respectivcly
(table Jr.
Thrc,uphout
the disswtionr
\\\\c manqcd
L,) obscrvç uI)
I Ew
E3 Ll
80 -
DL2
IJ Prepupae
m 60-
E3 Pupae
z 5 L
a
40-
20 -
o-
5
6
7
8
9
10
Number of days
r:ach specics. On the second dny af’ter laying. ‘~O”Y, 01’0.
ili.v,situ,~ are Lit the Ll stage. X(V”0 on the third and 1Burth
dayx and 35% (In rhe lil‘th da\\. (fig. 1 ). In H. ~~trr~ifwrri.~.
40’!4 Lire noted on the wcond*day after laying. rising to
‘90 “4, on the third dil>: Aier this, tht: perceniage
‘T‘he 0. t/i,s.\\itu.s tarnalcs lay t hcir eggs dircctly
insidc
decrcases gradually cach day. and it is below Y!& on ihc
thc litr\\;~‘s b0dy cuvi[y withour
anaestheGzing
it belin-c-
cight day after laying (tig. 2).
hand. The hust larv,t continucb
to cal normally,
then
The dunilion of the L2 stage is thc same in hoth
Icaces thr: l>litnt in ordcr to hccome
;1 pupa, tnking
species, thal is to wy. 0 days. In 11. rmkor~ni.s. 111~
csith il thc egg or the -OUII~
i;lr\\~;~.
Opirrs dissitu.s thett
maximum number of L? are prcsent on the fourth wd
dcvclops insidc the L. tr.jli~/ii
ptqx
taking adcantapc
OI‘ fif’th days af’tcr laying. \\vit.h S9”% 2nd 6X”% respcctivcly:
thc htttcr’s protectivc
cuticle. ‘IXe irnago wntes ou1 ot’
rhis proportion decrcuws steadily to 50% on the slsth
thc pupi~. which cari usually bc found on thc grountf.
day, 25?;0 on the seventh day. 19% on the cighlh day
Ilrtlikc
II. cm%wrrri.~, tnost of‘ 0. dissitrl:;‘s cycle rakes
and ,5”40 on Ihe ninth dal (tig. 2). In 0. chitus.
1 7’ifl of
place wrtside the plant.
L.2 appear 3 daqs af’tcr lilying. the percentage increwng
until the sixlh &y (?(Y’~.B.
27% and 45% l’or the f’ourlh,
3.3 ‘lïme spread of the two parasitoids
Idifferent
lifth and sixth days rc,pccti\\ely). before dropping to
biological
stages
1 I ‘% on rhc sevcnth da;+ ;md poing back up LO 33% on
In bo~h qxcics.
thc cggs’s incubation
pcriotl varies ;I
the eighth day (lig. I ).
srcat dcat. It cari be ;~s long a5 7 days For H. ruriwtxi.~
In 0. rhsitus.. the prcpupae appel-lr as early us the litth
:tnt.i 3 days maximum
tOr 0. ciissi/us (fig. f and fig,
day and thcreafler up Io the tenth düy with maximum
2). ‘I~L’ durntion of the Ll :%t;lge is also dif’ferent in numbers on thtr fifth. sixth. scventh and eighih ditys
100 -
U Ew
4
80 -
I I Li
i QlJ
d
0 Prepupae
g
60-
19 Pupae
i?
5
$
40-
20 -
4
5
6
7
8
9
Number of days
3.4 ‘I‘hc intluence of the lar\\ ai stage of L. rr$dii
on thc
parasitism of the two entomophages
‘1‘11: 110\\1’*3 lai-Viii
Slufc
ll,P
;III inllwnce on the pro-
ciuclion 01’ Ièni;rlcs in rhe f\\\\‘r parasitoids. In 0. &c.sir~~\\.
rhc prc~tlucliott rcwlling frctn thc tirs1 I;trval stage ot‘i,.
Ir.i/idii
\\S;h
191 ildUlt5.
35.;
llsr tlle l.I! Lllld 401 for rIle
1-i (rablc .1 j. Ir should also w noled rhat tat: Newman
Kc’ttis test dcwclcd no signilicanl dilfcrcnce, ;tt .i”,;,.
IX*~\\\\ cc’ti thc n~~nilw 01‘ aduhc coming fTotn L3 and L,:.
3.5 ‘l‘he influence of thc nunther of L,. rrijblii larvae on
the parasitism
of the two entomophages
U’hcn Ihe t.wo parasitoid s1wS3 are in contpeti~ic~ti. thc
popitla~ioti aiLc ol‘ 1.. itYfol:i
larvx bas :i considcr~tbic
itlllliCtlCC
011 the prcx~ucticl i ol‘ t’wtalcs. With ;I wtull
pc~pulatici~i. thc producliw: of‘ 0. tti,c.sirl~.\\ adlllls I% i!C
~III\\ onc tndividuul. v lierc.r\\
;t large ptqorlion
n;ih
idcntical io ;t conlrol group
586 atiti 576 indiLidual,i.
rcipccti\\el\\ (table -Ii. Thczc Iw latter Iigi:res \\\\crc’ ti(11